Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A supervisory board or supervisory committee , often called board of directors , ref http www.gsk.com about management.htm ref is a group of individuals chosen by the stockholders of a corporation company to promote their interests through the governance of the company and to hire and supervise the executive directors and CEO . Corporate governance varies between countries, especially regarding the board system . There are countries that have a one tier board system like the U.S. and there are others that have a two tier board system like Germany . In a one tier board, all directors both executive directors as well as non executive directors form one board, called the board of directors . In a two tier board there is an executive board all executive directors and a separate supervisory board all non executive directors . Germany German corporation law Aktiengesetz requires all Aktiengesellschaft en to have two boards a management board called Vorstand and a supervisory board called Aufsichtsrat. In Germany the supervisory board of large corporations is composed of 20 members, 10 of which are elected by the shareholders, the other 10 being employee representatives. The supervisory board oversees and appoints the members of the management board and must approve major business decisions. The minimum of members a board can consist of is three, the maximum 21. The number of members has to be divisible by three, as stated in the law. When it comes to internal elections the head of supervisory board Aufsichtratvorsitzender has two votes in case of a draw. The supervisory board, in theory, is intended to provide a monitoring role. However, appointment of supervisory board members has not been a transparent process and has therefore led to inefficient monitoring and poor corporate governance in some cases Monks and Minow, 2001 . The discussion ... one or two tier of companies in which they invest to account. Reflist DEFAULTSORT Supervisory Board ... more details
Supervisory control is a general term for control of many individual controller control theory controller s or control loop s, whether by a human or an automatic control system, although almost every real system is a combination of both. A more specific use of the term is for a SCADA system, or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system, which refers to a specific class of system that can be purchased, usually for use on fairly small remote locations such as a pipeline transport , water distribution, or wastewater utility system station. Supervisory control often takes one of two forms. In one, the controlled machine or process continues autonomously. It is observed from time to time by a human who, when deeming it necessary, intervenes to modify the control algorithm in some way. In the other ... Supervisory Control author Sheridan, Thomas B. year 1992 publisher MIT Press, Cambridge url http books.google.com books?id eu41 M2Do9oC&pg PP1&ots Z3s4bQwAba&dq Telerobotics, automation, and human supervisory control&sig cKKGbuVGZCwTM5Bb9K60GWssEGQ PPP1,M1 page 1 isbn 9780262193160 ref defines supervisory control as follows in the strictest sense, supervisory control means that one or more human ... problems of overwhelming complexity. A supervisory control scheme offers the prospect of solving ... out. See also Human reliability and Human factors , for more on human supervisory control Thomas B. Sheridan , a researcher of supervisory control and other subjects and professor of mechanical engineering at MIT References Human Supervisory Control Amalberti, R. and Deblon, F 1992 . Cognitive Modelling ... distributed supervisory control. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Special issue ... associate system for supervisory control. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics ... supervisory control. MIT Press. Sheridan, T. B. 2002 . Humans and automation System design and research issues. Wiley. Sheridan, T. B. Ed. 1976 . Monitoring behavior and supervisory control. Springer ... more details
A supervisory program or supervisor is a computer program , usually part of an operating system , that controls the execution of other routines and regulates Scheduling computing work scheduling , input output operations, Exception handling error actions , and similar functions and regulates the flow of work in a data processing system. It can also refer to a program that allocates computer component space and schedules computer events by Priority queue task queuing and system interrupt s. Control of the system is returned to the supervisory program frequently enough to ensure that demands on the system are met. Historically, this term was essentially associated with IBM s line of Mainframe computer mainframe operating systems starting with OS 360 . In other operating systems, the supervisor is generally called the Kernel computer science kernel . In the 1970s, IBM further abstracted the supervisor state from the hardware, resulting in a hypervisor that enabled full virtualization , i.e. the capacity to run multiple operating systems on the same machine totally independently from each other. Hence the first such system was called Virtual Machine or VM operating system VM . References FS1037C MS188 Category Operating system technology ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Supervisory circuits are electronic circuit s that monitor one or more parameters of systems such as power supplies and microprocessors which must be maintained within certain limits,and take appropriate action if a parameter goes out of bounds, creating an unacceptable or dangerous situation. Supervisory circuits are known by a variety of names, including battery monitors, power supply monitors, supply supervisory circuits, and reset circuits. Thermal protection A thermal protection circuits consists of a temperature monitoring circuit and a control circuit. The control circuit may either shut down the circuitry it is protecting, reduce the power available in order to avoid overheating, or notify the system software or user . These circuits may be quite complex, programmable and software run, or simple with predefined limits. ref name MaximIC cite web url http www.maxim ic.com appnotes.cfm an pk 961 title Thermal Protection in Low Cost Systems accessdate 2008 06 30 publisher Maxim Integrated Products ref Over and undervoltage protection Voltage protection circuits protect circuitry from either over or undervoltage either of these situations can have detrimental effects. ref name TexasInst cite web url http focus.ti.com lit an slva163 slva163.pdf title Overvoltage Protector for High Voltage Loads accessdate 2008 06 30 publisher Texas Instruments ref Two types of overvoltage protection devices are currently used clamping, which passes through voltages up to a certain level, and foldback, which shunts voltage away from the load. The shunting creates a short circuit which removes power from the protected circuitry ref name TycoElec cite web url http www.tycoelectronics.com documentation whitepapers pdf eDigest Circuit Protection Devices.pdf title Coordinated Circuit Protection Schemes Help Prevent Overvoltage and Overcurrent Damage accessdate 2008 06 30 publisher Tyco Electronics ref . In certain applications this circuitry can reset itself after ... more details
refimprove date January 2008 In telecommunication , signaling signalling in British spelling has the following ... is to be sent. Signaling systems can be classified according to their principal properties, some of which are described below In band versus out of band signaling In the public switched telephone network PSTN , in band signaling is the exchange of call control information within the same channel that the telephone call itself is using. An example is dual tone multi frequency signaling DTMF , which is used on most telephone line s to customer premises. Out of band signaling is telecommunication signaling ... channels used for the telephone call. Out of band signaling is used in Signaling System 7 SS7 , the standard for signaling among exchanges that has controlled most of the world s phone calls for some twenty years. Line versus register Line signaling is concerned with conveying information on the state ..., all supervisory signals were out of band. With the advent of E carrier digital trunks , supervision signals are carried by Robbed bit signaling robbed bit s or other bits in the E1 carrier dedicated to signaling. Register signaling is concerned with conveying addressing information, such as the calling ... conveying the address. Finally, starting in the second half of the century, address signaling is by DTMF . Channel associated versus common channel signaling Channel Associated Signaling CAS employs a signaling channel which is dedicated to a specific B channel bearer channel . Common Channel Signaling CCS employs a signaling channel which conveys signaling information relating to multiple bearer channels. These bearer channels therefore have their signaling channel in common. Compelled signaling Compelled signalling Compelled signaling is the case where receipt of each signal needs to be explicitly acknowledged before the next signal is able to be sent. Most forms of R2 register signaling are compelled see R2 signalling R2 signaling , while R1 multi frequency signaling is not. The term ... more details
main article Signaling telecommunications In telecommunications, register signaling provides addressing information, such as the calling and or called telephone number . R2 signalling Register signalling R2 register signaling is an example. This is contrasted with line signaling . References unreferenced date January 2008 reflist Category Telephony signals Telecommunications telecomm stub ... more details
A signaling protocol is a type of Communications protocol protocol used to identify signaling encapsulation networking encapsulation . Signalling telecommunications Signaling is used to identify the state of connection between telephones or VOIP terminals IP telephone or PCs or VoWLAN units . The following is a list of signaling protocols QSIG Session Initiation Protocol H.323 H.225.0 H.248 Media Gateway Control Protocol Megaco Signaling System No. 5 Signaling System No. 7 Dual tone multi frequency signaling Multi frequency R1 R2 signalling NBAP NBAP Node B Application Part Skinny Call Control Protocol SCCP Skinny Call Control Protocol , or Skinny for short Jingle protocol Jingle Q.931 DEFAULTSORT Signaling Protocol Category Network protocols Category Telephony signals de Signalisierungsprotokoll mk ru ... more details
main Signaling telecommunications Line signaling is a class of telecommunications Signaling telecommunication signaling Communications protocol protocols . Line signaling is responsible for off hook , ringing signal , answer, ground start , on hook unidirectional supervision messaging in each direction from calling party to called party and vice versa. After an off hook, line signaling initiates register signaling to accomplish the exchange of telephone number s of called party and in more modern line signaling protocols, the calling party as well. While register signaling occurs, line signaling remains quiescent unless the calling party goes on hook or an abnormal cessation of the call occurs, such as due to equipment malfunction or shutdown or due to telecommunications network network outage upstream in that call attempt s series of spanned trunks. Line signaling can be conveyed in a single DS0 channel of a trunking trunk . In modern PCM telecommunications, line signaling is represented by the ABCD bits in DS0 16 of an E carrier E1 or a selected DS0 within a Digital Signal 1 T1 . Line signaling can also be conveyed within the channels being supervised, as in the original T1 scheme which used one out of every eight bits for supervision, or with Robbed bit signaling robbed bits of a superframe format, or as in band signaling , e.g. as in L1 signaling where 2280 Hz tone pulses are used. References reflist unreferenced date January 2008 telecommunications DEFAULTSORT Line Signaling Category Telephony signals pt Sinaliza o ac stica telefonia ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A Signaling Gateway is a network component responsible for transferring Signalling telecommunication signaling messages i.e. information related to call establishment, billing, location, short messages, address conversion, and other services between Common Channel Signaling Common Channel Signaling CCS nodes that communicate using different protocols and transports. Transport conversion is often from Signaling System 7 SS7 to Internet Protocol IP . A SIGTRAN Signaling Gateway is a network component that performs packet level translation of signaling from common channel signaling based upon SS7 to SIGTRAN signaling based upon IP . The concept of the SIGTRAN signaling gateway was introduced in the Internet Engineering Task Force IETF document RFC 2719 Architectural Framework for Signaling Transport. A signaling gateway can be implemented as an embedded component of some other network element, or can be provided as a stand alone network element. For example a signaling gateway is often part of a softswitch in modern Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP deployments. The signaling gateway function can also be included within the larger operational domain of a Signal Transfer Point Signal Transfer Point STP . Protocol conversion gateways can also convert from one network operational paradigm to another for example, Session Initiation Protocol SIP to ISDN User Part ISUP for call control , SIP to Transaction Capabilities Application Part TCAP for address translation, or SIP to MAP for location or presence. See also Media gateway DEFAULTSORT Signaling Gateway Category VoIP terminology & concepts Category Signaling System 7 Telecomm stub Compu network stub ... more details
In neuroscience , retrograde signaling is a phenomenon in which a signal travels from a postsynaptic neuron to a presynaptic one. Endocannabinoid s are known to play a role in retrograde signaling, with the molecules being synthesized postsynaptically and acting presynaptically. Retrograde signaling may also play a role in long term potentiation , a proposed mechanism of learning and memory, although this is controversial see Retrograde signaling in LTP . References Nicoll, R. A. & Alger, B. E. December, 2004 . The brain s own marijuana. In Scientific American, 291 , 70 &ndash 75. Category Cell signaling Category Neurobiology Cell biology stub ... more details
Context date November 2010 Accessibility dispute date January 2011 Signaling compression , or SigComp , is a compression method designed especially for compression of text based communication data as Session Initiation Protocol SIP or RTSP . SigComp had originally been defined in RFC 3320 and was later updated with RFC 4896. A Negative Acknowledgement Mechanism for Signaling Compression is defined in RFC 4077. The SigComp work is performed in the ROHC working group in the transport area of the IETF . General architecture center Image SigComp Architecture.png center Related standards documents RFC 3320 Signaling Compression SigComp RFC 3321 Signaling Compression SigComp Extended Operations RFC 3485 The Session Initiation Protocol SIP and Session Description Protocol SDP Static Dictionary for Signaling Compression SigComp RFC 3486 Compressing the Session Initiation Protocol SIP RFC 4077 A Negative Acknowledgement Mechanism for Signaling Compression RFC 4464 Signaling Compression SigComp Users Guide RFC 4465 Signaling Compression SigComp Torture Tests RFC 4896 Signaling Compression SigComp Corrections and Clarifications RFC 5049 Applying Signaling Compression SigComp to the Session Initiation Protocol SIP RFC 5112 The Presence Specific Static Dictionary for Signaling Compression Sigcomp 3GPP TR23.979 Annex C Required SigComp performance Category Data compression Category Multimedia Category Telecommunications Category VoIP protocols Category Presentation layer protocols fr SigComp ... more details
Simplex signaling SX is Signalling telecommunication signaling in which two conductors are used for a single channel communications channel , and a center tapped coil, or its equivalent, is used to split the signaling current equally between the two conductors. The return path for the current is ground return through ground . It is distinct from a phantom circuit in which the return current path for power or signaling is provided through different signal conductors. SX signaling may be one way, for intra central office use, or the simplex legs may be connected to form full duplex signaling circuits that function like composite CX signaling circuits with E&M lead control. Simplex is also used to describe a powering method where one or more signal conductors carries direct current to power a remote device, which sends its output signal back on the same conductor. Phantom powering as used in Sound recording and reproduction audio is a form of simplex powering, as the return current flows through the ground or shield conductor. References FS1037C MS188 Category Telephony signals Telecomm stub ... more details
A signaling molecule is a chemical involved in transmitting information between cell biology cell s. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell. Hydrogen sulfide is produced in small amounts by some cells of the human body and has a number of biological signaling functions. Only two other such gases are currently known to act as signaling molecules in the human body nitric oxide and carbon monoxide . See also Neurotransmitter cell signaling Category Signal transduction nl Signaalmolecuul molecular cell biology stub ja sk Sign lna molekula tr Sinyal molek l ... more details
main Signaling telecommunications In telecommunications , in band signaling is the sending of metadata and control signal control information in the same band or channel used for data. Telephone For example, when dialing a modern telephone , the telephone number is encoded and transmitted across the telephone line as Dual Tone Multi Frequency DTMF tones. The tones control the telephone system by instructing the telephone company s telephone switch equipment where to route the call to. These control tones are sent over the same channel communications channel and in the same band 300Hz to 3.4kHz as the voice and other sounds of the telephone call. In band signaling is also used on older telephone .... Examples of this kind of in band signaling system are SS5 and R2 signalling R2 . Separating the control ... by the signaling. Allowing data to become garbled is usually acceptable when transmitting sounds between ... signaling is insecure because it exposes control signals, protocols and management systems to the user ... calls. Modems may also interfere with in band signaling, so in some countries, a guard tone is employed to prevent this. Non telephone As a method of in band signaling, DTMF tones were also used by cable ... during station breaks for the benefit of cable companies. Until better, out of band signaling equipment ... T SWITCHED BACK TO NATIONAL NOW, DO SO IMMEDIATELY blockquote DTMF signaling in the cable industry ... of human imperceptible signaling technologies decreased. In band signaling applies only to Channel Associated Signaling CAS . In Common Channel Signaling CCS separate channels are used for control .... In computer programming, an example of in band signaling are magic number programming magic number s, used for signaling of file formats. When out of band communication is unavailable, one of two ... looks like signaling information and remove the stuffed bits and escape codes at the far end ... of band signaling Line signaling Quindar tones External links wiki InBandSignal InBandSignal from the Portland ... more details
for the journal Cellular Signalling Cell signaling is part of a complex system of communication that governs ... are responsible for diseases such as cancer , autoimmunity , and diabetes . By understanding cell signaling ... of cell signaling pathways. Systems biology research helps us to understand the underlying structure of cell signaling networks and how changes in these networks may affect the transmission and flow ... properties including bistability and ultrasensitivity. Analysis of cell signaling networks ... allostery is often a significant component of cell signaling events ref name pmid21570668 cite journal ... signaling journal Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology volume 83 issue pages 163 221 ... and Structural Biology isbn 9780123812629 ref . Unicellular and multicellular organism cell signaling Image USDAbacteria.jpg thumb right Figure 1. Example of signaling between bacteria. Salmonella ... Communication Cell signaling has been most extensively studied in the context of human disease s and signaling between Cell biology cells of a single organism. However, cell signaling may also occur ... Dumais C, Kuroda K, Clarke HJ, Dufort D title Uterine Wnt catenin signaling is required for implantation .... Cell to cell signaling among microbial flora, host, and pathogens there is a whole lot of talking ... communicate with each other via direct contact juxtacrine signaling , over short distances paracrine signaling , or over large distances and or scales endocrine system endocrine signaling . Some cell ... region of the heart to spread and coordinately cause contraction of the heart. The Notch signaling mechanism is an example of juxtacrine signalling juxtacrine signaling also known as contact dependent signaling in which two adjacent cells must make physical contact in order to communicate. This requirement ... author Greenwald I title LIN 12 Notch signaling lessons from worms and flies journal Genes Dev volume ... the circulatory system blood to reach all parts of the body. Specificity of signaling can be controlled ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Interkingdom Signaling also interkingdom communication, cross kingdom signaling or communication A termed first coined in 2003 2004 to describe the effects of quorum sensing autoinducers produced by bacterial pathogens on host cells. The concept that small signaling molecules produced by organisms from every kingdom of nature can facilitate cross talk,communication or signal interference. Papers on the subject Hughes, D.T., Sperandio V. Inter kingdom signaling communication between bacteria and their hosts. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 Feb 6 2 111 20. br Rumbaugh, K.P. 2004. The Language of Bacteria and Just About Everything Else. The Scientist. 18 17 26 27. br Vanessa Sperandio, Alfredo G. Torres , Bruce Jarvis, James P. Nataro, and James B. Kaper . Bacteria host communication The language of hormones. PNAS.July 22, 2003, vol. 100, no. 15,8951 8956. br Shiner, E.K., Rumbaugh, K. P., and S. C. Williams. 2005. Interkingdom Signaling deciphering the language of homoserine lactones. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 29 5 935 47. br Rumbaugh, K.P. 2007. Convergence of Hormones and Autoinducers at the Host Pathogen Interface. Anal Bioanal Chem. 387 2 425 435. br Sperandio V. Striking a balance inter kingdom cell to cell signaling, friendship or war? Trends Immunol. 2004 Oct 25 10 505 7. External links http www.ttuhsc.edu som surgery research projects.aspx www.ttuhsc.edu http www.scripps.edu chem meijler research.html www.scripps.edu See also Quorum sensing Cell signalling Autoinducer Hormone N Acyl homoserine lactone Cell surface receptor Category Cell communication Biology stub ... more details
during maturation Differential Signaling Hypothesis Differential signaling is a method of transmitting ... sent on two separate wires. The technique can be used for both analog signaling, as in some Sound recording and reproduction audio systems, and digital signaling, as in RS 422 , RS 485 , Ethernet twisted ... of the benefits of differential signaling, is called single ended signaling . Advantages Tolerance .... A low supply voltage, however, causes problems with signaling because it reduces the noise immunity . Differential signaling helps to reduce these problems because, for a given supply voltage, it gives ... due to differential signaling itself, but to the common practice of transmitting differential ... amplifier. See Balanced line for more details. Comparison with single ended signaling In single ended signaling, the transmitter generates a single voltage that the receiver compares with a fixed ... used RS 232 system is an example of single ended signaling, which uses 12 V to represent a signal, and anything ... interference that can be generated by a single ended signaling system which attempts to operate at high speed. Examples Examples of differential signaling include LVDS , differential Emitter coupled ... of single ended signaling include RS 232 and PATA. The lowest power dissipation, highest speed signals ... of signaling to be used. Single ended signaling is used with coaxial cable s, in which one conductor ... piece of material to form a common Ground electricity ground . Differential signaling is used with a balanced ..., so cheap single ended circuits with a common ground can be used with cheap cables. As signaling speeds become faster, wires begin to behave as transmission line s. Use in computers Differential signaling ... signaling High voltage differential HVD signaling uses high voltage signals. In computer electronics ... standards allow much higher speeds than the older HVD SCSI. The term high voltage differential signaling is a generic one that describes a variety of systems. Low voltage differential signaling or LVDS ... more details
primarysources date June 2010 Infobox journal title Science Signaling cover File Science Signaling journal cover.gif editor Michael B. Yaffe discipline Signal transduction , cellular processes formernames Science s STKE ISSN 1525 8882 abbreviation Sci. Signal publisher American Association for the Advancement of Science country United States frequency Weekly history 2008 present openaccess license impact impact year website http stke.sciencemag.org index.dtl link1 http stke.sciencemag.org about link1 name Aims, scope, history link2 http stke.sciencemag.org archive link2 name Online archive JSTOR OCLC 244485006 LCCN CODEN ISSN 1945 0877 eISSN 1937 9145 Science Signaling is a peer reviewed scientific journal that is published weekly by the American Association for the Advancement of Science . The journal publishes perspectives, reviews, and protocols, that are original, and most of these are solicited by the editors. The peer review process and standards are applied as rigorously as the high standards employed by the journal Science journal Science . The editor in chief is Michael B. Yaffe Massachusetts Institute of Technology . ref name facts http www.sciencemag.org help librarians sci signal faq.dtl Fact Sheet . American Association for the Advancement of Science 2008 ref ref name About ref name editor http stke.sciencemag.org about edboard.dtl Editorial board ref The main focus of the journal is original research articles describing major advancements in biological cell chemical signaling. In addition, the journal seeks to publish notable research in signaling networks, synthetic biology , systems biology , drug discovery , and computation and modeling of regulatory pathways. ref name About The journal was established in 1999 under the name of STKE Science s STKE ISSN 1525 8882 . In January 2008, it obtained its current name and volume numbering restarted at 1. As Science ... http stke.sciencemag.org about About Science Signaling . American Association for the Advancement of Science ... more details
Redox signaling is when free radicals , reactive oxygen species ROS , and other electronically activated species such as nitric oxide act as biological messengers. Arguably, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide are also redox signaling molecules. Similarly, modulation of charge transfer processes and electronic conduction in macromolecules is also redox signaling. ref Forman, H.J. , Signal transduction and reactive species. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 47 1237 1238 2009. ref History The concept of electronically activated species as messengers in both normal metabolism and in pathogenesis goes back to the 19th century. For example, we now know that reactive oxygen species likely play a key role in fibrocyte ... modern statement of the ROS are messengers component of redox signaling appears to be that of Peter ... Electronic Conduction in Redox Signaling Hush ref Hush, N.S. An Overview of the First Half Century ... s theories concerning semiconductor mechanisms in cellular signaling. Priel and coworkers ref Priel ... Replication. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 13 1429 1476 ref underlies much biotic and abiotic stress signaling. For example, as signaling molecules, hydrogen peroxide and other ROS post translationally ..., concatenate hormone or calcium signaling , with targeted secondary oxidation occurring via ... in redox signaling. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 45 549 561 ref Target proteins containing ... Signaling 15 77 97. ref and mitogen activated protein kinase s, ref Kovtun Y., Chiu W.L., Tena G., and Sheen ... Signaling 13 833 875 ref iii many transcription factor s, iv RNA binding protein s that direct ... Sundar IK, Caito S, Yao H, and Rahman I. 2010. Oxidative stress, thiol redox signaling methods in epigenetics .... Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 13 1429 1476 ref Similarly, the tyrosine specific Protein .... ref cite journal author Irani K, Xia Y, Zweier JL, et al. title Mitogenic signaling mediated ... retrieve pii S0891584903003964 doi 10.1016 S0891 5849 03 00396 4 . ref Thioredoxin Trx signaling ... more details
Image Signaling Game.svg thumb right 200px An extensive form game extensive form representation of a signaling game A signaling game is a dynamic game dynamic , Bayesian game with two players, the sender ..., which the sender has some control over. Signaling games were introduced by In Koo Cho and David M. Kreps in a 1987 article. ref Cho, I K. & Kreps, D. M. 1987 Signaling games and stable equilibria. Quarterly Journal of Economics 102 179 221. ref Costly versus cost free signaling One of the major uses of signaling games both in economics and biology has been to determine under what conditions honest signaling can be an equilibrium of the game. That is, under what conditions can we expect rational .... However, if the parties interests do not perfectly overlap, then the maintenance of informative signaling ... should ignore the signal and do whatever he thinks best. Determining how signaling is stable ... concept that is relevant for signaling games is Perfect Bayesian equilibrium . Perfect Bayesian ... for dynamic games of incomplete information. Definition of perfect Bayesian equilibrium of the signaling ... of signaling games Signaling games describe situations where one player has information the other player .... examples? Philosophy The first known use of signaling games occurs in David K. Lewis Ph. D. dissertation ... meaning using signaling games. In his most extreme comments, he suggests that understanding the equilibrium properties of the appropriate signaling game captures all there is to know about meaning I have now described the character of a case of signaling without mentioning the meaning of the signals .... ref Lewis 1969 , p. 124. ref The use of signaling games has been continued in the philosophical literature. Other have used evolutionary game theory evolutionary models of signaling games to describe the emergence of language. Work on the emergence of language in simple signaling games ... Norm philosophy normative and descriptive language. Economics The first application of signaling ... more details
Nodal signaling is a signal transduction pathway that is important in regional specification pattern ... . ref name pmid17287255 cite journal author Shen MM title Nodal signaling developmental roles and regulation ... doi 10.1242 dev.000166 url issn ref The nodal family of proteins, a subset of the TGF beta signaling ... Schier AF title Nodal signaling in vertebrate development journal Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. volume ... that participate positively and negatively in regulation the signaling pathway. Although all the major components of Nodal signaling are evolutionary conserved in almost all vertebrates, the regulation ... genes acted as a secreted signaling peptide that was sufficient to induce mesoderm cells in the mouse ... Further studies of nodal signaling in other vertebrates such as Cyclops and Squint in zebrafish proved that nodal signaling is adequate to induce mesoderm in all vertebrates. ref name Schier 2003 Selected components of the pathway Image Nodal signaling.jpg thumb 500px right Overview of Nodal signaling ... of proteins, act as extracellular antagonists of nodal signaling. Expression studies of the lefty ... signaling. ref name pmid9847237 cite journal author Thisse C, Thisse B title Antivin, a novel and divergent ... for nodal signaling. Like nodals, all vertebrates have at least one lefty gene while many, such as zebrafish ... in Xenopus and Cerberus like in mouse, also act as antagonists of Nodal signaling. Unlike lefty proteins, DAN proteins bind directly to extracellular nodal proteins and prevent signaling. Further, not all DAN proteins are specific to nodal signaling and will also block bone morphogenetic protein s BMPs and, in the case of Cerberus and Coco, Wnt signaling as well. ref name pmid10067895 cite journal ... signaling and in vertebrate development as a whole. This family of cofactors includes One eyed Pinhead ... of EGF CFC as an essential cofactor in Nodal signaling. ref name pmid10858660 cite journal author Shen ... through the down regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway Wnt and TGF nodal signaling pathways. In Zebrafish ... more details
Calcium is a common signaling mechanism, as once it enters the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins. Calcium can act in signal transduction after influx resulting from activation of ion channels or as a second messenger caused by indirect signal transduction pathways such as G protein coupled receptors . Calcium signaling through ion channels Movement of calcium ions from the extracellular compartment to the intracellular compartment alters membrane depolarisation. This is seen in the heart, during the plateau phase of ventricular contraction. In this example, calcium acts to maintain depolarisation of the heart. Calcium as a secondary messenger Important physiological roles for calcium signaling range widely. These include muscle contraction , neuronal transmission as in an excitatory synapse , cellular motility including the movement of flagella and cilia , fertilisation , cell growth or proliferation, learning and memory as with synaptic plasticity , and secretion of saliva . ref cite journal last Berridge first Michael J. coauthors Lipp, Peter, Bootman, Martin D. title The versatility and universality of calcium signalling journal Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology year 2000 month October volume 1 issue 1 pages 11 21 doi 10.1038 35036035 ref Other biochemical roles of calcium include regulating enzyme activity, permeability of ion channels , activity of Ion pump biology ion pumps , and components of the cytoskeleton . ref cite book title Color Atlas of Biochemistry last Koolman first Jan authorlink coauthors R hm, Klaus Heinrich ... . Signaling occurs when the cell is stimulated to release calcium ions Ca sup 2 sup from intracellular ... cite journal journal Cell year 2007 author Clapham, D.E. title Calcium Signaling volume 131 pages ... reticulum or the plasma membrane . The most common signaling pathway that increases cytoplasmic ... quote Cell signaling Calcium signaling DEFAULTSORT Calcium Signaling Category Cell signaling Category ... more details
In television technology, widescreen signaling WSS is a digital stream embedded in the TV signal describing qualities of the broadcast, in particular the intended aspect ratio image aspect ratio of the image. This can be used by a widescreen Television TV to switch to the correct display mode. The signal is placed in line 23 PAL and lines 20 283 PAL M and NTSC and has 14 bits of information indicating B00 to B03 Aspect Ratio class wikitable B00 B01 B02 B03 Aspect ratio Picture placement Active lines 0 0 0 1 4 3 Full 576 1 0 0 0 14 9 Letterbox Centre 504 0 1 0 0 14 9 Letterbox Top 504 1 1 0 1 16 9 Letterbox Centre 432 0 0 1 0 16 9 Letterbox Top 432 1 0 1 1 16 9 Letterbox deeper than 16 9 432 0 1 1 1 14 9 Full height 4 3, framed to be 14 9 safe 576 1 1 1 0 16 9 Full height 16 9 anamorphic 576 B04 to B07 Enhanced Services class wikitable B04 Mode 0 Camera Mode 1 Movie Mode class wikitable B05 Mode 0 PAL Standard 1 Colour Plus class wikitable B06 Mode 0 No Vertical Helper 1 Vertical Helper Present class wikitable B07 Ghost Cancellation B08 to B10 Subtitles class wikitable B08 Mode 0 no subtitles 1 Teletext subtitles class wikitable B09 B10 Mode 0 0 No subtitles 1 0 Subtitles inside active image 0 1 Subtitles outside active image 1 1 Reserved B11 to B13 Others class wikitable B11 Mode 0 No surround sound information 1 Surround sound mode class wikitable B12 Mode 0 No copyright asserted or status unknown 1 Copyright asserted class wikitable B13 Mode 0 Copying not restricted 1 Copying restricted See also PALPlus Active Format Description AFD Widescreen References reflist Refimprove date March 2009 http pda.etsi.org pda queryform.asp ETSI EN 300 294 Television Systems 625 Line Television Wide Screen Signaling WSS External links http www.eetasia.com ARTICLES 1999NOV 1999NOV15 AMD MSD AN.PDF PDF of WSS standard http www.intersil.com data an an9716.pdf PDF of WSS in 625 lines and 525 ... it Widescreen signaling ... more details
orphan date February 2009 Tandem signaling is one of the most difficult conditions for speech coders to perform well in is the case where a digital speech coded signal is transmitted from the mobile to the base station, and then demodulated into an analog signal which is then speech coded for retransmission as a digital signal over a land line or wireless link. This situation, called tandem signaling, tends to exaggerate the bit errors originally received at the base station. Tandem signaling is difficult to protect against, but is an important evaluation criterion in the evaluation of speech coders. As wireless systems proliferate, there will be a greater demand for mobile to mobile communications, and such links will, by definition, involve at least two independent, noisy tandems. Tandeming examples and issues If two individuals are using mobile phones on two different networks, and one attempts to call the other, tandeming will occur. This is even more evident, in terms of speech intelligibility, when one user is using a phone with a different audio codec than the other user. If one user has a high bitrate audio codec, and the other uses has a low bitrate, the user with the high bitrate will be able to hear the user with the low bitrate, as the tandeming will not have enough of an opportunity to make the speech completely unintelligible. If two users are on two different mobile phone networks, with different audio codecs such as AMR Narrowband and EVRC falling back to the lowest possible birate on each end 4.75, 6 kbit s , then the speech will suffer from problems. Tandeming is nearly impossible to avoid, because even if all mobile phones used one audio codec, there is the issue of packet retransmission and re encoding. When a user makes a call to a Plain old telephone service POTS phone, the packets flow to the tower in that particular cell, and are then decoded into 64 kbit s PCM. This creates little to no extra noise, and if the signal is sufficient enough, the user ... more details
Image signaling lipids2.png right thumb 400px Common lipid signaling molecules BR lysophosphatidic acid LPA BR sphingosine 1 phosphate S1P BR platelet activating factor PAF BR anandamide or arachidonoyl ethanolamine AEA Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological cell signalingsignaling ... responses. Lipid signaling is thought to be qualitatively different from other classical signaling ... on demand at their intended site of action. As such, many lipid signaling molecules cannot circulate ... flip flopping abilities. This could have immense effects on the Signal physiology signaling functions ... and exterior of the cell membrane potential and signaling functions that favor apoptosis. ref ... signaling . This results in a substantial decrease in insulin responsiveness i.e. to glucose and in the death ... dependent and independent activation of acid sphingomyelinase signaling. J. Biol. Chem. . 280 , 26425 ..., N. et al. Lipid second messengers and cell signaling in vascular wall. Biochemistry Mosc. 72 , 797 ... Signal physiology signaling pathways. ref Hla, T., Lee, M. J., Ancellin, N., Paik, J. H. & Kluk ..., A. E. Sphingosine 1 phosphate signaling in the cardiovascular system. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 7 ... various events of Ca sup 2 sup signaling. Specifically in blood vessels, the increase in Ca ..., R. Inositol lipids in cell signaling. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 4 , 212 9 1992 . ref ref Nishizuka, Y. Protein kinase C and lipid signaling for sustained cellular responses. FASEB J . 9 . 484 496 1995 .... ref name Duester Duester, G. 2008 Retinoic acid synthesis and signaling during early organogenesis ... PMC2632951 ref Prostaglandins Main Eicosanoids The majority of prostaglandin signaling occurs .... See article eicosanoid receptor s for more information . See also Allostery Cell signaling Lysophospholipid receptor s Protein dynamics Signal transduction Signaling molecules List of signaling molecule types References reflist 2 Cell signaling Lipid signaling DEFAULTSORT Lipid Signaling Category Signal ... more details
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