Cleanup date March 2008 selfref This article is about the physics of irradiation. See irradiation illusion for information about a visual illusion. Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation . The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most ... purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation . The term irradiation ... and disposables, such as syringe s as well as in the disinfestation and Food irradiation sterilization ... organic material, including blood. Citation needed date February 2009 Irradiation also includes by the principle microwave heating . Food irradiation , while effective, is seldom used due to public ... blood by National Blood Service ref . Ion implantation Main Ion implantation Ion irradiation is routinely ... of silicon integrated circuit s. Ion irradiation The irradiation of solids by swift heavy ... chemistry Irradiation can furthermore be used in cross linking of plastics or to improve material qualities of semi precious stones . Due to its efficiency, electron beam processing is often used in the irradiation ... submit.html Agriculture After its discovery by Lewis Stadler at the University of Missouri , irradiation ... needed date January 2009 . Irradiation is also employed to prevent sprouting of certain cereal s, onion ... Information Associates, 1988. ref Appropriate irradiation doses are also used to produce sterile insects ... Organization of the United Nations , plus the International Atomic Energy Agency . ref main Food irradiation ... irradiation as an important technology to food safety protecting consumers . Fresh meat and poultry ... s, ground meat , and ground poultry are approved for irradiation. ref http www.fsis.usda.gov Fact Sheets Irradiation and Food Safety index.asp Irradiation and Food Safety , U.S. Drug and Food Administration ... North American Seed Bank NASB See also Dose area product Food irradiation Radiolyse Category Radiobiology ar de Bestrahlung fr Irradiation sl Iradiacija uk ... more details
wiktionary irradiation The irradiation illusion is an illusion of visual perception in which a light area of the visual field looks larger than an otherwise identical dark area. It was named by Hermann von Helmholtz around 1867 ref Hermann von Helmholtz, Handbook of Physiological Optics J. P. C. Southall, Trans. 3rd ed. , New York 1910, 1962 , Dover ref but the illusion was familiar to scientists long before then Galileo mentions it in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems . ref Galileo Galileo, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1632 , Day 1. ref It arises partly from scattering of light inside the human eye eye . This has the effect of enlarging the image of a light area on the retina . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Irradiation Illusion Category Optical illusions optics stub nl Irradiatie pl Irradiacja fizyka ru uk ... more details
a food has been treated with ionizing radiation. Food irradiation is the process of exposing ... radioactive, but in some cases there may be subtle chemical changes. Irradiation is a more general ... parts, wires and cables isolation , tires, and even gemstones. Food irradiation acts by damaging the target ... pasteurization and irradiation are fundamentally different processes. Food irradiation is currently ... tons annually worldwide. ref http nucleus.iaea.org CIR CIR FICDB.html Food Irradiation Clearances ref ref Food irradiation, Position of ADA, J Am Diet Assoc. 2000 100 246 253. http www.mindfully.org Food Irradiation Position ADA.htm retrieved November 15, 2007 ref ref name IMRP2006 C.M. Deeley, M. Gao, R. Hunter, D.A.E. Ehlermann, The development of food irradiation in the Asia Pacific, the Americas ... February 18, 2010 ref ref name Kume2009 Kume, T. et al., Status of food irradiation in the world, Radiat.Phys.Chem. ... irradiation, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 22 2011 , 121 126 ref Processing of food by ionizing radiation ... been shown that irradiation can delay the ripening of fruits or the sprouting of vegetables. ref name FI Insect pests can be sterility physiology sterilized be made incapable of proliferation using irradiation ... States Department of Agriculture USDA has approved the use of low level irradiation as an alternative ... FAO has passed a motion to commit member states to implement irradiation technology for their national ... urged wider use of the irradiation technology. Additionally, the USDA has made a number of bi lateral ... food food biosafety irradiation index en.htm ref The implementing directive contains a positive list permitting irradiation of only dried aromatic herbs, spices, and vegetable seasonings. ref ... State even if a general ban of food irradiation prevails, under the condition that the food has been ... countries if the irradiation facility had been inspected and licensed by the EC and the treatment ... in third countries for the irradiation of foods. ref The Scientific Committee on Food SCF of the EC ... more details
A Primary Knock on Atom or PKA is an atom, which is displaced from its Bravais lattice lattice site by irradiation it is, by definition, the first atom that an incident particle encounters in the target. After it is displaced from its initial lattice site, the PKA can induce the subsequent lattice site displacements of other atoms if it possesses sufficient energy, or come to rest in the lattice at an Interstitial defect interstitial site if it does not. See also Vacancy defect Interstitial defect physics stub Category Atoms ... more details
The gemstone irradiation is a process in which a gemstone is artificially Irradiation irradiated in order to enhance its optical properties. High levels of ionizing radiation can change the atomic structure of the gemstone s crystal lattice , which in turn alters the optical properties within it. ref name Hurlbut 170 Harvnb Hurlbut Kammerling 1991 p 170 ref As a result, the gemstone s color may be significantly altered or the visibility of its inclusions may be lessened. The process, widely practised in jewelry industry , ref name Omi Harvnb Omi Rela 2007 ref is done in either a nuclear reactor ..., 2008 This article incorporates text from the source, which is in the public domain . ref The irradiation ... and after irradiation and annealing. Clockwise from left bottom 1 Initial 2 2 mm 2 4 Irradiated by different ... irradiation is a very broad one, which covers bombardment by subatomic particle s as well as the use .... Irradiation, particularly when done in a nuclear reactor, can make gemstones slightly radioactive ... 1993 to 2003. ref cite web title Gems Enhancement by Irradiation Technique url http www.oaep.go.th clinictechno ... style text align center bgcolor CDC0B0 colspan 3 Effects of irradiation on br various gemstone materials ... always the result of artificial irradiation. ref name Skuratowicz 13 Harvnb Skuratowicz Nash 2005 ... been subjected to artificial irradiation generally show no visible evidence of the process, ref name ... In topaz, some irradiation sources may produce mixtures of blue and yellow to brown colors, so heating ... 1991 p 168 ref Color stability In some cases, the new colors induced by artificial irradiation may ... Hurlbut 057 Sometimes colorless or pink beryls become deep blue upon irradiation, which are called Maxixe ... first Charles E. title Gemstone Irradiation and Radioactivity url http lgdl.gia.edu pdfs ashbaughw88.pdf ... Institute of America isbn 0873110528 . citation last Nassau first K. title Irradiation Induced Colors ... . Category Gemstones Irradiation Category Nuclear technology Category Radiation ... more details
Blood irradiation therapy is a procedure in which the blood is exposed to light often laser light for therapeutic reasons. Most research on blood irradiation therapy has been conducted in Russia and China ref name Moshkovska cite pmid 15998818 ref and it is rarely used outside of those countries. Its effectiveness and utility as a treatment has been questioned. Blood irradiation therapy can be administered through a catheter in a vein , through the blood vessels inside the nose or applied externally through the skin. It is not related to the practice of Gamma ray gamma irradiation of blood in transfusion medicine . History Intravenous laser blood irradiation was developed experimentally by the Russian researchers, Meshalkin and Sergievskiy, and introduced into clinical practice in 1981. Originally ... , Novosibirsk Nauka , 1981 ref Laser blood irradiation therapy was government certified in Germany in 2005 ... Image Intravenous Blood Irradiation.JPG 150px thumb alt An intravenous blood irradiation therapy in use. Intravenous blood irradiation. Intravenous or intravascular blood irradiation involves the in vivo ... blood irradiation journal German Journal of Acupuncture and related Techniques volume 50 issue 3 pages 12 23 doi 10.1078 0415 6412 00282 ref The feasibility of intravascular laser irradiation for therapy ... Moshkovska Ultraviolet blood irradiation may also be applied, though it involves drawing blood out ... 1952 title Ultraviolet Irradiation of Blood in Man last Schwartz first SO coauthors Kaplan SR Stengle ... blood irradiation therapy as a questionable treatment. ref Cite web url http www.quackwatch.org ... Intranasal Image NoseApp2S.JPG thumb 150px alt An intranasal blood irradiation device in use. Portable intranasal blood irradiation device. Intranasal blood irradiation also commonly known as intranasal light therapy involves the non invasive irradiation of the nasal cavity by inserting a small light ... Irradiation Therapy Category Therapy Category Light therapy Category Laser medicine el ... more details
Total body irradiation TBI is a form of radiotherapy used primarily as part of the preparative regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation haematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation . As the name implies, TBI involves irradiation of the entire body, though in modern practice the lung s are often partially shielded to lower the risk of radiation induced lung injury. ref cite journal author Gore EM, Lawton CA, Ash RC, Lipchik RJ title Pulmonary function changes in long term survivors of bone marrow transplantation journal Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. volume 36 issue 1 pages 67 75 year 1996 month August pmid 8823260 doi 10.1016 S0360 3016 96 00123 X url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S036030169600123X ref ref cite journal author Soule BP title Pulmonary function following total body irradiation with or without lung shielding and allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplant journal Bone Marrow Transplant. volume 40 issue 6 pages 573 8 year 2007 month September pmid 17637691 doi 10.1038 sj.bmt.1705771 url author separator , author2 Simone NL author3 ... Singh first7 A K ref Total body irradiation in the setting of bone marrow transplantation serves ..., high doses of total body irradiation can eradicate residual cancer cells in the transplant recipient, increasing the likelihood that the transplant will be successful. Doses of total body irradiation .... However, at these doses, total body irradiation both destroys the patient s bone marrow allowing ... uses lower doses of total body irradiation, typically about 2 Gy, which do not destroy the host ... practice, total body irradiation is typically fractionated. Early research in bone marrow transplantation ... leukemic in first remission using fractionated or single dose irradiation journal Int. J. Radiat. Oncol ... In addition to its use in bone marrow transplantation, total body irradiation has been explored as a treatment ... relapsed Ewing s tumors results of two consecutive regimens assessing the role of total body irradiation ... more details
Post Irradiation Examination PIE is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel . It has several purposes. It is known that by examination of used fuel that the failure modes which occur during normal use and the manner in which the fuel will behave during an accident can be studied. In addition information is gained which enables the users of fuel to assure themselves of its quality and it also assists in the development of new fuels. After major accidents the core or what is left of it is normally subject to PIE in order to find out what happened. One site where PIE is done is the Institute for Transuranium Elements ITU which is the EU centre for the study of highly radioactive materials. Materials in a high radiation environment such as a reactor can undergo unique behaviors such as swelling ref Armin F. Lietzke, http ntrs.nasa.gov archive nasa casi.ntrs.nasa.gov 19700006935 1970006935.pdf Simplified analysis of nuclear fuel pin swelling , NASA TN D 5609, 1970 ref and non thermal creep. If there are nuclear reactions within the material such as what happens in the fuel , the stoichiometry will also change slowly over time. These behaviors can lead to new material properties, cracking, and fission gas release Fission gas release As the fuel is degraded or heated the more volatile fission products which are trapped within the uranium dioxide may become free. ref J.Y. Colle, J.P. Hiernaut, D. Papaioannou, C. Ronchi, A. Sasahara, Journal of Nuclear Materials , 2006, 348 , 229. ref Fuel cracking As the fuel expands on heating, the core of the pellet expands more than the rim which may lead to cracking. Because of the thermal stress thus formed the fuel cracks, the cracks tend to go from the centre to the edge in a star shaped pattern. In order to better understand and control these changes in materials, these behaviors are studied. http www.scn.ro lepi.htm http ... PIE PIEMain.asp IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Post Irradiation Examination Database ... more details
Burn up may refer to Burnup , a measure of the neutron irradiation of the fuel in nuclear power technology Burn Up , a 1991 original video animation Burn Up TV miniseries Burn Up TV miniseries , a 2008 British Canadian two part mini series disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The colorless carotenoids , phytoene and phytofluene , are natural carotenoid s that lack visible color due to their lower number of conjugated double bond s on the C40 carbon backbone of the molecule . This structure allows them to absorb light in the UVA and UVB range and quench free radical s also formed by Ultraviolet light UV light . Phytoene and phytofluene were initially discovered as a potent and stable substitutes to pigmented carotenoids to protect the skin via mostly topical application . The colorless carotenoids may be beneficial for health protection and nutrition al and beauty applications such as protection against UV and oxidative damage . Several articles summarized their protective activities against Ultraviolet irradiation UV irradiation and free radicals derived from UV, damage to DNA and collagen , anti inflammatory and the ability to reduce pigmentation . All of which lead to reduction in pre mature aging and damaged skin resulting in brighter, younger looking and protected skin. Category Carotenoids ... more details
Globalize USA date June 2011 Citation Irradiated mail is mail that has been deliberately exposed to radiation , typically in an effort to disinfect it. The most notable instance of mail irradiation occurred in response to the 2001 anthrax attacks the level of radiation chosen to kill anthrax spores was so high that it often changed the physical appearance of the mail. ref cite web title Mail Delivery to Resume url http www.life.com image 1142632 accessdate 9 June 2011 ref The United States Postal Service began to irradiate mail in November 2001, in response to the discovery of large scale contamination at several of its facilities that handled the letters that were sent in the attacks. A facility in Bridgeport, New Jersey , operated by Sterigenics International, uses a Rhodotron continuous wave electron beam accelerator built by IBA Industrial, to irradiate the mail. A few facilities were planning to use cobalt 60 sources, though it is unclear whether this was ever done. Effect on mail The USPS warned that a number of products could be adversely affected, such as seed s, photographic film , biology biological samples, food , medicines , and electronic equipment . In addition, a number of papers and plastics have been observed to react badly to the irradiation paper may become grayed and fragile, and some plastics have bubbled or melted. Irradiation s effects on paper caused some alarm in the philately philatelic world, which sends large numbers of rare postage stamp s and cover philately cover s through the mail. A number of auction houses stopped sending material through the mail, and Linn s Stamp News regularly featured reports on stamps and covers that had been ruined by irradiation. Although at one time the USPS expected to irradiate all mail, it later scaled back to just treating mail sent to government offices. References reflist External links http www.epa.gov radiation sources mail irrad.html US Environmental Protection agency Irradiated Mail DEFAULTSORT Irr ... more details
terminology and food irradiation, Food Control 20 2009 , 526 528, doi 10.1016 j.foodcont.2008.07.023 ... from the former Pilot Plant for Food Irradiation, Wageningen, Netherlands, which was the nucleus for the later ... was originally used in the 1960s exclusively by a pilot plant for food irradiation in Wageningen ... perceptions of irradiation. Irradiation of food has not been widely adopted due to negative public ... http www.organicconsumers.org irradlink.cfm Information on Food Irradiation. Organic Consumers Association ..., With a Dash of Radiation. New York Times . 1 Feb. 2009. ref Proponents of food irradiation have ... Diehl, Safety of Irradiated Foods, MarcellDekker, New York, 1995 ref ref anon., Food Irradiation .... Food irradiation safe at any level, Public Health Reports 113 1998 , 6 ref The European Community ... with either the statement treated with radiation or treated by irradiation, along with the Radura. In the USA, irradiation labeling requirements apply only to foods sold in stores. For example, irradiated spices or fresh strawberries should be labeled. Irradiation labeling does not apply to restaurant foods or processed foods. ref FDA, Irradiation in the production, processing and handling of food ... concerned about food irradiation . References Reflist External links http www.cfsan.fda.gov ... more details
Radurization is the application to food irradiation to foods using a dose of ionizing radiation sufficient to enhance its keeping quality by causing a substantial decrease in numbers of viable specific spoilage microorganisms. The required dose is in the range of 0.4 10 kGy.on what food product can be applied. ref J.F. Diehl, Safety of Irradiated Foods, Marcel Dekker, 1995, p. 99 ff. ref References Reflist Category Food preservation cooking stub ... more details
Summary Artist s illustration of the impact of an very nearby gamma ray burst on Earth s atmosphere. The invisible gamma rays are depicted in white. Gamma ray irradiation of the upper atmosphere causes the formation of a brown smog of nitrogen dioxide. Image Credit NASA from http www1.nasa.gov vision universe starsgalaxies gammaray extinction.html Licensing PD USGov NASA Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Svenbot Orphan image ... more details
Summary int filedesc Information Description en 1 Scanning electron microscope SEM picture of silicon spikes as in black silicon after fs laser irradiation Source Sedao 2009 Author Sedao 2009 Date 2009 Permission other versions ImageUpload full Category Silicon Category Scanning electron microscopic images Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL migration redundant Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
Summary I created this diagram myself as an alternative to the one presented by Busby representing the Bi phasic Curve , which he copied from Burlakova, E. B., A. N. Goloshapov, N. V. Gorbunova, S. M. Gurevitch, G. P. Jijina, A. I. Kozatchenko, A. A. Konradov, et al. Features of biological action of low doses irradiation. Radiatsionnaia Biologiia, Radioekologii 36, no. 4 1996 610 631. Licensing self cc zero Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 The compensation point is the amount of light intensity on the light curve where the rate of photosynthesis exactly matches the rate of Cellular respiration respiration . At this point, the uptake of Carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub through photosynthetic pathways is exactly matched to the respiratory release of carbon dioxide, and the uptake of Molecular oxygen O sub 2 sub by respiration is exactly matched to the photosynthetic release of oxygen. In assimilation terms, at compensation point, the net carbon dioxide assimilation is zero. Leaves release CO sub 2 sub by Photorespiration photo respiration and day respiration but CO sub 2 sub is also converted into carbohydrate by photosynthesis.Assimilation is then the difference in the rate of these processes. At normal partial pressure of CO sub 2 sub 338microbar in 1980 ,there is an irradiation at which the net assimilation of CO sub 2 sub is zero.For instance,early morning and late evenings,compensation point may be reached as photosynthetic activity decreases and respiration increases. Therefore, partial pressure of CO sub 2 sub at compensation point gamma is a function of irradiation. Irradiation dependence of compensation point is explained by Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate RuBP ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate concentration. When the acceptor Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate RuBP is in saturated concentration, gamma is independent of irradiation. But at low irradiation, only a small fraction of the sites on RuBP carboxylase oxygenase enzyme RuBisCO Rubisco have the electron acceptor RuBP. This decreases the photosynthetic activity and therefore affects gamma. Intracellular Concentration of CO sub 2 sub affects the rates photosynthesis and Photorespiration photo respiration . At higher carbon dioxide concentrations, photosynthesis rate is higher while at low CO sub 2 sub concentrations, photo respiration is higher. ref cite book last O.L first Lang title Physiological plat ecology II,water relations and car ... more details
for Electron beam Cathode ray Electron beam processing or electron irradiation is a process which involves using electrons, usually of high energy, to treat an object for a variety of purposes. This may take place under elevated temperatures and nitrogen atmosphere. Possible uses for electron irradiation include Sterilization microbiology sterilization and to cross link polymers. Electron energies typically varies from the keV to MeV range, depending on the depth of penetration required. The irradiation dose is usually measured in Gray unit Gray but also in Rad unit Mrads . Where nowrap 1 Gy is equivalent to nowrap 100 rad . In polymers, an cathode ray electron beam may be used on the material to induce effects such as chain scission which makes the polymer chain shorter and cross link cross linking . The result is a change in the properties of the polymer which is intended to extend the range of applications for the material. The effects of irradiation may also include changes in crystallinity as well as microstructure . Usually, the irradiation process polymer degradation degrades the polymer ... microscopy SEM . In poly vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene copolymers, high energy electron irradiation ..., T. Ramotowski, K. A. Wright, R. Ting, Effect of High Energy Electron Irradiation on the Electromechanical ... beam processing involves irradiation treatment of products using a high energy electron beam accelerator ... processing, sterilization, crosslinking, mail sanitation, decontamination, irradiation ebeam Bot ... which are commonly crosslinked using the electron beam irradiation process include polyvinyl chloride ... more readily irradiation crosslinkable. ref http www.bgs.eu fluorierte kunststoffe.html?&L 1 ref ... to oxidative effects, radiation tolerance levels for electron beam irradiation may be slightly higher ... irradiation which have been shown to reduce the degradative effects of oxygen. ref http www.sterigenics.com services medical sterilization contract sterilization material consideration irradiation processing.pdf ... more details
that such patients tolerate irradiation poorly. Most radiation oncologist s will not treat patients ... should be considered. 4. Breast size can be a relative contraindication. Treatment by irradiation ... and the technical capability exists for greater than or equal to six MV photon beam irradiation ... more details
Radicidation is a specific case of food irradiation where the dose of ionizing radiation applied to the food is sufficient to reduce the number of viable specific non spore forming pathogenic bacteria to such a level that none are detectable when the treated food is examined by any recognized method ref Goresline, H.E., Ingram, M., Mecuch, P., Mocquot, G., Mossel, D.A.A., Niven, C.F.Jr., Thatcher, F.S., Tentative classification of food irradiation processes with microbiological objectives, Nature v. 204 1964 237 238 ref . The required dose is in the range of 2 8 kGy. The term may also be applied to the destruction of parasites such as tapeworm and trichina in meat, in which case the required dose is in the range of 0.1 1 kGy. When the process is used specifically for destroying enteropathogenic and enterotoxinogenic organisms belonging to the genus Salmonella , it is referred to as Salmonella radicidation. The term Radicidation is derived from radiation and caedere Latin for fell, cut, kill . References references Category Radiation Category Food preservation cooking stub ... more details
TBI may refer to TBI plc , an airport owner and operator Tennessee Bureau of Investigation , the criminal investigative arm of the state government of Tennessee The Bourne Identity Total body irradiation , a form of radiation therapy used most commonly in bone marrow transplantation Tracheobronchial injury , an injury to the trachea or main bronchi Trade Bank of Iraq , a publicly owned bank headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq Traumatic brain injury , a physical trauma to the brain fuel injection Throttle body injection Throttle Body Injection , a type of fuel injection system used on internal combustion engines TBI Solicitors , a UK based law firm disambig eo TBI it TBI ... more details
DNI may stand for Director of National Intelligence , a U.S. cabinet level official Director of Naval Intelligence disambiguation Direct neural interface, a brain computer interface Do Not Intubate, an alternate term for do not resuscitate Documento Nacional de Identidad , the name of the national identity document in several Spanish speaking countries. Dole Nutrition Institute founded by the Dole Food Company Direct Normal Irradiance, a measure of the solar irradiation striking a surface held normal to line of sight to the sun. See also D ni , a culture in Myst DNIS , a telephone service feature disambig fr DNI it DNI ... more details
The n p reaction is an example of a nuclear reaction . It is the reaction which occurs when a neutron enters a atomic nucleus nucleus and a proton leaves the nucleus simultaneously. ref cite book title Elements Of Nuclear Reactors author Jha, D.K. isbn 9788171418831 url http books.google.com books?id P9K9nbveFnkC&pg PA65 year 2004 publisher Discovery Publishing House page 65 ref For example sulfur 32 and nitrogen 14 both undergo this reaction when neutron irradiation bombarded with neutrons , thus forming phosphorus 32 and carbon 14 . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Np Reaction Category Nucleosynthesis Particle stub ... more details
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