Image Crackerteepee.jpg 200px right thumb 1,000,000 cracker teepee built at Western Winter Blast in 2006 A superstring , also known as a cracker wall , is a name commonly given to an immense bundle of firecracker s, usually numbering in the hundreds of thousands, which are often a central fixture at fireworks conventions. Although large compound strings of firecrackers have been constructed since firecrackers were invented, the superstring was greatly popularized by the Pyrotechnics Guild International , whose yearly convention often features a huge superstring consisting of well over a million firecrackers. Superstrings are usually constructed over a rudimentary wooden or metallic structure as a sort of curtain wall . The largest superstring ever constructed was built by the Pyrotechnics Guild International in 2006. It was over 1,000 feet long and contained 10,500,000 firecrackers. It was ignited on August 11 and burned for about three minutes. It was ignited from both ends simultaneously and burned towards the center, which was raised into the air on a crane. External links http youtube.com watch?v DfXat9cF5tc&search fireworks 20firecrackers Video of 2004 PGI Superstring 3.5 million crackers http www.youtube.com watch?v wQOKvaYmPFQ Video of 2006 PGI Superstring 10.5 million crackers Category Fireworks ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In string theory , N 2 superstring is a theory in which the worldsheet admits Supersymmetry algebra N 2 supersymmetry rather than Supersymmetry algebra N 1 supersymmetry as in the usual superstring . The target space a term used for a generalization of space time is four dimensional, but either none or two of them are time like, i.e. it has either 4 0 or 2 2 dimensions. The spectrum consists of only one rest mass massless scalar physics scalar , which describes gravitational fluctuations of self dual gravity. The target space theory is therefore self dual gravity, and is thought to consist no local or propagating degrees of freedom. DEFAULTSORT N 2 Superstring Category String theory ... more details
In Theory might refer to one of the following In Theory Star Trek The Next Generation In Theory Star Trek The Next Generation , an episode of Star Trek The Next Generation In Theory band , an American rock band disambig ... more details
other uses Theory disambiguation The English word theory was derived from a technical term in Classical ... theory philosophy action . ref The word theory was used in Ancient Greek philosophy Greek philosophy ... website . The word has been in use in English since at least the late 16th century. OEtymD theory accessdate 2008 07 18 ref Theory is especially often contrasted to practice from Greek Wiktionary praxis praxis , a Greek term for doing , which is opposed to theory because theory involved no doing ... the discipline of medicine Medical theory and theorizing involves trying to understand the causes ... theory , or scientific theory is generally understood to refer to a proposed explanation of empirical ... it. In this modern scientific context the distinction between theory and practice corresponds roughly ... used the word theory to mean passionate sympathetic contemplation . ref cite book title ... to function at the higher plane of theory. Thus it was Pythagoras who gave the word theory the specific meaning which leads to the classical and modern concept of a distinction between theory as uninvolved ... been mentioned above, theory is contrasted with praxis or practice, which remains the case today. For Aristotle, both practice and theory involve thinking, but the aims are different. Theoretical contemplation ... Theories formally and scientifically Main Theory mathematical logic Theories are analysis analytical ... theory is syntax logic syntactic in nature and is only meaningful when given a semantics semantic ... , but are always constructed in such a way that their general form is identical to a theory as it is expressed ... thought or logic . Theory is constructed of a set of sentence linguistics sentences which consist ... one of these statements is always relative to the whole theory. Therefore the same statement may be true with respect to one theory, and not true with respect to another. This is, in ordinary language ... person is under the theory. ref name curry Curry, Haskell, Foundations of Mathematical Logic ref Sometimes ... more details
T theory is a branch of discrete mathematics dealing with analysis of tree graph theory tree s and discrete metric spaces . General history As per Andreas Dress , T theory originated from a question raised by Manfred Eigen , a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , in the late seventies. He was trying to fit twenty distinct transfer RNA t RNA molecule s of the Escherichia coli E. Coli bacterium into a tree. One of the most important concepts of T theory is the tight span of a metric space. If X is a metric space, the tight span T X of X is, up to isomorphism, the unique minimal injective metric space that contains X . John Isbell was the first to discover the tight span in 1964, which he called the injective envelope . Dress independently constructed the same construct, which he called the tight span. Application areas Phylogenetic analysis, which is used to create phylogenetic tree s. Online algorithm s k server problem k server problem Recent developments Bernd Sturmfels , Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at University of California, Berkeley Berkeley , and Josephine Yu classified six point metrics using T theory. References cite journal author Hans Jurgen Bandelt and Andreas Dress title A canonical decomposition theory for metrics on a finite set journal Advances in Mathematics year 1992 volume 92 pages 47 105 doi 10.1016 0001 8708 92 90061 O cite journal author A. Dress, V. Moulton and W. Terhalle title T theory An Overview journal European Journal of Combinatorics year 1996 volume 17 issue 2 3 pages 161 175 doi 10.1006 eujc.1996.0015 cite journal author John Isbell authorlink John R. Isbell title Six theorems about metric spaces journal Comment. Math. Helv. year 1964 volume 39 pages 65 74 doi 10.1007 BF02566944 cite journal author Bernd Sturmfels and Josephine Yu title Classification of Six Point Metrics journal The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics year 2004 volume 11 combin stub Category Metric geometry Category Trees structure ru ... more details
One source date May 2010 The term theorytheory or theorytheory is a theory in cognitive development that children construct theories to explain everything they experience. ref name KSB The developing person through childhood and adolescence , Kathleen Stassen Berger, 2005, Chapter 9 The Play Years Cognitive Development , p.262 of 608 pages , web http books.google.com books?id fCfiqDisIH8C&pg PA262 &lpg PA262 Books Google IH8C . ref According to theorytheory, the best idea and explanation of mental processes ref name KSB in young children is that humans always seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles for what they experience. The essential idea of theorytheory is that children do not want simple logical definitions but, rather, seek fuller explanations of various things, especially of those that involve them. small ref name KSB small The term originated in the 20th century, and the concept is also referred to as model theory . TOC Theorytheory differs from the Theory of mind Theory of Mind which concerns mental states of people in that the full scope of theorytheory also concerns mechanical devices or other objects, beyond just thinking about people and their viewpoints. See also Piaget Erik Erikson Abraham Maslow s Hierarchy of needs References Reflist Category Cognitive psychology Category Child development Category Neuroscience developmental psych stub cognitive psych stub ... more details
refimprove date October 2011 String theory F theory is a branch of string theory developed by Cumrun Vafa . The new vacua described as F theory were discovered by Vafa, and it also allowed string theorists to construct new realistic vacua &mdash in the form of F theory compactified on elliptically fibered Calabi Yau four folds. The letter F supposedly stands for Father . ref http www.youtube.com watch?v fW6JFKgbAF4&feature relmfu ref Compactifications F theory is formally a 12 dimensional theory, but the only way to obtain an acceptable background is to Compactification physics compactify this theory on a torus two torus . By doing so, one obtains type IIB string type IIB superstringtheory in 10 dimensions. The SL 2,Z S duality symmetry of the resulting type IIB string theory is manifest because it arises as the group of large diffeomorphism s of the two dimensional torus . More generally, one can compactify F theory on an elliptically fibered manifold elliptic fibration , i.e. a fiber ... of the K3 manifold s is elliptically fibered, and F theory on a K3 manifold is dual to heterotic string theory on a two torus. Eight dimensions are large. The well known large number of semirealistic solutions to string theory referred to as the string theory landscape , with math 10 500 math elements or so, is dominated by F theory compactifications on Calabi Yau four fold s. Phenomenology New models of Grand Unified Theory GUT unification of the fundamental forces have recently been developed using F theory. ref http arxiv.org abs 1001.0577 ref Extra time dimensions F theory, as it has metric ... the four folds , is not a multiple time dimensions two time theory of physics . However, the signature ..., the supersymmetry of F theory on a flat background corresponds to type IIB i.e. 2,0 supersymmetry ... number of components would be 64. References reflist DEFAULTSORT F Theory Category String theory string theory stub ko F fi F teoria anta bakwas ... more details
model, the bosonic string theory bosonic string , incorporated only boson s, although this view developed to the superstringtheory , which posits that a connection a supersymmetry exists between ... different superstringtheorysuperstring theories were developed that incorporated fermions and possessed other properties necessary for a theory of everything . Since the mid 1990s, in particular ... theory called M theory is believed to encompass all of the previously distinct superstring theories ... as superstringtheorysuperstring theories several different kinds have been described, but all ... ttcx coursedesclong2.aspx?cid 1284 SuperstringTheory The DNA of Reality Lecture 23 Can I Have That Extra ... and absorb closed strings that describe graviton s, and in superstringtheorysuperstring theories ... decades ago, it was the other way around . ref S. James Gates, Jr., Ph.D., SuperstringTheory The DNA ...pp semi protected small yes String theory cTopic Theory String theory is an active research Conceptual ... . ref Sunil Mukhi 1999 http theory.tifr.res.in mukhi Physics string2.html The Theory of Strings A Detailed Introduction ref It is a contender for a theory of everything TOE , a manner of describing ... system. The theory has yet to make novel experimental predictions at accessible energy scales, leading ... Wrong The Failure of String Theory and the Search for Unity in Physical Law, Basic Books, 2007, ISBN 978 0465092765 ref String theory posits mainly that the electron s and quark s within an atom ... to the universe, in addition to the four known spacetime dimensions. The theory has its origins ... Maldacena and Leonard Susskind Susskind believe that string theory is a step toward the correct fundamental description of nature. This is because string theory allows for the consistent combination of quantum field theory and general relativity , agrees with general insights in quantum gravity ... Hawking in particular, M theory is the only candidate for a complete theory of the universe. ref cite ... more details
that the low energy approximation to a superstringtheory is a supergravity theory. Supergravity ... M theory on k dimensional torus tori i.e. type II superstringtheory on T sup k &minus 1 sup for k 0 ...seeintro Introduction to M theory String theory cTopic M Theory In theoretical physics , M theory is an extension of string theory in which 11 dimensions are identified. Because the dimensionality exceeds that of superstring theories in 10 dimensions, proponents believe that the 11 dimensional theory unites all five string theories and supersedes them . Though a full description of the theory is not known ... with 2 and 5 dimensional Membrane M Theory membrane s. This idea is the unique supersymmetry supersymmetric theory in eleven dimensions, with its low entropy matter content and interactions fully determined, and can be obtained as the strong coupling limit of type IIA string theory because ... in 1995, and used M theory to explain a number of previously observed string duality dualities , initiating a flurry of new research in string theory called the second superstring revolution . In the early 1990s it was shown that the various superstring theories were related by dualities which allow the description of an object in one super string theory to be related to the description of a different object in another super string theory. These relationships imply that each of the super string theories is a different aspect of a single underlying theory, proposed by Witten, and named M theory . Originally the letter M in M theory was taken from membrane , a construct designed to generalize the strings of string theory. However, as Witten was more skeptical about membranes than his colleagues, he opted for M theory rather than Membrane theory . Witten has since stated that the interpretation ... 1182281 Radio interview , Vetandets v rld , Swedish public radio, 6 June 2008. ref M theory and string theory has been criticized for lacking predictive power or being untestable. Further work continues ... more details
Field Theories within SuperstringTheory. Sparling, George 1999 http www.mat.univie.ac.at ... physics theoretical and mathematical physics , twistor theory maps the geometric objects of conventional ... are called twistors. Twistor theory was first proposed by Roger Penrose in 1967, ref Penrose, R. 1967 Twistor algebra, J. Math. Phys. 8 345. ref as a possible path to a theory of quantum gravity . The twistor approach is especially natural for solving the equations of motion of quantum field theory .... 2004 http arxiv.org abs hep th 0312171 Perturbative gauge theory as a string theory in twistor space, Commun. Math. Phys. 252 189 258. ref proposed to unite twistor and string theory by embedding the topological string theory topological B model of string theory in twistor space . His objective was to model ... string theory read below . Details Twistor theory is unique to 4D Minkowski space and the 2,2 metric ... theory lies the isomorphism between the conformal group spin group Spin 4,2 and SU 2,2 , which ... SU 2,1 times mathrm U 1 right math Twistor string theory For many years after Penrose s foundational 1967 paper, twistor theory progressed slowly, in part because of mathematical challenges. Twistor theory also seemed unrelated to ideas in mainstream physics. While twistor theory appeared to say something ... string theory and twistor geometry, called twistor string theory . Witten 2004 ref name Witten2004 built on this insight to propose a way to do string theory in twistor space , whose dimensionality is necessarily the same as that of 3 1 Minkowski spacetime . Hence twistor string theory is a possible way to eliminate the need for more than 3 spatial dimensions when doing super string theory. Although Witten has said that I think twistor string theory is something that only partly works, his work has given new life to the twistor research program. For example, twistor string theory may simplify ... theory is defined on the supertwistor space math mathbb CP 3 4 math . Supertwistors are a supersymmetry ... more details
has not been proven yet. String theory and M theory unsolved physics Is string theory , superstring ... consensus on this issue, because M theory and superstringtheory is not a completed theory ...about the physical concept other uses Toe disambiguation Beyond the Standard Model A theory of everything TOE or final theory ref Weinberg 1993 ref is a putative theory of theoretical physics that fully .... This is one of the unsolved problems in physics . Initially, the term theory of everything ... was known to work on the General Theory of Everything . Physicist John Ellis physicist John ... magazine Nature in 1986. ref Cite journal first John last Ellis year 1986 journal Nature title The SuperstringTheory of Everything, or of Nothing? volume 323 pages 595 598 doi 10.1038 323595a0 bibcode ... to describe a theory that would unify or explain through a single model the theories of all fundamental ... for a theory of everything include string theory , M theory , and loop quantum gravity . Historical ... everything starting from a few axioms. Also the putative theory of everything is expected to be based ... as a theory of everything. Modern quantum mechanics implies that Heisenberg uncertainty uncertainty is inescapable , and thus that Laplace s vision needs to be amended a theory of everything must ... Maxwell s theory of electromagnetism . During the 19th and early 20th centuries, it gradually became ... would be called a theory of everything. In the late 1920s, the new quantum mechanics showed that the chemical ... Dirac s boast that the underlying physical laws necessary for the mathematical theory of a large part ... 792 ref After 1915, when Albert Einstein published the theory of gravity general relativity , the search for a unified field theory combining gravity with electromagnetism started again with renewed ... theory during the last decades of his life. However, none of these attempts were successful. ref ... for a unifying theory was interrupted by the discovery of the strong force strong and weak ... more details
Opening theory may refer to Backgammon opening theory Chess theory Opening theory Chess opening theory or Chess opening theory table Go opening theory disambig ... more details
Dependency theory is a subfield of database theory which studies implication and optimization problems related to logical constraints, commonly called dependencies, on databases. The best known class of such dependencies are functional dependencies , which form the foundation of candidate key keys on database relations. Another important class of dependencies are the multivalued dependency multivalued dependencies . A key algorithm in dependency theory is the Chase algorithm Chase , and much of the theory is devoted to its study. database stub Category Database theory Category Database constraints ... more details
Transport theory may refer to Linear transport theory Light transport theory Transportation theory Transport theory statistical physics Transport phenomena Transportation Theory the immersion of individuals within narrative content disambig ... more details
Incentive theory may refer to Organizational studies Theories and models a concept of human resources or management theory. Motivation Incentive theory a motivational theory disamb ... more details
Vortex theory may refer to Mechanical explanations of gravitation a theory to explain gravitation . History of knot theory a theory to explain the atom . disambig ... more details
The term shell theory may refer to In astronomy the shell theorem In continuum mechanics the plate theorytheory of plates and shells disambig ... more details
Behavior theory can refer to in sociology , the collective behavior theory in political science s, the theories of political behavior in psychology , the theory of planned behavior in psychology , Learning theory education learning theory or behaviorism disambig ... more details
General theory may refer to Generalized Theory of Gravitation General Theory of Relativity General Systems Theory Generalized cohomology theory General theory of collaboration The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money , a book written by John Maynard Keynes disambig it Teoria generale ... more details
Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation created and developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960s that have been used in human resource management , organizational behavior , organizational communication and organizational development . They describe two contrasting models of workforce motivation. Theory X In this theory, which has been proven counter ... structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level. According to this theory ..., theory X managers rely heavily on threat and coercion to gain their employees compliance. Beliefs of this theory lead to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, and a punitive atmosphere. The Theory ... questioning whether it may be the system, policy, or lack of training that deserves the blame. A Theory ... in large businesses. Theory Y In this theory, management assumes employees may be ambitious and self ..., theory Y managers believe that employees will learn to seek out and accept responsibility .... A Theory Y manager believes that, given the right conditions, most people will want to do well ... interpret Theory Y as a positive set of beliefs about workers. A close reading of The Human Side of Enterprise ... and the possibilities that this creates. He thinks that Theory Y managers are more likely than Theory X managers to develop the climate of trust with employees that is required for human resource ... have say in decisions that influence them. Theory X and Theory Y combined For McGregor, Theory .... McGregor and Maslow s hierarchy Theory X and Theory Y relates to Maslow s hierarchy of needs .... In relations to Theory Y the organization is trying to create the most symbiotic relationship between ..., and respect by others. See also Theory Z a later work organizational motivation theory which is likely a derivative of Theory Y. Scientific management Another management theory. Twelve O Clock ... A diagram of Theory X and Theory Y. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Theory X And Theory ... more details
Neutral theory may refer to one of these two related theories the neutral theory of molecular evolution or the unified neutral theory of biodiversity . disambig ... more details
Humor theory can refer to Theory of humor Humorism , a theory in ancient Greek and Roman medicine disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Learning theory may refer to Learning theory education , the process of how humans learn Behaviorism Cognitivism psychology Cognitivism Constructivism learning theory Constructivism Connectivism learning theory Connectivism Computational learning theory , a mathematical theory to analyze machine learning algorithms Instructional theory Multimedia learning theory Social cognitive theory Disambig ... more details
Final Theory may refer to Theory of everything a putative theory in Physics . Final Theory novel a 2008 science fiction novel by Scientific American editor Mark Alpert. dab ... more details
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