The anatomical origin is a concept used when describing muscle s, tendon s, ligament s, nerve s, and blood vessel blood and lymph vessel s. While it often has a slightly different meaning depending on which kind of origin is referred to, ref e.g. origin of a muscle as opposed to the origin of an artery ref it is generally used to explain the relative location of the anatomical structure in question. It is not to be understood in a Time temporal ontogenesis ontogenetical sense. Muscles The origin of a muscle is the point at which it attaches to a bone muscles do not attach to other muscles . The structure that the origin is attached to is not moved by the Muscle contraction contraction of the muscle. ref name martini cite book last Martini first Frederic coauthors William C. Ober, Claire W. Garrison, Kathleen Welch, and Ralph T. Hutchings year 2001 title Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 5th Ed. publisher Prentice Hall id ISBN 0130172928 ref The opposite end of the muscle is called the insertion anatomy insertion . This definition means that there is a functional aspect to the definition of a muscle s origin and insertion. Both origin and insertion are important for understanding the physiology physiological function of the muscle. Tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood and lymph vessels Expand section date June 2008 The origin of an artery is the usually bigger artery that the former artery branches off of. Footnotes and references reflist Muscular system DEFAULTSORT Origin Anatomy Category Anatomy anatomy stub de Ursprung und Ansatz th ... more details
The I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry IEPHB is a facility in Saint Petersburg , Russia , dedicated to research in the fields of biochemistry and evolutionary physiology . History The Institute was founded as a research group in October 1950 by Leon Orbeli , a physiologist and a long time collaborator with Ivan Pavlov . ref name IEPHB cite web url http www.iephb.ru eng history.htm title About Institute accessdate 2007 02 21 work IEPHB website ref Initially, Orheli s research group included eight people. It subsequently expanded and transformed into the Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences USSR Academy of Sciences , with the main object of studying functions of the nervous system in animals and man during ontogenesis , and also the effects of ionizing radiation on animals. In 1956, the Laboratory became an Institute with Orbeli serving as the first Director of Evolutionary Physiology of the Academy of Sciences. The new Institute was named after Ivan Sechenov . By the end of 1957, the Institute numbered 9 laboratories, one of them being transferred from the former Peter Lesgaft P.F. Lesgaft Institute for Natural Sciences. After Leon Orbeli s death in 1958, the Institute was headed by his collaborator Professor Alexander Ginetsinsky. From June 1960 to March 1975, the Institute was guided by Eugenie Kreps a former pupil of Ivan Pavlov and collaborator of Orbeli s, Kreps is known for his fundamental studies in the field of comparative physiology and biochemistry of the nervous system. Kreps successfully promoted research in evolutionary biochemistry. In response, in 1964, the Institute adopted its current name, I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry . In November 1969, a monument to Academician Orbeli was erected in front of the first laboratory block on Maurice Thorez Prospect. From 1975 to 1981 Institute was headed by Vladimir Govyrin, and from 1981 to 2004 by Vladimir S ... more details
in connection with the natural course of ontogenesis and external influence, creating a whole new concept of predominance. He proved that predominance depends on heredity, ontogenesis, and phylogenesis ..., cultivating methods in connection with the natural course of ontogenesis, directing the process ... more details
File HumanEmbryogenesis.svg thumb 300px The initial stages of human embryogenesis Ontogeny also ontogenesis or morphogenesis is the origin and the development of an organism for example from the fertilisation fertilized ovum egg to mature form. It covers in essence, the study of an organism s lifespan. The word ontogeny comes from the Greek , ontos , present participle genitive singular neuter of , to be and from the suffix geny , which expresses the concept of mode of production . ref See geny in the Oxford English Dictionary , second edition, 1989 online version March 2011, accessed 09 May 2011. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary , 1898. ref In more general terms, ontogeny is defined as the history of structural change in a unity, which can be a cell, an organism, or a society of organisms, without the loss of the organization which allows that unity to exist. ref Humberto Maturana Maturana, H. R. , Francisco Varela Varela F. J. 1987 . The Tree of Knowledge The Biological Roots of Human Understanding . Boston Shambhala Publications Inc., page 74 ref More recently, the term ontogeny has been used in cell biology to describe the development of various cell types within an organism ref cite journal last Thiery first Jean Paul title Epithelial mesenchymal transitions in development and pathologies journal Current Opinion in Cell Biology date 1 December 2003 year 2003 volume 15 issue 6 pages 740 746 doi 10.1016 j.ceb.2003.10.006 ref . Ontogeny comprises a field of study in disciplines such as developmental biology , developmental psychology , developmental cognitive neuroscience , and developmental psychobiology . Within biology, ontogeny pertains to the developmental history of an organism within its own lifetime, as distinct from phylogeny , which refers to the evolution ary history of species. In practice, writers on evolution often speak of species as developing traits or characteristics. This can be misleading. While developmental or ontogenetic ... more details
Michel Valentin Marcel Jouvet born 16 November 1925 in Lons le Saunier , Jura department Jura , France is Emeritus Professor of Experimental Medicine at the University of Lyon . He spent one year in the laboratory of the Horace Magoun in Long Beach, California in 1955. Since this date, he undertakes research of Experimental Neurophysiology in the Faculty of Medicine of Lyon and of Clinical Neurophysiology in the Neurological Hospital of Lyon. Experimental Medicine Professor at the University of LYON 1, he was the Director ot the Research Unit INSERM U 52 Molecular Onirology and of the Associated Unit UA 1195 of the CNRS states of vigilance Neurobiology . He described the electroencephalogram signs of cerebral death in 1959, and in 1961 categorized sleep into two different states telencephalic slow wave sleep and rhombencephalic sleep paradoxical sleep, known as REM sleep in English language writings on the subject . In The Paradox of Sleep MIT Press, 1999 Jouvet proposed the speculative theory that the purpose of dreaming is a kind of iterative neurological programming that works to preserve an individual s psychological heredity, the basis of personality. He was elected in 1977 to the French Academy of Sciences and has received the Intra Sciences Prize in the United States in 1981 and the Prize of the Foundation for the Medical Research in 1983. In 1991 he was awarded the prestigious Prix mondial Cino Del Duca . His works, and those of his team, have brought about the discovery of paradoxical sleep and to its individualisation as the third state of functioning of the brain in 1959, to the discovery of its Phylogenetics phylogenesis , of its Ontogeny ontogenesis and its main mechanisms. Cat dreams In 1959 Michel Jouvet conducted several experiments on cat s regarding muscle atonia paralysis during REM sleep . Jouvet demonstrated that the generation of REM sleep depends on an intact pontine tegmentum and that REM atonia is due to an inhibition of motor centres in the ... more details
Dieter Claessens 2 August 1921, Berlin 30 March 1997, Berlin was a German sociologist and anthropologist. Life Returning as POW from the Soviet Union Dieter Claessens studied sociology, anthropology, and psychology in Berlin, where he got his doctorate Dr. phil. from the Free University of Berlin Freie Universit t in 1957. He took his sociological post doctoral degree Habilitation from the University of M nster , where he was called to a Chair of Sociology in 1962. 1966 he returned as professor to the Free University, and retired there 1986, continuing his research work until his death in Berlin, 1997. He got his reputation especially for his pionieering work on the sociological dimension of both ontogenesis ref Familie und Wertsystem. Eine Studie zur zweiten sozio kulturellen Geburt des Menschen , 4. ed. 1978 ref and phylogenesis . ref Das Konkrete und das Abstrakte , 1980 ref Publications Social status Status als entwicklungssoziologischer Begriff , 1965 with Arno Kl nne, Armin Tschoepe Social structure Sozialkunde der Bundesrepublik Deutschland , 1965 many editions Instinct Instinkt , Psyche psychology Psyche , Geltung. Bestimmungsfaktoren menschlichen Verhaltens , 1966 2. ed. 1970 Family Familie und Social value Wertsystem . Eine Studie zur zweiten sozio kulturellen Geburt des Menschen , 1968 4. ed. 1978, his basic study on ontogeny Social role Rolle und Macht , 1968 3. ed. 1974 Nova Natura. Anthropologische Grundlagen des modernen Denkens , 1970 with Karin Claessens Capitalism Kapitalismus als Kultur. Entstehung und Grundlagen der b rgerlichen Gesellschaft , 1973 with Karin Claessens, Baruta Schaller Jugendlexikon , 1976 Social group Gruppen und Gruppenverb nde. Systematische Einf hrung in die Folgen der Vergesellschaftung , 1977 Das Konkrete und das Abstrakte , 1980 his basic study on phylogenesis with Wanda von Baeyer Katte Gruppenprozesse. Analysen zum Terrorism us , 1982 with Rainer Mackensen , eds. Universalism Today , Contributions at the IInd Internation ... more details
File Voit 191 Max Verworn.jpg right thumb Max Verworn 1863 1921 Max Richard Constantin Verworn November 4, 1863 November 23, 1921 was a German physiologist who was a native of Berlin . He studied medicine and natural sciences in Berlin, and later moved to Jena , where he furthered his studies with Ernst Haeckel 1834 1919 and William Thierry Preyer 1841 1897 . In 1895 he became a professor at the University of Jena , and in 1901 a professor at the physiological institute at G ttingen . Later, as successor to Eduard Pfl ger , he became a professor at the University of Bonn 1910 . In 1902 he founded the journal Zeitschrift f r Allgemeine Physiologie Journal of General Physiology , and was its publisher until his death in 1921. ref cite journal last1 C. first1 E. P. title Obituary Prof. Max Verworn journal Nature date 1922 02 06 volume 109 page p. 213 doi 10.1038 109213a0 issue 2729 ref Max Verworn is remembered for his research in the field of experimental physiology, and especially for his work involving cell physiology cellular physiology . He did extensive studies of the elementary physiological processes that take place in muscle tissue , nerve fiber s and sensory organs. He also conducted research in the fields of phylogenesis and ontogenesis , and is credited for introducing the concept of conditionalism to describe a state or process determined by totality of its processes. He was influenced by Ernst Haeckel s theory of evolutionism , and postulated that physiological phenomena observed in higher animals may be recognizable in simple life forms. He also conducted investigations into human creativity and thought processes. In his studies of art, he believed that there were two types of style and aims of artistic representation. These two concepts he called physioplastic and ideoplastic . He described physioplastic as direct reproduction of the object or its immediate image in memory, and ideoplastic as an intutitive attempt to create what the eye sees. Additional ... more details
Merge to Internationales Kolleg f r Kulturtechnikforschung und Medienphilosophie date August 2011 The International Research Institute for Cultural Technologies and Media Philosophy IKKM is a center for advanced studies at the Bauhaus Universit t Weimar , and was founded in 2008 by Lorenz Engell and Bernhard Siegert . The IKKM is part of the International K te Hamburger Collegia for research in the Humanities initiative in the Freedom for Research in the Humanities ref cite web author BMBF title Freedom for Research in the Humanities url http www.cs.virginia.edu robins YouAndYourResearch.html url http www.bmbf.de en 10567.php ref program of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF . Initial funding has been approved for six years until 2014 . The IKKM is located in Weimar in the Palais D rckheim Weimar Palais D rckheim build by Henry van de Velde . Research The Institute is a research establishment based on the fellow principle. Fellow appointment is supervised by an international advisory board consisting of professors Raymond Bellour , Hans Belting , R gis Debray , Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht , and Sigrid Weigel . Each year the IKKM invites up to ten internationally renowned scholars for one or two semesters to Weimar , enabling them to pursue a research project and contribute to the development of questions regarding media philosophy and research in cultural technologies . The first funding period of the IKKM consist of six annual research topics 2008 09 Hominization and Anthropotechnologies the Making of Humans 2009 10 Referencialization and Ontogenesis the Making of Things 2010 11 Semiosis the Transformation of Objects into Signs 2011 12 Localization the Production of Sites 2012 13 Synchronization the Production of the Present 2013 14 Historization the Production of the Past People Members Directors Lorenz Engell , Bernhard Siegert Managing Director J rg Brauns Scientific Staff Michael Cuntz, Christ ... more details
Merge from International Research Institute for Cultural Technologies and Media Philosophy date August 2011 The Internationales Kolleg f r Kulturtechnikforschung und Medienphilosophie IKKM is a center for advanced studies at the Bauhaus Universit t Weimar , and was founded in 2008 by Lorenz Engell and Bernhard Siegert . The IKKM is part of the International K te Hamburger Collegia for research in the Humanities initiative in the Freedom for Research in the Humanities ref cite web author BMBF title Freedom for Research in the Humanities url http www.bmbf.de en 10567.php ref program of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF . Initial funding has been approved for six years until 2014 . The IKKM is located in Weimar in the Palais D rckheim Weimar Palais D rckheim built by Henry van de Velde . Research The Institute is a research establishment based on the fellow principle. Fellow appointment is supervised by an international advisory board consisting of professors Jacques Aumon , Raymond Bellour , Hans Belting , R gis Debray , John Durham Peters and Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht . Each year the IKKM invites up to ten internationally renowned scholars for one or two semesters to Weimar , enabling them to pursue a research project and contribute to the development of questions regarding media philosophy and research in cultural technologies . The first funding period of the IKKM consist of six annual research topics 2008 09 Hominization and Anthropotechnologies the Making of Humans 2009 10 Referencialization and Ontogenesis the Making of Things 2010 11 Semiosis the Transformation of Objects into Signs 2011 12 Localization the Production of Sites 2012 13 Synchronization the Production of the Present 2013 14 Historization the Production of the Past Weimar Princeton Summer School The Weimar Princeton Summer School is a co operation between the Internationales Kolleg f r Kulturtechnikforschung und Medienphilosoph ... more details
METs, is kidney ontogenesis. The mammalian kidney is primarily formed by two early structures the ureteric ... see kidney development for more details . During kidney ontogenesis, a reciprocal induction of the ureteric ... more details
. English translations The Position of the Problem of Ontogenesis, trans. Gregory Flanders, Parrhesia ... of Ontogenesis . http www.parrhesiajournal.org parrhesia07 parrhesia07 simondon2.pdf Technical Mentality ... more details
neurogenetic appearance of components of the cholinergic system, their non parallel ontogenesis and its ..., A. G. 1963a. Ontogenesis of cholinesterases. In Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterase Agents , G. B ... more details
File Thyroid system.png thumb 200px right Short overview of thyroid homeostasis. ref References used in overview figure are found in image article in Commons File Thyroid system.png References References . ref The hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis HPT axis for short, aka thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control is part of the endocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism . As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus , the pituitary gland , and the thyroid gland . The hypothalamus senses low circulating levels of thyroid hormone T3 and T4 and responds by releasing thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH . The TRH stimulates the pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone TSH . The TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone until levels in the blood return to normal. Thyroid hormone exerts negative feedback control over the hypothalamus as well as anterior pituitary, thus controlling the release of both TRH from hypothalamus and TSH from anterior pituitary gland. Physiology File Thyrotropic feedback control.svg thumb 200px left Thyrotropic feedback control on a more detailed and quantitative level. ref References used in detailled figure are found in image article in Commons File Thyrotropic feedback control.svg References References . ref Thyroid homeostasis results from a multi loop feedback system that is found in virtually all higher vertebrate s. Proper function of thyrotropic feedback control is indispensable for Human development biology growth , Cellular differentiation differentiation , reproduction and intelligence . Very few animals e.g. axolotl s and sloth s have impaired thyroid homeostasis that exhibits a very low Setpoint control system set point that is assumed to underlie the Metabolism metabolic and ontogenesis ontogenetic anomalies of these animals. The pituitary gland secretes thyrotropin TSH that stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroxine T4 and, to a lesser degree, triiodothyronine T3 . ... more details
PBB geneid 5626 Homeobox protein prophet of Pit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PROP1 gene . ref name pmid9462743 cite journal author Wu W, Cogan JD, Pfaffle RW, Dasen JS, Frisch H, O Connell SM, Flynn SE, Brown MR, Mullis PE, Parks JS, Phillips JA 3rd, Rosenfeld MG title Mutations in PROP1 cause familial combined pituitary hormone deficiency journal Nat Genet volume 18 issue 2 pages 147 9 year 1998 month Feb pmid 9462743 pmc doi 10.1038 ng0298 147 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene PROP1 prophet of Pit1, paired like homeodomain transcription factor url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 5626 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text PROP1 has both DNA binding and transcriptional activation ability. Its expression leads to ontogenesis of pituitary gonadotropes, as well as somatotropes, lactotropes, and caudomedial thyrotropes. Inactivating mutations in PROP1 result in deficiencies of luteinizing hormone LH MIM 152780 , follicle stimulating hormone FSH MIM 136530 , growth hormone GH MIM 139250 , prolactin PRL MIM 176760 , and thyroid stimulating hormone TSH MIM 188540 . See combined pituitary hormone deficiency CPHD MIM 262600 . supplied by OMIM ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Osorio MG, Kopp P, Marui S, et al. title Combined pituitary hormone deficiency caused by a novel mutation of a highly conserved residue F88S in the homeodomain of PROP 1. journal J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. volume 85 issue 8 pages 2779 85 year 2000 pmid 10946881 doi 10.1210 jc.85.8.2779 cite journal author Dasen JS, Rosenfeld MG title Signaling and transcriptional mechanisms in pituitary development. journal Annu. Rev. Neurosci. volume 24 issue 1 pages 327 55 year 2001 pmid 11283314 doi 10.1146 annurev.neuro.24.1.327 ci ... more details
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