is merely poetic, but the mass noun water takes a plural to signify the water drawn from different ...wiktionary plural In linguistics , plurality or a plural is a concept of quantity i.e., grammatical number representing a value of more than one . Typically applied to noun s, a plural word or marker morpheme ... or implicit markers context. In the English language , singular and plural are the only usual grammatical numbers, with minor dual grammatical number dual exceptions both , either , etc. A plural is commonly ... plural In English, the plural is usually formed with the addition of s e.g., one cat , two cats one ... a sibilant sound, s is used e.g.,. one tree , two trees one bee , two bees . Some plural forms require ... of words have identical singular and plural forms e.g., one sheep , two sheep one aircraft , two aircraft . See English plural Irregular plurals for more examples of irregular pluralisation. Other languages ... with dual, trial, or paucal numbers, plural refers to numbers higher than those. However, numbers besides singular, plural, and to a lesser extent dual are extremely rare. Languages with measure word ... at all, though they are likely to have plural personal pronoun s. Some languages like Mele Fila language Mele Fila distinguish between a plural and a greater plural. A greater plural refers to an abnormally ... between the paucal, the plural, and the greater plural is often relative to the type of object under ... paucal, and plural. Such languages as these have the most complex grammatical number in the world. An interesting difference from Romance Germanic languages is found in some Slavic languages Slavic ... Polish has singular and plural, and a special form paucal for numbers where the last digit is 2, 3 or 4, excluding endings of 12, 13 and 14 . Russian uses plural form of words ending like genitive ... plural form of words for all other numbers. In addition, Slovene language Slovene preserved pure dual ... for numbers 2 4 , several nouns have alternate forms for counting plural and collective plural ... more details
of a barrel or cask is a back formation from staves , which is its plural. See the Plural to singular ... The plural of a few nouns can also be formed from the singular by adding n or en , stemming from the Old ... instead of standard IPA pr s s z . Since the word comes from Latin processus , whose plural ... differently how? date October 2011 from axes IPA ks z , the plural of ax e . Final ies remains ... pluralfrom agendum something to be acted on but is nowadays used only as a singular, and nobody ... singular or plural . This article discusses the variety of ways in which English plurals are formed ... provided in this article are for Received Pronunciation and General American . Regular plurals The plural ... in a sibilant sound IPA s , IPA z , IPA , IPA , IPA t or IPA d the plural is formed by adding ... other than a sibilant IPA p , IPA t , IPA k , IPA f or IPA the plural is formed by adding IPA ... plural adds IPA z , represented orthography orthographically by s style margin left 2em text align left border collapse separate border spacing 10px 0px Plural form is plataPOO boy boys IPA b z girl ... ref http www2.gsu.edu wwwesl egw crump.htm English Irregular Plural Nouns ref ref http hopelive.hope.ac.uk ... spacing 10px 0px P&O Ferries from ferry Other exceptions include lay by s and stand by s . Words ..., but money can also form its plural regularly. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse money Entry ... ref In some words this voicing survives in the modern English plural. In the case of IPA f changing ... ref fn 2 2 knives IPA na v z life lives In addition, there is one word where IPA s is voiced in the plural ... diphthong IPA a or IPA a . note fn 3 Note 3 For dwarf , the common form of the plural was dwarfs as, for example ... Dwarfs until J. R. R. Tolkien popularized dwarves he intended the changed spelling to differentiate the dwarf Tolkien dwarf race fantasy fantasy race in his novels from the cuter and simpler beings common ... st f or IPA st f in the sense of a body of employees , the plural is always staff otherwise, both ... more details
. Logic, Logic, and Logic . Harvard University Press. Burgess, J.P., From Frege to Friedman A Dream Come True? , 2004, E Pluribus Unum Plural Logic and Set Theory, Philosophia Mathematica 12 3 193&ndash 221. Cameron, J. R., 1999, Plural Reference, Ratio . Cite journal doi 10.1023 A 1015190829525 ... logic , plural quantification is the theory that an individual Variable mathematics variable x may take on plural , as well as singular values. As well as substituting individual objects such as Alice ... an objective existence distinct from the individual objects that fall under them, but is neither ... ideas for a semantics of plurals. Plural quantification Standard first order logic has difficulties ... in terms of plural existential quantification, and that, therefore, 2nd order monadic existential ... . So one can propose a unified account of plural terms that allows for both distributive and non ... make the singularist assumption , that every plural predication is at its root a singular predication ... not automatically imply that some single individual of any kind surrounds the building. Plural noun ... also refer to one thing a set or a sum . Several writers have suggested that plural logic opens ... Nicolas 2008 has argued that plural logic should be used to account for the semantics of mass nouns ..., never defended in detail, that plural expressions in ordinary language are manifestly and obviously ... about the second? There is an obvious logical difference, since in the first case the plural ... Thomas J. McKay title Plural Predication publisher Oxford University Press location New York isbn 0199278148 ... journal doi 10.1007 s10988 008 9033 2 last1 Nicolas first1 David year 2008 title Mass nouns and plural logic url http d.a.nicolas.free.fr Nicolas Mass nouns and plural logic Revised 2.pdf journal Linguistics ... Univ. Press. Peter Simons , 1982, Plural Reference and Set Theory, in Barry Smith , ed., Parts ... University Press. Cite journal last1 Uzquiano first1 Gabriel year 2003 title Plural Quantification ... more details
A plural society is defined by Fredrik Barth as a society combining Ethnicity ethnic contrasts the Economics economic interdependence of those groups, and the Ecology ecological specialization i.e., use ..., but only in the marketplace in buy ing and sell ing. There is a plural society, with different sections of the community living side by side, within the same Politics political unit. Plural Societies and Democratic Regimes During research about plural societies, Asim Ejaz, Student of M.phil Political ... of Arend Lijphart, democracy in plural societies that it is so much difficult to achieve and stable democratic government in plural society. As Aristotle says about stable governing system that, a state ... impossible to achieve and maintain stable democratic government in plural societies. Consociational .... For the successful democratic regimes in the third world, due to plural societies, Consociational democracy is based, also on normative model. A Plural society is a society, divided by segmental ... due to plural societies within European countries. According to Geberial Almond, Separation of power doctrine is also concerned with political stability. He extends idea of separation of power from ... have created homogeneity among their plural societies, as like idealize British society. But Geberial ... Democracy and the Segments of Plural Society As Arend Lijhpart argue that there is constitutionalization for the segments of plural societies, and its better solution is consociational or semi ... countries in the list of Consociational and Semi consociational Democracy regarding study of plural .... Segments of plural Society can represent their self within that political party and can create ..., even successful in People Republic of China nowadays, where Mangols from Inner Mangolia , Haan and Yugur from Xinjiang , Tibetan from Tibet and several other segments of society are joining Communist ... societies of their country. See also Ethnic group Multiculturalism Polyethnicity DEFAULTSORT Plural ... more details
Plural voting is the practice whereby one person might be able to vote multiple times in an election . It is not to be confused with a plurality voting system which does not necessarily involve plural voting. Weighted voting is a generalisation of plural voting. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom , for example, up to 1948, people affiliated with a university were allowed vote in both a university constituency and their home constituency, and property owners could vote both in the constituency where their property lay and that in which they lived, if the two were different. Some university educated property owners could even vote in three different constituencies. These practices were abolished by the Representation of the People Act 1948 , which was first applied in the 1950 General Election. Belgium In Belgium, plural voting was introduced in 1893 and applied for elections from 1894 to 1919 as a way to limit the impact of universal suffrage . Every male citizen over 25 got one vote for legislative elections, but some electors got up to 2 supplementary votes according to some criteria ref http www.belgium.be eportal application?languageRedirected yes&docId 3448&pageid contentPage&languageParameter nl L volution du droit de vote , Belgium.be official Belgian Portal ref ref http books.google.com books?id keh JJginLwC&pg PA118&lpg PA118&dq belgique 22vote plural 22&source web&ots 40axcnLqSN&sig cYup8 MEjI5WDhKGBaQdOH8XHcs Marie Th r se Bitsch, Histoire de la Belgique de l Antiquit nos jours , Bruxelles, Editions Complexe, 2004, ISBN 2804800237 ref holder of a school diploma family head over 30, paying a poll tax of at least 5 francs holder of a savings account of at least 2,000 francs, or beneficiary of a life annuity of at least 100 francs. For municipal elections, a fourth ... income was at least of 150 francs. New Zealand Plural voting, also referred to as Dual Voting , was abolished ... Reflist Category Voting systems fr Vote plural ... more details
A reduplicated plural is a grammatical form achieved by the superfluous use of a second plural ending. Example In English language English the plural is usually formed with the addition of s e.g. one cat, two cats one chair, two chairs. In the Sussex dialect , however, until relatively recently there existed a reduplicated plural e.g. one ghost, two ghostes ghostesses one post, two postes postesses note that here the Sussex pluralisation instead of adding just s after st , adds either es as its usual plural, or a reduplicated esses . ref http google.com search?q cache GItjg1mDV2EJ www.sussexhistory.co.uk sussex dialect sussex dialect 2520 25200113.htm 22reduplicated plural 22 sussex&cd 3&hl en&ct clnk&gl uk&client firefox a A Dictionary Of The Sussex Dialect ref Kipling in Puck of Pook s Hill uses the Sussex reduplicated plural, employing for example pharisee s for fairies . ref http www.kipling.org.uk rg dymchurch1.htm Dymchurch Flit , Donald Mackenzie ref For the case when two different plural endings have historically been added on to a word but one of them is no longer synchronically felt to have to have plural force, or even to be a distinct morpheme , see Double plural . References Reflist Category Grammatical number Category Sussex language stub grammar stub ... more details
In linguistics , a broken plural or internal plural is an irregular plural form of a noun or adjective found in the Semitic languages and other Afroasiatic languages such as Berber languages Berber . Broken plurals are formed by changing the pattern of consonants and vowels inside the singular form. They contrast with sound plurals or external plurals , which are formed by adding a suffix . While the phenomenon is known from several Semitic languages, nowhere has it become as productive as in Arabic language Arabic . Arabic In Arabic language Arabic , the regular way of making a plural for a masculine noun is adding the suffix n for the nominative or n for the accusative and genitive at the end. For feminine nouns, the regular way is to add the suffix t . However, not all plurals follow these simple rules. One class of nouns in both spoken and written Arabic produce plurals by changing the pattern of vowels inside the word, sometimes also with the addition of a prefix or suffix. This system ... regularly or irregularly. Broken plurals are known as jam taks r , literally plural ... language. Broken plurals can also be found in languages that have borrowed many words from Arabic, for instance Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Azerbaijani and Urdu. In Persian this kind of plural is called j me mok ssar , literally broken plural Full knowledge of these plurals can come only ... bgcolor silver width 12 center Singular br form center width 8 center plural br Form center center Example center center Transliteration center center Plural center center Transliteration center ... all plurals must take either the sound masculine im or feminine ot plural suffixes, the historical ... and CVCaC in the plural have often been compared to broken plural forms in other Semitic languages. Thus the form malk my king in the singular is opposed to m lax m kings in the plural ... cases where historical sound changes have resulted in stem allomorphy between singular and plural forms ... more details
Infobox Political Party party name Concertaci n Plural colorcode blue party logo leader Cristina Fern ndez de Kirchner foundation 2006 ideology Peronism , Social democracy , Centre left , Democratic socialism , Political radicalism Radicalism and Christian democracy headquarters Buenos Aires , Argentina international colours Blue , White website Plural Consensus lang es Concertaci n Plural is an Kirchnerism Kirchnerist electoral alliance in Argentina acting as a political bloc in the Argentine Senate and elsewhere. The coalition is largely made up of members of the Radical Civic Union , a group of smaller parties and dissident Socialist Party Argentina Socialist Party members who support the governing Peronist s led by President of Argentina President Cristina Fern ndez de Kirchner . Former President N stor Kirchner proposed the coalition as a new centre left force in Argentine politics. http www.clarin.com diario 2006 12 18 um m 01330273.htm The smaller parties originally included the Broad Front , the Party of Victory , the Intransigent Party and the Christian Democratic Party Argentina Christian Democratic Party . The leading former Radical supporting the Kirchners was Julio Cobos , who was elected Vice President. Having been expelled from the Radicals, he set up his own party, which eventually settled on the name ConFe Federal Consensus . Formally, the bloc s two senators are Senator Dora S nchez of Corrientes Province and Pablo Verani of R o Negro Province , both former Radicals. Other leading members of the concertation, often termed Radicales K , are governors Miguel Saiz , Gerardo Zamora and Arturo Colombi and deputies such as Hugo Nelson Prieto . In the Argentine ... de la Concertaci n exists, led by Prieto. The Plural Consensus tag has been widely used in the media ... Coalitions of parties in Argentina Argentina party stub es Concertaci n Plural it Concertaci n Plural ... more details
A double plural is a plural form to which an extra suffix has been added, mainly because the original plural suffix had become improductive and therefore irregular. So the form as a whole was no longer seen as a plural this is an instance of morphological leveling . Examples of this can be seen in the history of English language English and Dutch language Dutch . Historically, the general English plural markers were not only s or en but also in certain specific declensions ra ru which is still rather general today in German language German under the form er . The ancient plural of child was cildra cildru , to which an en suffix was later added when the ra ru became unproductive the Dutch plural form kind er en and the corresponding Zeelandic form kind er s are also double plurals which were formed in the same way as the English double plurals, while for example German and Limburgian have historically conservative single plurals such as Kind er . wikt double plural See also Reduplicated plural Category Grammatical number Category Historical linguistics ling morph stub nl Stapelmeervoud ... more details
An uncertain plural occurs when a writer does not know in advance whether a word should be written in the singular or plural. For English nouns, this may be demonstrated by enclosing the trailing s in parentheses, such as book s . In the case of articles, they or their may be used to include a single individual, when uncertain. Uncategorized stub date December 2011 language stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Partitive plural is a grammatical number that is used to modify a noun which represents a part of some whole amount, as opposed to the comprehensive plural , used when the noun represents the total amount of something. This plural form is used in the Finnish language , and its use in this language influenced J.R.R. Tolkien in inventing his constructed language fictional language Quenya . It refers to more than one object that is nevertheless only part of a larger number for example, three out of four of something. It is one of four grammatical numbers in Quenya, the others being singular grammatical number singular , dual grammatical number dual , and plural . As for the Finnish partitive case partitive plural, it is really a regular grammatical case case form in the plural grammatical number number , but which is used in the singular as well, denoting an abstract, unknown identity or result. See also Partitive DEFAULTSORT Partitive Plural Ling stub Conlang stub Category Grammar ... more details
A plural district was a district in the United States House of Representatives that was represented by more than one member. States using this method elected multiple members from some of their geographically defined districts, either on a single ballot plurality at large voting block voting or on separate concurrent ballots for each seat conducting multiple plurality voting system plurality elections . This method was used to give more populous counties additional representation without dividing them into multiple districts voters were instead allowed to either vote in several elections or to vote for a slate of candidates. It was a system used mostly in Maryland , New York and Pennsylvania until prohibited by the 1842 Apportionment Bill and subsequent legislation. TOCright Plural district usage This is a table of every instance of the use of plural districts in the United States Congress class wikitable Congress State & Number of Representatives br District numbers 3rd United States Congress 3rd MA 13 1,2,3,4 4th United States Congress 4th PA 2 4 5th United States Congress 5th PA 2 4 6th United States Congress 6th PA 2 4 7th United States Congress 7th PA 2 4 8th United States Congress 8th MD 2 5 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 9th United States Congress 9th MD 2 5 , NY 2 2,3 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 10th United States Congress 10th MD 2 5 , NY 2 2,3 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 11th United States Congress 11th MD 2 5 , NY 4 2,6 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 12th United States Congress 12th MD 2 5 , NY 4 2,6 , PA 8 1,2,3,4 13th United States Congress 13th MD 2 5 , NJ 6 1,2,3 , NY 12 1,2,12,15,20,21 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 14th United States Congress 14th MD 2 5 , NY 12 1,2,12,15,20,21 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 15th United States Congress 15th MD 2 5 , NY 12 1,2,12,15,20,21 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 16th United States Congress 16th MD 2 5 , NY 12 1,2,12,15,20,21 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 17th United States Congress 17th MD 2 5 , NY 10 1,2,12,15,20 , PA 14 1,2,3,5,6,10 18th United States Congress 18th MD 2 5 , NY 7 3,20,26 , PA 14 4,7,8,9,11,16 ... more details
distinguish Pluralist Left refimprove date August 2007 The Gauche Plurielle French for Plural Left was a left wing coalition in France, composed of the Socialist Party France Socialist Party Parti socialiste or PS , the French Communist Party Parti communiste fran ais or PCF , the The Greens France Greens , the Left Radical Party Parti radical de gauche or PRG , and the Citizens Movement France Citizens Movement Mouvement des citoyens or MDC . Succeeding Alain Jupp s conservative government, the Plural Left governed France from 1997 to 2002. It was another case of cohabitation government cohabitation between rival parties at the head of the state and of the government Jacques Chirac as President and Lionel Jospin as Prime minister . Following the failure of the left at the French legislative election, 2002 2002 legislative election , it was replaced by another conservative government, this time headed by Jean Pierre Raffarin . The Plural Left government initiated several reforms, including the Couverture maladie universelle CMU social welfare program for indigents, the Pacte civil de ... block from the Soviet Union in the 1970s the French Communist Party had entered a period of electoral ... from the PS crisis at the beginning of the 1990s. However, their leader Antoine Waechter refused ... result. The 5 left wing parties formed a coalition called the Plural Left . The name was founded ... surprised many although it was the fourth dissolution from a directly elected President, it was most ... were being criticized inside and outside the party Communists, who fell from Postwar s First party ... can draw a large support. First round agreements In January 1997, the Socialist party withdrew from 29 districts against the Green party s withdrawal from 79 others. The Socialist party and the Radicals ... not pass any agreements with Socialists Entre deux tours agreements Communists withdrew from 16 districts ... was divided about this problem and had not a clear policy. Finally, those who were disappointed by the Plural ... more details
Wiktionary reactionReaction may refer to Response disambiguation Response to another event Adverse drug reaction Chemical reaction Emotional reaction Light reaction Nuclear reaction TNA Reaction , a documentary show of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA behind scenes. Reaction physics , as defined by Newton s third law Reactionary , a political tendency Reflex reaction other uses Reaction Records , a record label ReAction GUI a GUI toolkit used on AmigaOS Reaction software , a Perl application framework Reaction song Reaction song , a 1986 song by American R&B singer Rebbie Jackson Reaction , a 2008 single by Dead Letter Circus Disambiguation als Reaktion ar bg cs Reakce de Reaktion et Reaktsioon el es Reacci n eo Reakcio fa fr R action gl Reacci n ko hr Reakcija it Reazione nl Reactie ja no Reaksjon pl Reakcja pt Rea o ro Reac ie ru simple Reaction sr Reakcija fi Reaktio uk zh ... more details
Summary Information Description The Model 1814 had a large steel buttplate. Source http www.gunauction.com buy 10641573 guns for sale pre 1899 pre 1899 rifles r johnson 1814 derringer common rifle musket Date 03 56, 20 December 2011 UTC Author Tom Nardi Permission other versions Licensing cc by sa 3.0 ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name U.S.S.R. Life on the other side Type Album Artist DJ Vadim Cover Released 14 September 1999 Recorded 1999 Genre Hip hop music Hip hop Length 72 04 Label Ninja Tune Producer DJ Vadim Last album U.S.S.R. Reconstruction album U.S.S.R. Reconstruction br 1998 This album U.S.S.R. Life on the other side br 1999 Next album U.S.S.R. The Art Of Listening br 2002 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r431318 first John last Bush ref rev2 rev2Score U.S.S.R. Life From The Other Side is DJ Vadim s sixth album, featuring Scratch Perverts , Rakaa Iriscience from Dilated Peoples , Blade rapper Blade and Sarah Jones . To promote the record, Vadim put together a live group The Russian Percussion consisting of Mr Thing turntables , Killa Kela beat box , Blu rum 13 mc , John Ellis keyboards . The tour was 200 shows taking in 24 countries including most of Europe and North America. Track listing Getting Friendly Viagra featuring El P , BMS & DJ Primecuts My Favourite Letter Life From The Itchy Side featuring Skinnyman English Breakfast featuring Swollen Members Building Tension in 2 Dimensions Dig Yourself Baby Are You Sure The Pact Super Rimes featuring Starvin Artists Outerschmoodles Your Revolution featuring Sarah Jones It s Obvious featuring Blu rum 13 The Piano Song Pauses For Repetition Truly & Really featuring Toastie Taylor Ponmelo Duro featuring Mucho Mu The Terrorist featuring Motion Man The Larry Chatsworth Theme From Russia with Love featuring Blade Don t Sleep The Affirmers Of The New Art featuring Shikko Micro Course In Russian Friction featuring Iriscience & DJ Primecuts Acquiring The Taste featuring A 110 DSP How To Exercise The Turntable Record Player featuring Mr. Thing & First Rate Strength & Understanding For Young Lovers References Reflist Category 1999 albums Category DJ Vadim albums ... more details
Mergeto Lombard language date June 2009 Mergeto Western Lombard language date June 2009 Mergeto Diachronics of plural inflection in the Gallo Italian languages date July 2009 Unreferenced date June 2009 Cleanup date June 2009 The general lines of diachronics of Western Lombard plural declension are drawn here, with reference to Milanese orthography Feminine The bulk of feminine words ends with the desinence a the feminine plural is adesinential. The last vowel finds its original length in non final syllable you can t ear the difference Clarify me date June 2009 that s often long when followed by a voiced consonant, short when followed by a voiceless consonant. When the stem ends with a difficult group of consonants you can see an addition of a final i or of a schwa between consonants for example in Milanese sing. scendra , plur. scendr scender . So in adjectives, plural form and masculine form are often the same. Masculine The bulk of masculine words end without desinences plural masculine is adesinential. When the stem ends with a difficult group of consonants you can see, in singular and plural, an addition of a schwa between consonants. When the addition of schwa appears unnatural, they add a final o pron. u , that in the plural is i . The masculine words ending in in , and some ending in ett , have plural in itt . The masculine words ending in ll have plural in j derived from addiction of i and fall of ll you can see the same phenomenon in the origin of determinate article sing. ell el , plur. elli ej i . Some masculin words ending in a can be unvarying they often are words from ancient Greek or idiomatic words to define a person e. g. pirla a stupid . See also Western Lombard Western Lombard language Category Western Lombard language ling stub ... more details
The Tishchenko reaction is a chemical reaction that involves disproportionation of an aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position in the presence of an alkoxide . Ref 1 The reaction product is an ester . Catalyst s are aluminium alkoxides or sodium alkoxides. Benzaldehyde reacts with sodium benzyloxide generated from sodium and benzyl alcohol to benzyl benzoate . Ref 2 Image Tishchenko reaction.gif center The Tishchenko reaction benzaldehyde reacts to benzyl benzoate, the catalyst is generated in situ from sodium and benzyl alcohol formaldehyde Paraformaldehyde reacts with boric acid to methyl formate . Ref 3 The key step in the reaction mechanism for this reaction is a 1,3 hydride shift in the hemiacetal intermediate formed from two successive nucleophilic addition reactions, the first one from the catalyst. The hydride shift regenerates the alkoxide catalyst. Image Tishchenko reaction mechanism.gif center The Tishchenko reactionreaction mechanism In the related Cannizzaro reaction the base is sodium hydroxide and then the organic oxidation oxidation product is a carboxylic acid and the organic reduction reduction product is an alcohol . Related reactions Aldol Tishchenko reaction Baylis Hillman reaction Cannizzaro reaction Meerwein Ponndorf Verley Reduction Oppenauer Oxidation References Note 1 V. Tishchenko, J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc. 1906 , 38 , 355, 482, 540, 547. Note 2 OrgSynth author Kamm, O. Kamm, W. F. title Benzyl benzoate collvol 1 collvolpages 104 year 1941 prep cv1p0104 Note 3 cite journal author Paul R. Stapp journal J. Org. Chem. year 1973 volume 38 issue 7 pages 1433 1434 doi 10.1021 jo00947a049 title Boric acid catalyzed Tishchenko reactions Category Organic reactions Category Name reactions de Claisen Ti enko Reaktion ja zh es Reacci n ald lica de Tishchenko ... more details
Other uses Strip disambiguation A stripping reaction is a term used to describe two separate physical processes In nuclear physics a stripping reaction is a nuclear reaction in which part of the incident Atomic nucleus nucleus combines with the target nucleus, and the remainder proceeds with most of its original momentum in almost its original direction. This reaction was first described by Stuart Thomas Butler in 1950. ref name Butler Butler, S.T. 1950 Physical Review 80 1950 1095, 1951. Proc. R. Soc. A 208 36 ref Deuteron stripping reactions have been extensively used to study nuclear reactions and structure, this occurs where the incident nucleus is a deuteron and only a proton emerges from the target nucleus. A simple one step stripping reaction can be represented as A a B b A b x sub a sub A x sub b sub b where A represents the target core, b represents the projectile core, and x is the transferred mass which may represent any number of particles. In chemistry a stripping reaction is a chemical process, studied in a molecular beam , in which the reaction products are scattered forward with respect to the moving centre of mass of the system. ref name IUPAC IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd Edition 1997 http www.iupac.org goldbook S06057.pdf Stripping reaction ref References reflist disambig Category Nuclear physics Category Chemical reactions ... more details
The Passerini reaction is a chemical reaction involving an isocyanide , an aldehyde or ketone , and a carboxylic ... author Banfi, L. Riva, R. journal Org. React. year 2005 volume 65 pages 1 140 doi 10.1002 0471264180.or065.01 title The Passerini Reaction . ref File Passerini reaction.svg 498px center The Passerini reaction This organic reaction was discovered by Mario Passerini in 1921 in Florence , Italy . It is the first isocyanide based multi component reaction developed, and currently plays a central role ... ref Reaction mechanism Two different reaction pathways have been hypothesized. Ionic mechanism In polar solvents such as methanol or water molecule water , the reaction proceeds by protonation ... the desired ester 5 Fact date January 2008 . Image Passerini Reaction Mechanism.png 500px center The mechanism of the Passerini reaction Concerted mechanism In non polar solvents and at high concentration a concerted mechanism is likely ref The Passirini Reaction L. Banfi, R.Riva in Organic Reactions ... center Trimolecular Passerini reaction mechanism This mechanism involves a trimolecular reaction between the isocyanide R NC , the carboxylic acid, and the carbonyl in a sequence of nucleophilic ... bonding. The second step of the Passerini reaction is an acyl transfer to the neighboring hydroxyl group. There is support for this reaction mechanism the reaction proceeds in relatively non polar solvent s in line with transition state and the reaction kinetics depend on all three reactant s. This reaction ... multicomponent reaction s for instance one preceded by a Horner Wadsworth Emmons reaction and forming a depsipeptide ref A Flexible Six Component Reaction To Access Constrained Depsipeptides Based on a Dihydropyridinone ... 10.1021 jo701978v ref Image SixComponentreactionParavidino2007.svg center 500px Six component reaction ... from renewable materials. ref Kreye, O. T th, T. Meier, M. http pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 ja1113003 ... ja1113003 ref See also Ugi reaction References Reflist Category Carbon carbon bond forming reactions ... more details
constant for the reaction is related to G by the relation math K e frac Delta G circ RT math where T is the absolute temperature and R is the gas constant . A positive value of G therefore implies math K 1 , math so that starting from molar stoichiometric quantities such a reaction would move ...unreferenced date May 2009 In thermochemistry chemical thermodynamics , an endergonic reaction also called an unfavorable reaction or a nonspontaneous reaction is a chemical reaction in which the standard ... the total amount of energy is a loss it takes more energy to start the reaction than what you ... Exergonic reaction Exergonic Reaction . Under constant temperature and constant pressure conditions ... 0 math for the reaction at standard state ie at standard pressure 1 Bar unit bar , and standard concentrations ... in Free Energy process. Pull Reagents can be pulled through an endergonic reaction, if the reaction products are cleared rapidly by a subsequent exergonic reaction. The concentration of the products of the endergonic reaction thus always remains low, so the reaction can proceed. A classic example of this might be the first stage of a reaction which proceeds via a transition state . The process of getting .... However, the reaction can proceed because having reached the transition state, it rapidly ... by coupling them to another reaction which is strongly exergonic, through a shared intermediate. This is often how biological reactions proceed. For example, on its own the reaction math X Y longrightarrow ... it to a strongly exergonic reaction such as, very often, the decomposition of Adenosine triphosphate ... XY P i math This kind of reaction, with the ATP decomposition supplying the free energy needed to make an endergonic reaction occur, is so common in cell biochemistry that ATP is often called the universal energy currency of all living organisms. See also Endergonic Exergonic Exergonic reaction Exothermic Endothermic Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction Warm blooded Endotherm Warm blooded ... more details
Complex. Image Asymetric cyanohydrin reaction.gif center Asymmetric reaction of benzaldehyde with R Binol lithium i propyloxy gives S cyanohydrin with 98 Enantiomer ee center small Asymmetric reaction of benzaldehyde with R Binol lithium i propyloxy gives S cyanohydrin with 98 Enantiomer ee small center The chemist Urech in 1872 was the first to synthesize cyanohydrins from ketones with alkali cyanides and acetic acid ref Urech, Ann. 164, 256 1872 ref and therefore this reaction also goes by the name ...A Cyanohydrin reaction is an organic reaction organic chemical reaction by an aldehyde or ketone with a cyanide anion or a nitrile to form a cyanohydrin . This nucleophilic addition is a reversible reaction but with aliphatic carbonyl compounds equilibrium is in favor of the reaction products. The cyanide ... such as benzaldehyde , the benzoin condensation is a competing reaction. The reaction is used ... Cyanohydrin acetone reaction.svg thumb 400px center Reaction of acetone with sodium cyanide to hydroxyacetonitrile Image Benzoquinone cyanohydrin reaction.svg thumb 600px center Reaction of benzoquinone ... with its hemiacetal with KCN to the cyclic ester Reaction mechanism center Image Cyanohydrin mechanism 2D.png 400px Mechanism of the cyanohydrin reaction center Asymmetric synthesis The asymmetric synthesis asymmetric cyanohydrin reaction of benzaldehyde with trimethylsilylcyanide is made possible by employment of R Binol ref Chiral Lithium Binaphtholate Aqua Complex as a Highly Effective Asymmetric ... group CN C OH External links Cyanohydrin reaction of formaldehyde to hydroxyacetonitrile or glycolonitrile ... 56 http www.orgsyn.org orgsyn prep.asp?prep cv2p0387 Article Cyanohydrin reaction of formaldehyde with potassium ... orgsyn prep.asp?prep cv3p0436 Article Cyanohydrin reaction of acetophenone with potassium cyanide ...?prep cv4p0058 Article Cyanohydrin reaction of D xylose with potassium cyanide Organic Syntheses Coll ... Cyanohydrin reaction of acetone with potassium cyanide Organic Syntheses Coll. Vol. 2, p. 7 Vol ... more details
oxonium intermediate 4 and a Prins reaction follows to 5 whereby the transient carbocation is captured first by acetonitrile and then by water in a Ritter reaction . In this sketch R is a cyclohexyl ...The Sakurai reaction also known as the Hosomi Sakurai reaction is the chemical reaction of carbon electrophile s such as a ketone shown here with allylic silane s catalyzed by strong Lewis acid s. ref Hosomi, A. Sakurai, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976 , 1295. ref ref Hosomi, A. et al. Chem. Letters 1976 , 941 ... Akira Hosomi and Hideki Sakurai . File Sakurai Reaction Scheme.png center 350px The Sakurai reaction Lewis acid activation is essential for complete reaction. Strong Lewis acids such as titanium tetrachloride ... the Hosomi reaction. The reaction is a type of electrophilic allyl shift with formation of an intermediate ... silicon effect . The reaction has been applied in a Sakurai Prins Ritter multicomponent reaction with in step two a Prins reaction and in step three a Ritter reaction ref A Sakurai Prins Ritter Sequence ... intermediate 2. This oxonium ion reacts in a Hosomi Sakurai reaction with allyltrimethylsilane ... Various Reactions The Hosomi Sakurai reaction can be performed on a number of functional groups. An electrophilic ... groups that can be used in the Hosomi Sakurai reaction. Mechanism The proposed mechanism for the Hosomi Sakurai reaction using a ketone is displayed above. The mechanisms for all Hosomi Sakurai ..., which then undergoes nucleophilic attack from electrons on the allylic silane. Silicon Effect Stabilization As displayed in the mechanism, the Hosomi Sakurai reaction goes through a secondary ... from the silicon atom stabilizes the carbocation. Silicon is able to donate into an empty p orbital ... is essential for the reaction to go to completion. See also Grignard reaction References reflist External links Hosomi Sakurai reaction www.organic chemistry.org http www.organic chemistry.org namedreactions ... Sakurai Reaction Category Addition reactions Category Carbon carbon bond forming reactions Category ... more details
of rate of reaction ref the reaction rate r for a chemical reaction occurring in a closed system under constant volume conditions, without a build up of reaction intermediate s, is defined as math r frac 1 a frac d A dt frac 1 b frac d B dt frac 1 p frac d P dt frac 1 q frac d Q dt math where X denotes the concentration Molarity, mol L of the substance X. NOTE Rate of a reaction is always ... the rate of reaction differs from the rate of increase of concentration of a product ... to math r frac d A dt math For a single reaction in a closed system of varying volume the so ... ,r k T A n B m math In this equation k T is the reaction rate coefficient or rate constant , although ... of the rate equation are those from the rate determining step. See also Reaction rate constant Rate ...Image Rust03102006.JPG thumb 225px Iron rusting a chemical reaction with a slow reaction rate. Image Large bonfire.jpg thumb 225px Wood burning a chemical reaction with a fast reaction rate. The reaction rate rate of reaction or speed of reaction for a reactant or product chemistry product in a particular chemical reactionreaction is intuitively defined as how fast or slow a reaction takes place. For example, the oxidation of iron under the atmosphere is a slow reaction that can take many years, but the combustion of butane in a fire is a reaction that takes place in fractions of a second. Chemical kinetics is the part of physical chemistry that studies reaction rates. The concepts of chemical ... engineering . Formal definition of reaction rate Consider a typical chemical reaction a A b B p ... of the stoichiometric number. Reaction rate usually has the units of mol dm sup 3 sup s sup ... reaction , in a closed system of constant volume . This most usually implicit assumption must be stated ..., the concentration of salt decreases, although there is no chemical reaction. For any system in general ... of the extent of reaction with respect to time. math dot xi frac d xi dt frac 1 nu i frac ... more details
The Gewald reaction is an organic reaction involving the condensation reaction condensation of a ketone or aldehyde when R sub 2 sub H with a cyanoester in the presence of elemental sulfur and base to give a poly substituted 2 amino thiophene . ref Gewald, K. Schinke, E. B ttcher, H. Chemische Berichte Ber. 1966 , 99 , 94 100. ref ref Sabnis, R. W. Sulfur Rep. 1994 , 16 , 1 17. Review ref Image Gewald Reaction Scheme.png center 500px The Gewald reaction The reaction is named after the German chemist Karl Gewald born 1930 . ref name Joule John A. Joule, Keith Mills Heterocyclic Chemistry , John Wiley & Sons, 5. Auflage 2010 , p. 340, ISBN 978 1 405 13300 5. ref ref name Mundy Bradford P. Mundy, Michael G. Ellerd, Frank G. Favaloro, Jr. Name Reactions and Reagents in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley & Sons, 2. Auflage 2005 p. 306, ISBN 0 471 22854 0. ref ref name Hume Christopher Hume Applications of Multicomponent Reactions in Drug Discovery Lead Generation to Process Development , p. 311 341, see p. 332 334, In Jieping Zhu, Huges Bienaym Multicomponent Reactions , Wiles VCH Verlag, 2005, ISBN 978 3 527 30806 4. ref Reaction mechanism The reaction mechanism of the Gewald reaction has only recently been elucidated. ref Sabnis, R. W. Rangnekar, D. W. Sonawane, N. D. J. Heterocyclic ... will produce the desired product 6 . Image Gewald Reaction Mechanism.png center 500px The mechanism of the Gewald reaction Microwave irradiation has been shown beneficial to reaction yields and times. ref Sridhar, M. Raoa, R. M. Babaa, N. H. K. Kumbhare, R. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007 , 48 , 3171 3172. doi 10.1016 j.tetlet.2007.03.052 ref Variations In one variation of the Gewald reaction a 3 Acetyl 2 aminothiophene is synthesized starting from a dithiane an adduct of sulfur and acetone R CH sub 3 sub or acetaldehyde R H and the sodium salt of cyanoacetone which in itself is very unstable ... molecules papers 11050371.pdf Online article . ref Image Gewald Type Reaction V.1.svg 400px center ... more details
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