A pentamer is a thing composed out of five sub unit s. In chemistry, it applies to molecules made of five monomer s. In biochemistry, it applies to macromolecules, in particular to pentameric protein s, made of five proteic sub units. In microbiology, a pentamer is one of the proteins composing the polyhedral protein shell that encloses the bacterial micro compartments known as carboxysome carboxysomes . See also commonscat Pentamers penta prefix mer suffix Pentamerous Metamorphosis , an album by Global Communication Pentamery botany , a characteristic of plants having five petals pentamerous flowers . Pentamerous can also refer to animals, such as crinoids chemistry stub Category Oligomers cs Pentamer fr Pentam re ... more details
Dicdef Multiple issues prose May 2011 unreferenced October 2010 notability May 2011 Other uses Mer disambiguation Mer wiktionarypar mer mer and mer from Greek meros , part are affix es used in the following words. Chemistry or biochemistry Monomer Dimer Trimer Tetramer Pentamer Hexamer Heptamer Octamer Nonamer Decamer Dodecamer Oligomer Polymer Enantiomer Heteromer Homeomer Isomer Biology Merosity , a characteristic regarding the flower petals number in plants Metamery , a characteristic of segmented animals Category suffixes Category prefixes de mer vocab stub chem stub ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Enterotoxin a Name Heat labile enterotoxin alpha chain image PDB 1s5e EBI.jpg width caption cholera holotoxin, crystal form 1 Pfam PF01375 Pfam clan CL0084 InterPro IPR001144 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1lts TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Infobox protein family Symbol Enterotoxin b Name Heat labile enterotoxin beta chain image PDB 1eei EBI.jpg width caption cholera toxin b pentamer complexed with metanitrophenyl alpha d galactose Pfam PF01376 Pfam clan InterPro IPR001835 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1lts TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular bilogy, the heat labile enterotoxin family includes Escherichia coli heat labile toxin and cholera toxin secreted by Vibrio cholerae . These toxins consist of an AB5 multimer structure, in which a pentamer of B chains has a membrane binding function and an A chain is needed for enzyme enzymatic activity. ref name pmid8478941 cite journal author Sixma TK, Kalk KH, van Zanten BA, Dauter Z, Kingma J, Witholt B, Hol WG title Refined structure of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin, a close relative of cholera toxin journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 230 issue 3 pages 890 918 year 1993 month April pmid 8478941 doi 10.1006 jmbi.1993.1209 url ref The B protein subunit subunits are arranged as a doughnut shaped pentamer, each subunit participating in 30 hydrogen bonds and 6 Salt bridge salt bridges with its two neighbours. ref name pmid8478941 cite journal author Sixma TK, Kalk KH, van Zanten BA, Dauter Z, Kingma J, Witholt B, Hol WG title Refined structure of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin, a close relative of cholera toxin journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 230 issue 3 pages 890 918 year 1993 month April pmid 8478941 doi 10.1006 jmbi.1993.1209 url ref The A subunit has a less well defined secondary structure . It predominantly Protein protein interaction interact s with the pentamer via the C terminal A2 fragment, which runs through the charged central pore of the B Protein subunit subunit ... more details
Chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 456493858 ImageFile Mesitylgold.svg ImageFile Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageName Stereo, Kekul skeletal formula of 2,4,6 trimethylphenyl gold OtherNames Mesitylgold Citation needed date October 2011 br Mesitylgold I Citation needed date October 2011 br 2,4,6 Trimethylphenyl gold I Citation needed date October 2011 Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite changed ?? CASNo 89359 21 7 CASNo Comment small monomer small CASNo1 89340 02 3 CASNo1 Comment small pentamer small PubChem 19877937 PubChem Ref Pubchemcite correct Pubchem ChemSpiderID 14451398 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider SMILES Cc1cc C c Au c C c1 SMILES1 CC1 CC C C Au C C C1 StdInChI 1S C9H11.Au c1 7 4 8 2 6 9 3 5 7 h4 5H,1 3H3 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite changed chemspider StdInChIKey VUMCLWYYCJSHBH UHFFFAOYSA N StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite changed chemspider Section2 Chembox Properties Formula Chem AuC 9 H 11 MolarMass 316.1502 g mol sup 1 sup ExactMass 316.052626961 g mol sup 1 sup 2,4,6 Trimethylphenyl gold is a member of a special group of compounds where an aryl carbon atom acts as a bridge between two gold atoms. This compound is formed in a reaction between Au CO Cl and mesityl Grignard . ref name Gambarotta Cite journal doi 10.1039 C39830001304 title A homoleptic arylgold I complex Synthesis and structure of pentanuclear mesitylgold I year 1983 last1 Gambarotta first1 Sandro last2 Floriani first2 Carlo last3 Chiesi Villa first3 Angiola last4 Guastini first4 Carlo journal Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications issue 22 pages 1304 ref It crystallizes as a cyclical pentamer . ref name Gambarotta References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Trimethylphenyl gold, 2,4,6 Category Gold compounds Category Organic compounds Aromatic stub ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Lumazine synthase LS or more specifically 6,7 dimethyl 8 ribityllumazine synthase is a protein enzyme also known as riboflavin synthase which catalysis catalyses the penultimate step in the Biosynthesis synthesis of riboflavin . This protein is found in bacteria , archaea , plants and fungi , with a number of different quaternary structure s. However each of these proteins is homology biology homologous , sharing a common tertiary structure subunit fold . Icosahedral 60 subunit assemblies are found in spinach , Bacillus subtilis , and Aquifex aeolicus while pentamer ic 5 subunit assemblies are found in Brucella abortus , Saccharomyces cerevisiae and certain fungi. References cite journal author Fornasari MS, Laplagne DA, Frankel N, Cauerhff AA, Goldbaum FA, Echave J title Sequence determinants of quaternary structure in lumazine synthase journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 21 issue 1 pages 97 107 year 2004 pmid 14523158 doi 10.1093 molbev msg244 url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 21 1 97 br Category Enzymes enzyme stub ... more details
Image IgM.png thumb Immunoglobulin M IgM pentamer ic antibody molecule consisting of five base units . br 1 Base unit. br 2 Immunoglobulin heavy chain Heavy chain s. br 3 Immunoglobulin light chain Light chain s. br 4 J chain . br 5 Intermolecular disulfide bonds. Image Immunglobulin A as Dimer.png thumb right 180 px The protein dimer dimer ic IgA molecule. br 1 Immunoglobulin heavy chain Heavy chain s. br 2 Immunoglobulin light chain Light chain s. br 3 J chain . br 4 Secretory component . A J chain is a protein component of the antibodies IgM and IgA . ref name Levinson Microbiology cite book publisher McGrawHill title Medical Microbiology and Immunology author Levinson edition 11 pages 405 6 ref It is a 137 amino acid residue polypeptide. ref name Paul0804 Structure The J Chain s molecular weight is approximately 15 kDa. It exhibits a standard immunoglobulin folding structure of two pleated sheets of four ribbons folded against one another. It has 8 cystine residues. Two of these residues link the Immunoglobulin heavy chain chains of IgA or the Immunoglobulin heavy chain chains of IgM via disulfide bridge s, effectively serving as the glue between two Fc regions of the antibody. ref name Paul0831 cite book last1 Kiyono first1 Hiroshi last2 Kunisawa first2 Jaw last3 McGhee first3 Jerry last4 Mestecky first4 Jiri editor1 first William editor1 last Paul title Fundamental Immunology format Book edition 6th year 2008 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Philidelphia, PA isbn 0 7817 6519 6 pages 983 1030 chapter Chapter 31 The Mucosal Immune System ref The J chain shows a large degree of homology between avian and human species, suggesting that it serves an important function. ref name Paul0831 Function The J Chain is required for IgM or IgA to be secreted into mucosa. ref name Paul0804 cite book last1 Schroeder first1 ... that IgM is able to polymerize in the absence of J chain as both a pentamer and a hexamer , however ... more details
Image IgM.png thumb IgM Immunoglobulin M antibody molecule consisting of 5 base units. br 1 Base unit. br 2 Heavy chain s. br 3 Immunoglobulin light chain Light chain s. br 4 J chain . br 5 Intermolecular disulfide bonds. Image IgM scheme.svg thumb IgM scheme. Heavy chains are blue light chains are yellow. Immunoglobulin M , or IgM for short, is a basic antibody that is produced by B cell s. IgM is by far the physically largest antibody in the human circulatory system. It is the first antibody to appear in response to initial exposure to antigen. ref Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Immunoglobulin M. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Accessed on 12 Oct. 2007 ref Structure and function IgM forms polymers where multiple immunoglobulins are covalently linked together with disulfide bond s, mostly as a pentamer but also as a hexamer. IgM has a molecular mass of approximately 900 Dalton unit kDa in its pentamer form . Because each monomer has two antigen binding sites, a pentameric IgM has 10 binding sites. Typically, however, IgM cannot bind 10 antigens at the same time because the large size of most antigens hinders binding to nearby sites. The J chain is found in pentameric IgM but not in the hexameric form, perhaps due to space constraints in the hexameric complex. Pentameric IgM can also be made in the absence of J chain. At present, it is still uncertain what fraction of normal pentamer contains J chain, and to this extent it is also uncertain whether a J chain containing pentamer contains one or more than one J chain. ref Erik J. Wiersma , Cathy Collins , Shafie Fazel , and Marc J. Shulman Structural and Functional Analysis of J Chain Deficient IgM J. Immunol., Jun 1998 160 5979 5989. ref Because IgM is a large molecule, it cannot diffusion diffuse well, and is found in the interstitium only in very low quantities. IgM is primarily found in Blood plasma serum however, because of the J chain, ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 458269582 image Monoclonal antibody data type mab mab type mab source u target Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype IATS O11 Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 885053 97 4 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 62B4OXU259 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID NA Chemical data C 38714 H 60189 N 10637 O 12187 S 322 molecular weight 879.9 kDa Panobacumab proposed International Nonproprietary Name INN is a monoclonal antibodies monoclonal antibody designed as an antibacterial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . ref name INN http www.who.int entity medicines publications druginformation innlists PL100prepubli.pdf International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances INN, prepublication copy , World Health Organization . ref It is a fully human pentamer ic IgM antibody with a mouse J chain . ref name INN Image IgM.png thumb left Panobacumab molecule consisting of five base units. br 1 Base unit. br 2 Heavy chain s. br 3 Light chain s. br 4 J chain . br 5 Intermolecular disulfide bond s. References references Monoclonals for infectious disease and toxins Category Monoclonal antibodies antiinfective drug stub monoclonal antibody stub ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Cyanate lyase Name Cyanate lyase image PDB 1dwk EBI.jpg width caption structure of cyanase with the di anion oxalate bound at the enzyme active site Pfam PF02560 Pfam clan InterPro IPR003712 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1dw9 TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, cyanate hydratase EC number 4.2.1.104 is an enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of cyanate . It is also known as cyanate lyase or cyanase. Some bacteria can overcome the toxic toxicity of environmental cyanate by hydrolysis of cyanate by this enzyme. ref name pmid3049588 cite journal author Sung YC, Fuchs JA title Characterization of the cyn operon in Escherichia coli K12 journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 263 issue 29 pages 14769 75 year 1988 month October pmid 3049588 doi url ref Cyanate hydratase is found in bacterium bacteria and plants and Catalysis catalyses the reaction of cyanate with bicarbonate to produce ammonia and carbon dioxide . The cyanate hydratase monomer is composed of two protein domain domains . The N terminal domain shows secondary structure structural similarity to the DNA binding alpha helix bundle motif. The C terminal domain has an open protein folding fold with no structural homology to other protein s. The protein dimer dimer structure reveals the C terminal protein domains domains to be intertwined, and a decamer is formed by a pentamer of these protein dimer dimers . The active site of the enzyme is located between dimers and is composed of residues from four adjacent protein subunit subunits of the homodecamer. ref name pmid10801492 cite journal author Walsh MA, Otwinowski Z, Perrakis A, Anderson PM, Joachimiak A title Structure of cyanase reveals that a novel dimeric and decameric arrangement of subunits is required for formation of the enzyme active site journal Structure volume 8 issue 5 pages 505 14 year 2000 month May pmid 10801492 doi 10.1016 S0969 2126 00 00134 9 url ref References reflist InterPro content IPR003712 Category P ... more details
distinguish Diphosphine File YoshifujiR2P2.png thumb Yoshifuji s diphosphene. The phenyl rings are rotated out of the plane but are shown as coplanar for simplicity of presentation. In chemistry , a diphosphene is an organophosphorus compound that has a phosphorus phosphorus double bond , denoted by R P P R . These compounds are not common but are of theoretical interest. Normally, compounds with the empirical formula RP exist as rings. However, when the organic substituent is very large, the diphosphene becomes stable. The parent compound, called diphosphene diphosphaethylene , has the formula P sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub , but is not stable near room temperature. ref Holleman, A. F. Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0 12 352651 5. ref Synthesis and structure In 1887, H. K hler and A. Michaelis reported the isolation of a compound that was thought to be the phosphorus analogue of azobenzene , PhN NPh , but it later turned out that their product was the cyclic pentamer with P P single bonds. Transition metal complexes formally containing diphosphene ligands are known, but such compoounds do not dissociate into and are rarely made from true diphosphenes. In 1981, Masaaki Yoshifuji and coworkers reported the first stable diphosphene, ref M. Yoshifuji, I. Shima, N. Inamoto, K. Hirotsu, and T. Higuchi, Synthesis and Structure of Bis 2,4,6 Tri Tert Butylphenyl Diphosphene Isolation of A True Phosphobenzene , Journal of the American Chemical Society J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 103, 4587 4589, 1981. DOI 10.1021 ja00405a054 ref which is stabilized by very bulky substituents attached to the phosphorus centers. The orange solid is generated by an Wurtz reaction Wurtz like coupling reaction 2 t Bu sub 3 sub C sub 6 sub H sub 2 sub PCl sub 2 sub 2 Mg t Bu sub 3 sub C sub 6 sub H sub 2 sub P sub 2 sub 2 MgCl sub 2 sub t Bu CH sub 3 sub sub 3 sub C Several other diphosphenes have since been characterized, all featuring large organic substituents. Diphosp ... more details
citations missing date December 2011 Chembox verifiedrevid 426172196 ImageFile Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 2D.png ImageFile Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageSize 121 ImageName Skeletal formula of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane IUPACName Decamethyl 1,3,5,7,9,2,4,6,8,10 pentaoxapentasilecane OtherNames Cyclopentamethicone br D5 Cyclic pentamer br 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10 Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 541 02 6 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS PubChem 10913 PubChem Ref Pubchemcite correct PubChem ChemSpiderID 10451 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider UNII 0THT5PCI0R UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA EINECS 208 764 9 MeSHName Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane RTECS GY5945200 Beilstein 1800166 SMILES C Si 1 C O Si C C O Si C C O Si C C O Si C C O1 SMILES1 O1 Si O Si O Si O Si O Si 1 C C C C C C C C C C StdInChI 1S C10H30O5Si5 c1 16 2 11 17 3,4 13 19 7,8 15 20 9,10 14 18 5,6 12 16 h1 10H3 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider InChI 1 C10H30O5Si5 c1 16 2 11 17 3,4 13 19 7,8 15 20 9,10 14 18 5,6 12 16 h1 10H3 StdInChIKey XMSXQFUHVRWGNA UHFFFAOYSA N StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider InChIKey XMSXQFUHVRWGNA UHFFFAOYAC Section2 Chembox Properties C 10 H 30 O 5 Si 5 ExactMass 370.093956735 g mol sup 1 sup Appearance Colourless liquid Density 0.958 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPtK 226 BoilingPtC 210 Viscosity 3.74 cP Section3 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS http www.clearcoproducts.com pdf msds cosmetic MSDS Cyclo 2245.pdf External MSDS EUClass Hazchem Xi RPhrases R36 37 38 SPhrases S23 , S24 25 NFPA H 1 NFPA R 0 NFPA F 2 FlashPt 73 C Section4 Chembox Related Function Organosilicon Organosilicon compounds OtherFunctn tetramethylsilane , silabenzene Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane D5 is a silicone fluid commonly used in cosmetics such as deodorant s, sunblock s, hair spray s and skincare skin care products. It is becoming more common in hair conditioners, as it makes the hair easier to brush without breakage. It is also used as part of silic ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 363040964 Name Woollins Reagent ImageFile Wollins Reagent Structural Formulae.png ImageName Lawesson s reagent ImageFile1 ImageSize1 250px ImageName1 3D model of the Lawesson s reagent molecule IUPACName 2,4 Diphenyl 1,3,2,4 br diselenadiphosphetan 2,4 diselenide OtherNames Woollins Reagent Section1 Chembox Identifiers SMILES CASNo 122039 27 4 RTECS Section2 Chembox Properties C 12 H 10 P 2 Se 4 Appearance red powder Density Solubility soluble in toluene at elevated temperatures MeltingPt 192 204 C ref name MerckIndex The Merck Index. An Encyclopaedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. 14. Auflage, 2006, S. 1731, ISBN 978 0 911910 00 1. ref Section7 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS EUClass FlashPt RPhrases R23 25 R33 R50 53 SPhrases S1 2 S20 21 S28 S45 S60 S61 Section8 Chembox Related Function selenation agents OtherFunctn Woollins reagent is an organic compound containing phosphorus and selenium . Analogous to Lawesson s reagent , it is used mainly as a selenation reagent. It is named after Professor John Derek Woollins, who is currently head of chemistry at the University of St Andrews ref http chemistry staff jdw group home.html ref . Preparation Woollins reagent is commercially available. It can also be conveniently prepared in the laboratory by heating a mixture of dichlorophenylphosphine and sodium selenide Na sub 2 sub Se , itself prepared from reacting elementary selenium with sodium in liquid ammonia . ref name gray cite journal author Ian P. Gray, Pravat Bhattacharyya, Alexandra M. Z. Slawin and J. Derek Woollins journal Chem. Eur. J. doi 10.1002 chem.200500291 title A New Synthesis of PhPSe2 2 Woollins Reagent and Its Use in the Synthesis of Novel P Se Heterocycles year 2005 volume 11 pages 6221 pmid 16075451 issue 21 ref An alternative synthesis is the reaction of the pentamer PPh sub 5 sub with elementary selenium. ref name pilkington cite journal author M. J. Pilkington, Alexandra M. Z. Slawin and J. Derek Woollins journal Heteroato ... more details
Chembox Verifiedfields changed Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 410048505 ImageFile Cyclopentanepentone 2D.png ImageFile Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageSize 121 ImageName Skeletal formula of cyclopentanepentone SystematicName Cyclopentane 1,2,3,4,5 pentone ref Cite web url http pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov summary summary.cgi?cid 12305030&loc ec rcs title CID 12305030 PubChem Public Chemical Database work The PubChem Project location USA publisher National Center for Biotechnology Information ref OtherNames Leuconic acid Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 3617 57 0 PubChem 12305030 PubChem Ref Pubchemcite correct pubchem ChemSpiderID 16788087 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite changed chemspider SMILES O C1C O C O C O C1 O StdInChI 1S C5O5 c6 1 2 7 4 9 5 10 3 1 8 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite changed chemspider StdInChIKey YVVXMBHAKNKELS UHFFFAOYSA N StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite changed chemspider Section2 Chembox Properties C 5 O 5 ExactMass 139.974573110 g mol sup 1 sup Cyclopentanepentone , also known as leuconic acid , is a hypothetical organic compound with formula C sub 5 sub O sub 5 sub , the fivefold ketone of cyclopentane . It would be an oxide of carbon an oxocarbon , indeed a polymer pentamer of carbon monoxide . As of 2000, the compound had yet to be synthesized in bulk, but there have been reports of trace synthesis. ref name rubin cite journal doi 10.1021 cr960079j pmid 11749259 title The Chemistry of Vicinal Polycarbonyl Compounds year 2000 last1 Rubin first1 Mordecai B. last2 Gleiter first2 Rolf journal Chemical Reviews volume 100 issue 3 pages 1121 ref ref name seitz cite journal title Oxocarbons and pseudooxocarbons author Gunther Seitz coauthors Peter Imming journal Chemical Reviews year 1992 volume 92 issue 6 pages 1227 1260 doi 10.1021 cr00014a004 ref ref cite journal title Mass spectrometric studies of the oxocarbons CnOn n 3 6 author Detlef Schr der, Helmut Schwarz , Suresh Dua, Stephen J. Blanksby and John H. Bowie doi ... more details
coli O157 H7 . The A subunit is shown in red top , and the B subunits, forming a pentamer , in different ... and is one of the AB5 toxin AB sub 5 sub toxins . The B subunit is a oligomer pentamer that binds ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Phospholamban Name image 1zll opm.gif width 200 caption Phospholamban pentamer Pfam PF04272 InterPro IPR005984 SMART Prosite SCOP 1fjk TCDB 8.A.11 OPM family 70 OPM protein 1zll PDB PDB3 1n7l A 1 52 PDB3 1pln D 35 52 PDB3 1k9n A 35 52 PDB3 1plp 1 24 PDB3 1zll E 1 52 PDB3 1kch A 35 52 PDB3 1psl C 35 52 PDB3 1fjk A 1 52 PDB3 1fjp A 1 52 PBB geneid 5350 Phospholamban , also known as PLN , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLN gene . ref name pmid1828805 cite journal author Fujii J, Zarain Herzberg A, Willard HF, Tada M, MacLennan DH title Structure of the rabbit phospholamban gene, cloning of the human cDNA, and assignment of the gene to human chromosome 6 journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 266 issue 18 pages 11669 75 year 1991 month June pmid 1828805 doi url http www.jbc.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 1828805 issn ref Phospholamban is a 52 amino acid integral membrane protein that regulates the Calcium Ca sup 2 sup pump in cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle cells. ref name pmid16435604 cite journal author Rodriguez P, Kranias EG title Phospholamban a key determinant of cardiac function and dysfunction journal Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss volume 98 issue 12 pages 1239 43 year 2005 month December pmid 16435604 doi url issn ref Function The protein encoded by this gene is found as a pentamer and is a major substrate for the cAMP dependent protein kinase SWL target protein kinase A label PKA type substrate for in cardiac muscle. The protein is an inhibitor of cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca sup sup ATPase SWL target SERCA type negatively regulates gene product in the unphosphorylated state, but inhibition is relieved upon phosphorylation of the protein. The subsequent activation of the Ca sup sup pump leads to shorter intervals between contractions, thereby contributing to the lusitropic response elicited in heart by beta2 adrenergic agonist beta agonist s. The protein is a key regulator of SWL target diastole label cardiac diastolic function type ... more details
paraphyletic group image Corthurnocystis.jpg image caption Cothurnocystis regnum Animal ia phylum Echinoderm ata included Stylophora mitrate s and cornutes Homoiostelea solutes Homostelea cinctans Ctenocystoidea ctenoid bearing homalozoans The Homalozoa are extinct, Paleozoic echinoderms that lacked the typical pentamer body form. Instead all homalozoans were markedly asymmetric. Homalozoans are extremely variable in forms, but they all were sessile animals. The body theca was covered with calcite plates with a number of openings. Their form is in some cases so unusual that it is unclear which openings are to be considered as mouth and anus. Many of them were stalked, similar to sea lilies crinoid s , but often their bodies were bent over, so that the mouth and anus projected forwards rather than upwards. Some forms, especially stylophorans, rested flat on the sea floor ref name Lefebvre2003 cite journal last Lefebvre first Bertrand title Functional Morphology of Stylophoran Echinoderms journal Palaeontology year 2003 volume 46 issue 3 pages 511 555 doi 10.1111 1475 4983.00309 ref . In some forms the single ray brachiole or aulacophore possessed an ambulacral groove ref name IZ cite book author Barnes, Robert D. year 1982 title Invertebrate Zoology publisher Holt Saunders International location Philadelphia, PA page 1011 isbn 0 03 056747 5 ref . It has been claimed that some forms possessed gills and gill slit s ref name Dominguez2002 cite journal last Dominguez first Patr cio coauthors Jacobson, Antone G. Jefferies, Richard P. S. title Paired gill slits in a fossil with a calcite skeleton journal Nature year 2002 volume 417 issue 6891 pages 841 844 doi 10.1038 nature00805 pmid 12075349 ref . Taxonomy Homalozoans were traditionally considered to be stem group echinoderm s ref name Valentine2004 cite book title On the origin of phyla year 2004 author James W. Valentine publisher University Chicago Press. 608 pp. Paperback ISBN 0226845486. pages 401 404 ref , but had ... more details
associated with the pICln protein. They are a 6S pentamer complex of SmD1,SmD2, SmF, SmE and SmG ... ref It is here that the snRNA binds to the SmD1 SmD2 SmF SmE SmG pentamer, followed ... more details
of the pentamer ic channels consist of the extracellular ligand binding domain and a transmembrane domain. Each transmembrane domain in the pentamer includes four transmembrane helix es. ref name pmid15023997 ... gated ion channel is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor . It consists of a pentamer of protein ... more details
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