multiple issues orphan May 2010 context September 2009 PhysicalLayer Convergence Protocol is the physicallayer protocol of several data transmission networks. It is used in the 802.11 standard. References Standards for IEEE 802 .11 2007 See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically references Links to the same article in other languages if the articles exist already see Help Interlanguage links Category Data transmission Category IEEE 802 Category Physicallayer protocols ... more details
www.wikihow.com Make a Network Cable How to make an Ethernet cable Ethernet DEFAULTSORT Ethernet PhysicalLayer Category Physicallayer protocols Category Ethernet es Capa f sica de Ethernet id 10BaseF ... stack software will work similarly on all physical layers. 10 Gigabit Ethernet is becoming more popular ... TX , and 1000BASE T . Physical layers Xerox experimental Ethernet class wikitable Name Description ... for analog telephone signals. ref cite web url http www.zytrax.com tech layer 1 cables mixed.html ... an Application Protocol Convergence APC layer that accepts Ethernet frames and encapsulates them into G.hn ... with brand name WiMAX Other special purpose physical layers include Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet ... more details
Layer may refer to wiktionary A layer of archaeological deposits in an Excavation archaeology excavation A layer hen , a hen raised to produce eggs Stratum , a layer of rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics Thermocline , a layer within a body of water where the temperature changes rapidly with depth Layering , a technique for plant propagation Layered hair , a popular hair styling technique Layering clothing , the wearing of multiple layers of clothing for practical or fashion purposes Layering may also refer to the money laundering crimes, that usually occur in 3 stages placement when the dirty money is separated from the former criminal activity , layering the act of giving an appearance of legal to the values and integration when the money is formally incorporated to the economic system . Places Layer de la Haye is a village in Essex, England. In fiction Mega Man X8 Maverick Hunters Layer , a female Maverick Hunter in the Mega Man X series In science Layer electronics , a single thickness of some material covering a surface F region Appleton Layer , or F Layer telecommunications In computing and technology Abstraction layer OSI model layers Internet protocol suite layers 2D computer graphics Layers , layers in 2D computer graphics Layers digital image editing map layer a set of graphical information, especially in geographic information system s layer object oriented design DVD layer, such as in DVD Dual layer recording Layer HTML tag a deprecated < iframe> like tag, unique to Netscape 4 browsers A layer of objects in CAD standards CAD disambiguation de Layer es Capa desambiguaci n eo Tavolo fr Couche ko he ja ru sk Vrstva uk ... more details
An S layer surface layer is a part of the cell envelope commonly found in bacteria , as well as among archaea . ref http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6T9N 44M1F9J 4& user 10& origUdi B7CTD 4SH7GMN 7& fmt high& coverDate 01 2F31 2F2002& rdoc 1& orig article& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 cddfffd5c87e8cc6c0c119e71873cd77 S layers on cell walls of cyanobacteria Micron Volume 33, Issue 3, January 2002, Pages 257 277 doi 10.1016 S0968 4328 01 00031 2 ref It consists of a monomolecular layer composed of identical proteins or glycoproteins . This two dimensional structure is built via self assembly and encloses the whole cell surface. Thus, the S layer protein can represent up to 10 15 of the whole protein content of a cell ref name ref1 cite journal author Messner P, Sleytr U title Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers journal Adv. Microb. Physiol ... name ref2 cite journal author Pum D, Messner P, Sleytr U title Role of the S layer in morphogenesis ... S layer proteins are poorly conserved or not conserved at all, and can differ markedly even between ..., the S layer is composed of one P1 , two P2 , three P3 , four P4 , or six P6 identical protein ... contain surface layer homology SLH domains, the binding occurs to the peptidoglycan and to a secondary ... electrostatic interactions between the positively charged N terminus of the S layer protein and a negatively charged secondary cell wall polymer. In Gram negative archaea , S layer proteins possess a hydrophobic ... , the S layer proteins bind to pseudomurein or to methanochondroitin. Biological functions of the S layer For many bacteria, the S layer represents the outermost interaction zone with their respective environment. Its functions are very diverse and vary from species to species. In Archaea the S layer ... and the cytoplasmic membranes References reflist DEFAULTSORT S Layer Category Cell anatomy Category Membrane biology cs S vrstva de S Layer es Capa S fr Couche S it S Layer ja S tr ... more details
wiktionary physicalPhysical may refer to Body , the physical structure of an organism Human body , the physical structure of a human Physical abuse , abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm Physical body , in physics, psychology, philosophy, mysticism and religion Physical change , any change in matter not involving a change in the substance s chemical properties Physical chemistry , the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts Physical cosmology , a branch of astronomy, is the study of the largest scale structures and dynamics of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution Physical education , a course taken during primary and secondary education that encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting Physical examination , a regular overall check up with a doctor Physical exercise , any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness Physical fitness , a state of health and well being, and a task oriented definition based on the ability to perform specific aspects of sports or occupations Physical property ... Physical Review , an American scientific journal founded in 1893 that publishes original research and scientific and literature reviews on all aspects of physics Physical Review Letters , a peer reviewed, scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society Physical therapy , a health care profession Music Physical album Physical album , a 1981 album by Olivia Newton John Physical Olivia Newton John song Physical Olivia Newton John song , 1981 Physical Alcazar song Physical Alcazar song , 2004 Physical You re So , a 1980 song by Adam & the Ants from Kings of the Wild Frontier disambiguation simple Physical sv Physical ... more details
the technologies comprising layers 1 7 of the OSI Model. An 8th layer has also been referenced to physical ...Layer 8 is humorous Internet jargon used to refer to a nonexistent user or political layer on top of the OSI model of computer networking. ref Citation last Gregg first Michael title OSI Securing the Stack, Layer 8 Social engineering and security policy journal TechTarget date 2007 05 01 year 2007 url http searchnetworking.techtarget.com tip 0,289483,sid7 gci1253302,00.html . ref ref http www.ncsu.edu it cmptplans layer8 NCSU Layer 8 Initiative ref The OSI model is a 7 layer abstract model that describes ... other, allowing for abstraction of specific functions in each one. The top 7th layer is the Application Layer describing methods and protocols of software applications. It is then held that the user is the 8th layer. Since the OSI layer numbers are commonly used to discuss networking topics, a troubleshooter may describe an issue caused by a user to be a layer 8 issue, similar to the PEBKAC acronym ... article on the eighth layer ref Political economic theory ref Citation last Mosco first Vincent title ... 1996 isbn 0803985606 . ref holds that the 8th layer is important to understanding the OSI Model. Political ... network. An example of this is ALI in Profibus . A network guru t shirt from the 1980s shows Layer 8 as the financial layer, and Layer 9 as the political layer. ref https www.isc.org store logoware clothing isc 9 layer osi model cotton t shirt ISC 9 layer t shirt ref Similar pseudo layers in the TCP IP model In the TCP IP model , the 4 layer model of the Internet , the 5th layer is analogously sometimes described as the political layer and the 6th as the religious layer . This appears in Request ... RFC published in 1998. Other uses Linux Gazette carries a regular column called Layer 8 Linux Security ref http www.linuxgazette.net 164 kachold.html Layer 8 Linux Security ref . See also Real life Related terminology Meatspace References references Category Network architecture it Layer 8 ... more details
. Despite the different semantics of layering in TCP IP and OSI, the link layer is often described as a combination of the data link layerlayer 2 and the physicallayerlayer 1 in the Open Systems ... including the physicallayer. Link layer protocols The core protocols specified by the Internet Engineering ... link layer and the physicallayer in the Open Systems Interconnection OSI protocols OSI protocol ... to suggest the closeness of this layer to the physical network. However, this use is misleading and non ... at the physicallayer Media access control MAC sublayer Multiple access protocols , for example ...In computer network ing, the link layer is the lowest layer in the Internet Protocol Suite commonly known ... or Communications protocol protocols that only operate on a host s link. The link is the physical ... to the link layer. IPstack Definition in standards and text books LAN standards such as Ethernet and IEEE 802 specifications use terminology from the seven layer OSI model rather than the TCP IP reference model. The TCP IP model in general does not consider physical specifications, rather it assumes ... 1122 and RFC 1123, the definition of the TCP IP model, do not discuss hardware issues and physical ... layer components. Some textbook authors ref http www.pearsonhighered.com educator academic product ... Companion Guide, 2007, ISBN 1587132087 ref have supported the interpretation that physical data transmission aspects are part of the link layer. That position will be held in the rest of this article ... that physical data transmission standards are not considered as communication protocols, and are not part of the TCP IP model. These authors assume a hardware layer or physicallayer below the link layer, and several of them adopt the OSI term data link layer instead of link layer in a modified ..., 1982 , aspects of the link layer are referred to by several poorly defined terms, such as network access layer , network access protocol , as well as network layer , while the next higher layer is called ... more details
mixed layer is a zone having nearly constant potential temperature and specific humidity with height. The depth of the atmospheric mixed layer is known as the mixing height . Turbulence typically plays a role in the formation of fluid mixed layers. Ocean mixed layer Importance of the mixed layer The mixed layer plays an important role in the physical climate. Because the specific heat ... to use as the mixed layer depth at any given time, based on making measurements of physical properties ... surface mixed layer. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 5, 718 728. Wallace, J. M., and P.V. Hobbs .... DEFAULTSORT Mixed Layer Category Physical oceanography Category Atmospheric thermodynamics Category ...The oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence is generated by winds, cooling ... atmosphere above it. Thus the heat required to change a mixed layer of 25 m by 1 C would be sufficient to raise the temperature of the atmosphere by 10 C. The depth of the mixed layer is thus ..., the heat stored within the oceanic mixed layer provides a source for heat that drives global variability such as El nino El Nino . The mixed layer is also important as its depth determines the average ... of plankton. Oceanic mixed layer formation There are three primary sources of energy for driving turbulent mixing within the open ocean mixed layer. The first is breaking of surface waves, which injects ... Taylor instability . Early models of the mixed layer such as those of Mellor and Durbin included the final ... in establishing the mixed layer. The mixed layer is characterized by being nearly uniform in properties such as temperature and salinity throughout the layer. Velocities, however, may exhibit significant shears within the mixed layer. The bottom of the mixed layer is characterized by a gradient , where ... of the mixed layer sometimes there may be an abrupt salinity change called a halocline that occurs ... more details
Image Surface layer.jpg thumb 400px The surface layer is the layer in a fluid where the scale of turbulent ... to the surface. The surface layer is the layer of a turbulent fluid most affected by interaction with a solid ... , sediments et cetera transport ed to or from the interface. The term boundary layer is used in meteorology and in oceanography physical oceanography . The atmospheric surface layer is the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer typically the bottom 10 where the log wind profile is valid . The ocean ... ocean marine surface layer, at the air sea Interface chemistry interface . Mathematical Formulation A simple Mathematical model model of the surface layer can be derived by first examining the turbulent ..., MA pages 129 130 chapter Chapter 5 The Planetary Boundary Layer ref Using Reynolds Decomposition ... frac u k ln frac z z o math . So we see that the mean flow in the surface layer has a logarithm ic relationship with depth. The Surface layer in oceanography The surface layer is studied in oceanography ... of a surface layer. Discrepancies with traditional theory The logarithmic flow profile has long ... layer in which turbulent eddies are enhanced by the action of surface waves. ref name craig ... Michael L. Banner title Modeling Wave Enhanced Turbulence in the Ocean Surface Layer journal Journal of Physical Oceanography volume 24 issue 12 pages 2546 2559 year 1994 accessdate 12 10 2008 bibcode 1994JPO....24.2546C ref It is becoming clear that the surface layer of the ocean is only poorly ... of turbulent kinetic energy within the surface layer. ref name Agrawal Diurnal cycle After nighttime convection over the ocean, the turbulent surface layer is found to completely decay and restratify ... and restratification in the Equatorial Ocean surface layer following nighttime convection journal Journal of Physical Oceanography volume 27 issue 6 pages 1120 1132 year 1997 accessdate 12 10 2008 bibcode 1997JPO....27.1120C ref See also mixed layer density salinity References this empty section ... more details
orphan date December 2009 A photoactive layer is used in solar cells for absorbing light. It can be found in all solar cells, but with different panels the photoactive layer is made of different materials. Inorganic layers are made from inorganic materials such as silicon . The film has a layer arrangement of electrodes and counter electrode with organic layers in between the two. The layer is found underneath the glass, adhesive, and reflection coating, but is the first required part of the cell. ref http www.faqs.org patents app 20090233014 ref Definition Photoactive means it can have a chemical reaction with sunlight and or ultraviolet light. Most of the solar cell is photoactive, but the base of the solar cell only conducts electricity after it has been converted. It can also mean that it responds to photons photoelectrically. This can also relate to a physical reaction, but this does not occur within photoactive layers. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse photoactive ref Image PVeff rev100921 .jpg thumb Reported timeline of solar cell energy conversion efficiencies from National Renewable Energy Laboratory USA Efficiency Layers that are thicker are sometimes preferred because they can absorb more light. While sometimes thinner ones are preferred for greater efficiency. ref http pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 ma900817t ref The light must pass through the band gap . For this to work the light must have a minimum energy depending on the cell to pass through. Different cells have a different minimum while the light below the minimum passes through the absorber. ref http www.science.doe.gov bes reports files SEU rpt.pdf ref See also Photovoltaic module Solar Cell Amorphous silicon Green technology Solar shingles Timeline of solar energy References references DEFAULTSORT Photoactive Layer Category Energy Category Electricity ... more details
paradox References reflist physical oceanography Category Boundary layer meteorology Category Oceanography ...Image Ekman layer.jpg thumb 350px The Ekman layer is the layer in a fluid where the flow is the result of a balance between pressure gradient, Coriolis and turbulent drag forces. In the picture above, the wind blowing North creates a surface stress and a resulting Ekman spiral is found below it in the column of water. The Ekman layer is the layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure ... Walfrid Ekman . History Ekman developed the theory of the Ekman layer after Fridtjof Nansen observed ... Layer isbn 0133533018 ref Mathematical formulation The mathematical formulation of the Ekman layer ... mixing length theory . Boundary conditions There are many regions where an Ekman layer is theoretically ... boundary conditions of the Ekman layer in the upper ocean ref name Vallis cite book last Vallis ... layer at the top of the ocean and math u g math and math v g math are the geostrophic flows in the math .... Experimental observations of the Ekman layer There is much difficulty associated with observing the Ekman layer for two main reasons the theory is too simplistic as it assumes a constant eddy viscosity ... shear in the surface layer . Splitting the boundary layer into the surface layer and the Ekman layer generally yields more accurate results. ref name Holton cite book last Holton first James ... Burlington, MA pages 129 130 chapter Chapter 5 The Planetary Boundary Layer isbn 0123540151 ref In the ocean The Ekman layer, with its distinguishing feature the Ekman spiral, is rarely observed in the ocean. The Ekman layer near the surface of the ocean extends only about 10 20 meters deep, ref ... doi 10.1016 0198 0149 92 90091 7 ref Instrumentation Observations of the Ekman layer have only been ... observation of the Ekman spiral came in 1980 during the Mixed Layer Experiment . ref name Davis ... Modelling the mixed layer response journal Deep Sea Res. volume 28 pages 1453 1475 year 1981 accessdate ... more details
Inversion layer may refer to one of the following Inversion meteorology , a layer within which an atmospheric property is inverted, i.e., its change is deviated from the normal pattern Inversion layer semiconductors , a layer in a semiconductor material where the type of the majority carriers changes to its opposite under certain conditions disambig ... more details
The term granular layer may refer to the granular layer of Tomes, seen in dentin of the teeth. When dry section of the root dentin of teeth are visualized under transmitted light, a granular layer is seen adjacent to cementum.It is believed to be caused by coalescing & looping of terminal portion of dentinal tubules. The Granular layer cerebellum of the cortex of the human cerebellum The Granular layer cerebral cortex of the cerebral cortex The Granular layer of skin disambig ... more details
Double layer may refer to Double layer plasma , a structure in a plasma and consists of two parallel layers with opposite electrical charge Double layer interfacial , a structure that appears on the surface of an object when it is placed into a liquid Double layer biospecific , the surface where two different phases of matter are in contact DVD R DL or Double layer, a DVD format disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Anatomy Name Sattler& 39 s layer Latin lamina vasculosa GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 05 DorlandsSuf 12481039 Sattler s layer is layer of medium diameter blood vessel s of the choroid , a layer of the eye . Eye anatomy DEFAULTSORT Sattler s Layer Category Eye anatomy Circulatory stub Eye stub ... more details
Layer Breton is a village and a civil parish in the Colchester borough Colchester borough , in the county of Essex , England . Layer Breton has a church called St Mary the Virgin, Layer Breton. ref http www.achurchnearyou.com layer breton st mary the virgin ref The village was among those which suffered damage from the 1884 Colchester earthquake . References Reflist External links http www.british history.ac.uk report.aspx?compid 51098 http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk england essex layer breton coord 51.830 0.821 type city region GB display title Category Villages in Essex Category Colchester Category Civil parishes in Essex Essex geo stub pl Layer Breton ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A slime layer in bacteria is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells. Specifically, this consists mostly of exopolysaccharide s, glycoprotein s, and glycolipid s. The slime layer is not to be confused with the S layer , a separate and highly organised glycoprotein layer surrounding many bacterial cells. The function of the slime layer is to protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers such as antibiotic s and desiccation . The slime layer also allows bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces such as prosthetic medical devices and catheter s. It may permit bacterial colonies to survive chemical sterilization microbiology sterilization with chlorine , iodine , and other chemicals, leaving autoclaving or flushing with boiling water as the only certain methods of decontamination . A bacterial capsule microbiology capsule is similar, but is a well ordered structure that is resistant to washing off. Bacteria DEFAULTSORT Slime Layer Category Bacteriology Category Microbiology cs Slizov vrstva ... more details
by a good abstraction layer allows for easy reuse by distilling a useful concept or metaphor ... ISO OSI networking model comprises seven abstraction layers. Each layer of the OSI ISO networking ... 148521 0 ref References references See also layer object oriented design Layer for object oriented ... network Network DEFAULTSORT Abstraction Layer Category Computer architecture af Abstraksielaag ... more details
File St Mary the Virgin Church, Layer Marney geograph.org.uk 1142974.jpg thumb 220px St Mary the Virgin Church Layer Marney is a village and civil parish near to Tiptree , in the Colchester borough Colchester borough , in the county of Essex , England. Layer Marney has a Tudor palace called Layer Marney Tower ref http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk en 419935 layer marney tower layer marney ref and a church called Church of St Mary the Virgin. ref http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk en 419934 church of st mary the virgin layer marne ref In 2001 the population of the civil parish of Layer Marney was 206. ref http www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk dissemination LeadTableView.do?a 3&b 794541&c Layer Marney&d 16&e 15&g 444964&i 1001x1003x1004&m 0&r 1&s 1308749697712&enc 1&dsFamilyId 779 ref References Reflist External links http www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk england essex layer marney coord 51 49 N 0 48 E display title region GB type city source GNS enwiki Category Villages in Essex Essex geo stub pl Layer Marney ... more details
The Knudsen layer , also known as evaporation layer, is the thin layer between liquid and vapour. It is named after Denmark Danish physicist Martin Knudsen 1871 1949 . Definition On molecular level, the state of matter can be hard to define. From kinetic theory , it can be derived that if liquid is in contact with vapour, there is a small layer where the phase is between liquid and vapour. This region, several mean free path lengths thick, is called the Knudsen layer. ref Cite doi 10.1023 A 1023876025363 ref Knudsen layer thickness The knudsen layer thickness can be approximated by math l c math , given by ref Cite doi 10.1063 1.1516211 ref math l c frac k T s pi d 2 p s math , where math k math is Boltzmann s constant , math T s math is the temperature, math d math is the molecular diameter and math p s math is the pressure. Applications One of the applications of Knudsen layer is in the coma of comets. It has been used specially in the coma chemistry model ComChem model ref Cite doi 10.1126 science.237.4815.628 ref . References reflist Category Fluid dynamics fluiddynamics stub ar ... more details
A Redistribution Layer RDL is an extra metal layer on a chip that makes the IO pads of an integrated circuit available in other locations. Introduction When an integrated circuit is manufactured, it usually has a set of IO pads that are Wire bonding wirebonded to the pins of the package. A redistribution layer is an extra layer of wiring on the chip that enables you to bond out from different locations on the chip, making chip to chip bonding simpler. References reflist External links http www.flipchips.com tutorial72.html Redistribution tutorial http www.tlmicorp.com serv pad.htm Graphics illustrating redistribution Category Semiconductor device fabrication Category Packaging microfabrication electronics stub ... more details
Orphan date October 2011 Schiller layer , also known as iridescent layer , is one of a series of layers formed by Sedimentation sedimenting particle s form layers separated by approximately equal distances of the order of the wavelength of light. ref cite web url http www.answers.com topic schiller layer title schiller layer publisher Answers Corporation ref This gives rise to strong colors when observed in Reflection physics reflected light and the system is said to form iridescent layers or schiller layers . References Reflist Category Sedimentology Chemistry stub Physics stub ... more details
date April 2009 In intelligent network s IN and cellular networks, service layer is a conceptual layer within a network service provider architecture. It aims at providing middleware that serves third party value added service s and applications at a higher application layer . The service layer ... open and secure Application Programming Interface s APIs by application layer servers owned by third party content provider s. The service layer also provides an interface to core networks at a lower resource layer ref http books.google.com books?id j2 6yEHS0jwC&pg PA16&dq 22service layer 22 telecommunications&lr .... ref . The lower layers may also be named control layer and transport layer the transport layer is also referred to as the access layer in some architectures . Citation needed date February 2009 The concept of service layer is used in contexts such as Intelligent network s IN , Wireless Application ..., for example Service oriented architecture , the concept of service layer has a different meaning. Service layer in IMS The service layer of an IP Multimedia Subsystem IMS architecture provides multimedia services to the overall IMS network. This layer contains network elements which connect to the Serving ... Initiation Protocol SIP signalling protocol. Elements of the IMS service layer The network elements contained with in the service layer are generically referred to as service platforms however the 3GPP ... such as INAP and Customised Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic CAMEL . Service layer in SOA In Service oriented architecture SOA , the service layer is the third layer in a five abstraction layer model. The model consists of Object layer, Component layer, Service layer, process layer and Enterprise layer. ref http books.google.com books?id NISyExeJ5mAC&pg PA88&dq 22service layer 22 .... Published by FT Press, 2005. ISBN 0131870025, 9780131870024 ref . The service layer can be considered ... Category Application layer protocols Category Service oriented business computing Category Middleware ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 234 GrayPage 1068 Image Gray945.png Caption Transverse section of hair follicle. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 05 DorlandsSuf 12480571 Henle s layer is the third layer of the inner root sheath of the hair , consisting of a single layer of cubical cells with clear flattened nuclei. External links WhoNamedIt synd 649 Gray s Integumentary system Category Hair anatomy Category Article Feedback 5 anatomy stub it Strato di Henle ... more details
about the food item other uses of the term Layer cake disambiguation unreferenced date April 2008 File Meyer lemon chiffon cake, chocolate.jpg thumb A three layer cake with a candied lemon slice on top File Red velvet cake.jpg thumb Red velvet cake is often made as a layer cake. A layer cake is a cake consisting of multiple layers, usually held together by icing food frosting or another type of filling, such as jam or other preserves. Most cake recipes can be made into layer cakes butter cake s and sponge cake s are common choices. Frequently, the cake is cake decorating covered with icing , but sometimes, the sides are left undecorated, so that the filling and the number of layers are visible. Popular flavor combinations include the German chocolate cake , red velvet cake , Black Forest cake , and carrot cake with cream cheese icing. Many wedding cakes are decorated layer cakes. In the mid 19th century, modern cakes were first described in English. One of the first recipes for layer cakes was published in Cassell s New Universal Cookery Book , published in London in 1894. Older forms File Dobos cake Gerbeaud Confectionery Budapest Hungary .jpg thumb Dobos torte is an older form of layer cake. An older form of layer cake is common in southern and eastern Europe. In Ukraine and Russia, people still make these cakes in the old traditional way. The cake batter is baked in a frying ... layer of cream and or jam and stacked 7 or 8 layers high. This stack, which is the same height as the typical Western layer cake, is then frosted so that the structure is not visible. At first ... Layer cakes always serve multiple people, so they are larger than cupcake s, petit fours , or other individual pastries. A common layer cake size, which is baked in nine inch round cake pans, typically serves about 16 people. Unlike the Vietnamese B nh da l n or Swiss roll s, layer cake is assembled from several separate pieces of cake. A sheet cake can become a layer cake if it is cut ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
