distinguish insulin chembox ImageFile Inulin strukturformel.png ImageSize 300px OtherNames Section1 Chembox ... by many types of plants. ref cite journal author Roberfroid M title Introducing inulin type fructans ... to a class of Dietary fiber fiber s known as fructan s. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing ... inulin do not store other materials such as starch . Uses Processed foods Inulin is increasingly used ..., and flour. This is advantageous because inulin contains 25 35 of the food energy of carbohydrates starch, sugar . ref http jn.nutrition.org content 129 7 1436.full.pdf Caloric Value of Inulin and Oligofructose ref While inulin is a versatile ingredient, it also has health benefits. Inulin increases ... G, Ellis K title A combination of prebiotic short and long chain inulin type fructans enhances ... to process fructans, inulin has minimal increasing impact on blood sugar , and&mdash unlike fructose&mdash ... can lead to gas and bloating, and products that contain inulin will sometimes include a warning to add it gradually to one s diet. Industrial use Nonhydrolyzed inulin can also be directly converted ... for converting crops high in inulin into ethanol for fuel. ref cite journal author Kazuyoshi Ohta, Shigeyuki Hamada, Toyohiko Nakamura title Production of High Concentrations of Ethanol from Inulin ... pmc 202182 ref Medical Inulin is used to help measure kidney function by determining the glomerular ... Glomerular Filtration Rate ref Inulin is of particular use as it is not secreted or reabsorbed .... However, due to clinical limitations, inulin is rarely used for this purpose and creatinine ... following important loss of water, like diarrhea and diaphoresis. Inulin can also be used ... responses following immunization of mice with HIV 1 envelope protein in inulin derived adjuvants ... rate Inulin is uniquely treated by nephrons in that it is completely filtered at the glomerulus but neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the tubules. This property of inulin allows the Clearance ... more details
enzyme Name Inulin fructotransferase DFA I forming EC number 4.2.2.17 CAS number 125008 19 7 IUBMB EC number 4 2 2 17 GO code image width caption In enzymology , an inulin fructotransferase DFA I forming EC number 4.2.2.17 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Produces alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,1 dianhydride DFA I by successively eliminating the diminishing 2 1 beta D fructan inulin chain from the terminal D fructosyl D fructosyl disaccharide. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically those carbon oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,1 beta D fructan lyase alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,1 dianhydride forming . Other names in common use include inulin fructotransferase DFA I producing , inulin fructotransferase depolymerizing, , difructofuranose 1,2 2 ,1 dianhydride forming , inulin D fructosyl D fructosyltransferase , 1,2 1 ,2 dianhydride forming , inulin D fructosyl D fructosyltransferase forming , and alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 1 ,2 dianhydride . References reflist 1 cite journal author K date 1989 title Purification and properties of a novel inulin fructotransferase DFA I producing from Arthrobacter globiformis S14 3 journal Agric. Biol. Chem. volume 53 pages 2089&ndash 2094 4.2 enzyme stub Category EC 4.2.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name Inulin fructotransferase DFA III forming EC number 4.2.2.18 CAS number 50936 42 0 IUBMB EC number 4 2 2 18 GO code image width caption In enzymology , an inulin fructotransferase DFA III forming EC number 4.2.2.18 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Produces alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,3 dianhydride DFA III by successively eliminating the diminishing 2 1 beta D fructan inulin chain from the terminal D fructosyl D fructosyl disaccharide. This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically those carbon oxygen lyases acting on polysaccharides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,1 beta D fructan lyase alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,3 dianhydride forming . Other names in common use include inulin fructotransferase DFA III producing , inulin fructotransferase depolymerizing , inulase II , inulinase II , inulin fructotransferase depolymerizing, , difructofuranose 1,2 2,3 dianhydride forming , inulin D fructosyl D fructosyltransferase , 1,2 2,3 dianhydride forming , inulin D fructosyl D fructosyltransferase forming , and alpha D fructofuranose beta D fructofuranose 1,2 2,3 dianhydride . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2INU and PDB link 2INV . References reflist 1 cite journal author Uchiyama T date 1975 title Action of Arthrobacter ureafaciens inulinase II on several oligofructans and bacterial levans journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 397 pages 153&ndash 63 pmid 1148257 issue 1 cite journal author Uchiyama T, Niwa S and Tanaka K date 1973 title Purification and properties of Arthrobacter ureafaciens inulase II journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta volume 315 pages 412&ndash 420 4.2 enzyme stub Category EC 4.2.2 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File Physiology of Nephron.png 300px thumb right Diagram showing the basic physiologic mechanisms of the kidney The renal clearance ratio or fractional excretion is a measure of the speed at which a constituent of urine passes through the kidney s. It is defined by following equation math clearance ratio of X frac C x C in math X is the analyte substance C sub x sub is the renal plasma clearance of X C sub in sub is the renal plasma clearance of inulin . Creatinine is sometimes used instead of inulin as the reference substance. See also Kt V Renal physiology DEFAULTSORT Renal Clearance Ratio Category Nephrology ... more details
Orphan date January 2012 chembox OtherNames Polyfructosan Polyfructosan S Inulin analogue Inutest Section1 Chembox Identifiers DrugBank DB00638 UNII JOS53KRJ01 PubChem ChEMBL CASNo 37311 25 4 ATC Code ATC V04 CH01 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 6 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 180.16 g mol sup 1 sup Solubility good in water ref name Hoppe Seyler not soluble in Ethanol ref name Schmiedeberg O. Schmiedeberg http plosjournal.deepdyve.com lp de gruyter ueber ein neues kohlehydrat 2045AvXaH0 Ueber ein neues Kohlehydrat. Hoppe Seyler s Zeitschrift f r physiologische Chemie, Band 3 1 2 , 1879. doi 10.1515 bchm1.1879.3.1 2.112 . ref Density MeltingPt BoilingPt 160 170 Grad Celsius C ref name Hoppe Seyler Sinistrin is a naturally occurring sugar polymer or polysaccharide , also known as polyfructosane. It belongs to the fructan group, like inulin. As it is the case with similar substances, such as fructans or inulin , sinistrin acts as an energy storage molecule in plants. Discovery, History, and Manufacture Already in 1879 Oswald Schmiedeberg Schmiedeberg managed to isolate this carbohydrate from the bulb of the red squill Urginea maritima . ref name Schmiedeberg ref name r8 Biopolymers, Polysaccharides II , Wiley VCH, 2002, ISBN 3 527 30227 1. ref He named the substance sinistrin , from the Latin word sinister for left, according to its optical rotation activities ... steps. Biochemistry Sinistrin is an inulin type D fructan with branches on position 6. It belongs ... sinistrin and inulin are the higher alkali resistance and the better water solubility even in cold water of sinistrin compared to inulin. Uses Medical Like inulin the polymer sinistrin is not metabolized in human blood and passes the kidneys unchanged. Both, inulin and sinsitrin, are therefore ... 211. ref The assays to determine sinistrin in urine or plasma are identical to that used for inulin. However, sinistrin is often preferred to the alternative, inulin, because it is highly soluble in water ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Italictitle Speciesbox taxon Allium drummondii name Drummond s onion image Allium drummondii drawing.png authority Regel. File Allium Drummondii.jpg thumb left Allium Drummondii Drummond s onion Allium drummondii , also known as Wild garlic and the Prairie onion , is a perennial plant native to North America . It is utilized by a number of Native American tribes ranging from the South Texas Texas Plains , over to New Mexico and then into California . The lovely white flowers come into bloom April through May coming in a variety of colors ranging from white to pink. Seemingly a rather nice flowering species, Allium drummondii is quite an invasive fellow. Uses This species of Allium is gathered by Natives for its small edible bulbs. Drummond s Onion contains a considerable amount of inulin , a non reducing sugar that humans cannot digest. Because of this, these onions must be heated for a long period of time in order to convert the inulin into digestible sugars. Tribes of the Texas and New Mexico area used the onion as an addition to meat dishes, whereas some tribes in California often used it as a main dish. Allium DEFAULTSORT Allium drummondii Category Allium drummondii Category Garlic az Allium drummondii es Allium drummondii ... more details
1 to 5. Contrary to the inulin derived FOS, not only is there 1 2 binding but other linkages do ... for preventing yeast infections. Several studies have found that FOS and inulin promote calcium ... inulin type prebiotics, including FOS, are generally thought to stimulate the growth of Bifidobacteria ... in all studies, both for Bifidobacteria and for other gut organisms. ref Kelly G. Inulin type prebiotics ... NZ http www.nutraingredients.com Regulation Inulin FOS and GOS assessed in Australia NZ Inulin, FOS ... more details
ref Clinical studies have shown that administering FOS, GOS, or inulin can increase the number ... ref Sources FOS and inulin are found naturally in Jerusalem artichoke , burdock , chicory ... significant quantities of inulin, a fiber widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and plants. Inulin ... and can be synthesized from lactose milk sugar . FOS, GOS, and inulin are available as nutritional ... more details
Image Inulin strukturformel.png thumb right 250px Structural formula of Inulin s, linear fructans with a terminal &alpha D glucose with 1 2 linkage A fructan is a polymer of fructose molecules. Fructans with a short chain length are known as Fructooligosaccharide fructooligosaccharides , whereas longer chain fructans are termed Inulin inulins . Fructans occur in foods such as agave , artichoke s, asparagus , leek vegetable leek s, garlic , onion s including spring onion s , yacon , j cama , and wheat . In animal fodder , fructans also appear in grass , with dietary implications for horses and other equidae . Types Empty section date July 2010 Functions Plants storing their food as fructans are able to thrive at low temperatures since fructans confer tolerance to freezing. They bind to membranes, thereby helping to keep cells intact. Fructan content of various foods class wikitable Jerusalem artichoke Artichoke, Jerusalem 16.0 20.0 ref name doi SUSAN J. SHEPHERD, M Nut Diet, APD PETER R. GIBSON, MD, MB, FRACP, Fructose Malabsorption and Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Guidelines for Effective Dietary Management, J Am Diet Assoc 2006 106 1631 1639. http sacfs.asn.au download SueShepherd sarticle.pdf ref Globe Artichoke Artichoke, Globe 2.0 6.8 ref name doi Asparagus 1.4 4.1 ref name doi Barley kernels very young 22 ref name mechanisms Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Joanne L. Slavin, PhD, RD, Mechanisms for the Impact of Whole Grain Foods on Cancer Risk, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 90003, 300S 307S 2000 http www.jacn.org cgi content full 19 suppl 3 300S ref Cheese spread 4.5 ref name methods Leon Prosky and Hubert Hoebregs, Methods to Determine Food Inulin and Oligofructose, Journal of Nutrition. 1999 129 1418S 1423S. http jn.nutrition.org cgi content full 129 7 1418S T4 ref Chocolate 9.4 ref name methods Garlic 17.4 ref cite journal author Muir, J.G., et al. year 2007 title Fructan and Free Fructose ... more details
This is a table of permselectivity for different substances in the glomerulus of the kidney in renal filtration . class wikitable Substance Molecular mass ref name boron cite book author Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep title Medical Physiology A Cellular And Molecular Approach publisher Elsevier Saunders location year pages isbn 1 4160 2328 3 oclc doi Page 761 ref Effective molecular radius Nanometre nm ref name boron Concentration conc. in ultrafiltrate BR conc. in blood plasma ref name boron sodium 23 0.1 1.0 potassium 39 0.14 1.0 chloride 35,5 0.18 1.0 water 18 0.15 1.0 urea 60 0.16 1.0 glucose 180 0.33 1.0 sucrose 342 0.44 1.0 polyethylene glycol 1.000 0.70 1.0 inulin 5.200 1.48 0.98 lysozyme 14.600 1.90 0.8 myoglobin 16.900 1.88 0.75 lactoglobulin 36.000 2.16 0.4 egg albumin 43.500 2.80 0.22 Bence Jones protein 44.000 2.77 1.0 hemoglobin 68.000 3.25 0.03 serum albumin 69.000 3.55 0.01 References references renal physiology Category Physiology ... more details
that only two particular fructooligosaccharide s fully meet this definition oligofructose and inulin ..., e.g. Inulin, contain 9 64 links per saccharide molecule, and tend to be fermented more slowly, nourishing ... throughout the colon, e.g. Oligofructose Enriched Inulin OEI . The majority of research done on prebiotics ... Kleessen , Ludger Hartmann and Michael Blaut Oligofructose and long chain inulin influence on the gut ... Caderni5 Antitumorigenic activity of the prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination ... digestion including enhancing mineral absorption ref Coxam V Current data with inulin type ... Inulin and Oligofructose Review of Experimental Data on Immune Modulation . J Nutr. 2007 137 2563S ... Sources Traditional dietary sources of prebiotics include soybeans , inulin sources such as Jerusalem ... E. Friday, Joseph P. Goldman and Jaspreet K. Chug Ahuja, Presence of Inulin and Oligofructose ... Inulin and Oligofructose and Mineral Metabolism The Evidence from Animal Trials. J Nutr. 2007 137 ... products of inulin type fructans reduce proliferation and induce apoptosis in human colon tumour ... more details
Karl Anton Eugen Prantl 10 September 1849 &ndash 24 February 1893 , also known as Carl Anton Eugen Prantl , was a Germany German botanist . Prantl was born in Munich , Kingdom of Bavaria , and studied in Munich. In 1870 he graduated with the dissertation Das Inulin. Ein Beitrag zur Pflanzenphysiologie The inulin , a contribution to the plant physiology . He worked with Carl Wilhelm von N geli and Julius Sachs . Between 1887 and 1915, he published Die Nat rlichen Pflanzenfamilien The Natural Plant Families with fellow botanist Adolf Engler. ref name Sambamurty Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. http books.google.com books?id FrdidPp6HuAC&dq sympetalae taxonomy&source gbs navlinks s Taxonomy of Angiosperms. I. K. International Pvt Ltd, 2005 Page 15 16. Accessed on August 10, 2011 ref In 1877 he became a professor at the forest educational institution at Aschaffenburg , transferring to Breslau University in 1889, where he also became director of the botanical garden there. Prantl worked particularly on Cryptogams . Works Lehrbuch der Botanik Textbook of Botany , 7 Eds., Leipzig 1887. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie der Gef kryptogamen Studies on morphology of the Vascular Cryptogams , Leipzig 1875 and 1881, 2 fascicles. Exkursionsflora f r das K nigreich Bayern Flora of the excursion to the Bavaria kingdom , Stuttgart, 1884. Karl Prantl and Adolf Engler editors Die nat rlichen Pflanzenfamilien The natural plant families , 2 Editions, Leipzig since 1887 . References reflist botanist Prantl Prantl, Karl Anton Eugen Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Prantl, Karl Anton Eugen ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 10 September 1849 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 24 February 1893 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Prantl, Karl Anton Eugen Category 1849 births Category 1893 deaths Category Botanists with author abbreviations Category German botanists Category People from Munich Category People from the Kingdom of Bavaria Category University of Breslau faculty Germany bot ... more details
About the American scientist the football coach Homer Smith American football Dr Homer William Smith January 2, 1895 March 25, 1962 was an United States American Physiology physiologist and an advocate for science. His research work focused on the kidney and he discovered inulin at the same time as Alfred Newton Richards A.N. Richards . Dr. Smith authored several books including From Fish to Philosopher , Man and His Gods , http www.positiveatheism.org hist homer1a.htm and The Kidney Structure and function in health and disease . Homer Smith s elegant experiments on the kidney in the 1930s proved beyond any doubt that it operated according to physical principles, both as a filter and a secretory organ, eliminating the last vestige of Vitalism in physiology. He also served on the board of trustees of Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public , from 1952 1955. Dr. Smith is survived by his son, Homer Wilson Smith, a graduate of Cornell University. External links http www.positiveatheism.org hist homer1a.htm Man and his Gods full text of the book, with foreword by Albert Einstein . The kidney structure and function in health and disease. Google Books. http books.google.com books?id ym3EAGvhwVsC&lpg PP1&ots yipjPZT3mG&dq Homer 20Smith 20kidney&pg PR19 v onepage&q &f false References Bynum, W.F. Smith, Homer William . American National Biography Online Feb. 2000. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Smith, Homer William ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH January 2, 1895 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH March 25, 1962 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Smith, Homer William Category 1895 births Category 1962 deaths Category American physiologists Category Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research US scientist stub US med bio stub de Homer Smith vi Homer William Smith ... more details
italic title taxobox name Cirsium edule image Cirsium edule 7396.jpg regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Asterales familia Asteraceae tribus Cynareae genus Cirsium species C. edule binomial Cirsium edule binomial authority Thomas Nuttall Nutt. Cirsium edule , the Edible Thistle , is a species of thistle in the genus Cirsium , native to western North America from southeastern Alaska south through British Columbia to Washington U.S. state Washington and Oregon , and locally inland to Idaho . File Cirsium edule 6240.JPG left thumb All the florets have similar form Alpine Lakes Wilderness . It is a tall herbaceous perennial plant , reaching 1 2 m tall. The leaf leaves are very spiny, lobed, 10 30 cm long and 2 5 cm broad smaller on the upper part of the flower stem . The inflorescence is 3 4 cm diameter, purple, with all the florets of similar form no division into disc and ray florets . The seed s are 4 5 mm long, with a downy pappus which assists in wind dispersal. It is monocarpic , growing as a low rosette of leaves for a number of years, then sending up the tall flowering stem in spring, with the plant dying after seed maturation. Edible Thistle is used by Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native Americans for its edible root s and young shoots. The roots are sweet, but contain inulin , which gives some people digestive problems. External links Commons inline http www.ibiblio.org pfaf cgi bin arr html?Cirsium edule Plants for a Future Cirsium edule Category Cirsium edule es Cirsium edule ... more details
enzyme Name 1,2 beta fructan 1F fructosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.100 CAS number 73379 55 2 IUBMB EC number 2 4 1 100 GO code 0047207 image width caption In enzymology , a 2,1 fructan 2,1 fructan 1 fructosyltransferase EC number 2.4.1.100 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction beta D fructosyl 2 1 m beta D fructosyl 2 1 n math rightleftharpoons math beta D fructosyl 2 1 m 1 beta D fructosyl 2 1 n sup sup 1 Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are code beta D fructosyl 2 1 m code and beta D fructosyl 2 1 n , whereas its two product chemistry products are beta D fructosyl 2 1 m 1 and beta D fructosyl 2 1 n 1 . This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferase s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,1 beta D fructan 2,1 beta D fructan 1 beta D fructosyltransferase . Other names in common use include 1,2 beta D fructan 1F fructosyltransferase , fructan fructan fructosyl transferase , FFT , 1,2 beta fructan 1F fructosyltransferase , 1,2 beta D fructan 1,2 beta D fructan , 1F beta D fructosyltransferase , and fructan fructan 1 fructosyl transferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Henry RJ and Darbyshire B year 1980 title Sucrose sucrose fructosyltransferase and fructan fructan fructosyltransferase from Allium cepa journal Phytochemistry journal Phytochemistry volume 19 pages 1017&ndash 1020 doi 10.1016 0031 9422 80 83050 0 issue 6 cite journal author Vergauwen R, Van Laere A, Van den Ende W year 2003 title Properties of fructan fructan 1 fructosyltransferases from chicory and globe thistle, two Asteracean plants storing greatly different types of inulin journal Plant. Physiol. volume 133 pages 391&ndash 401 pmid 12970504 doi 10.1104 pp.103.026807 issue 1 pmc 196615 DEFAULTSORT 2,1 Fructan 2,1 Fructan 1 Fructosyltransferase Category EC 2.4.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure enzyme stub it 2,1 fruttano 2,1 fruttano 1 fruttosiltransferasi ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Sporolactobacillus regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Sporolactobacillaceae genus Sporolactobacillus genus authority Kitahara and Suzuki 1963 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Sporolactobacillus dextrus S. dextrus br Sporolactobacillus inulinus S. inulinus br Sporolactobacillus kofuensis S. kofuensis br Sporolactobacillus laevis S. laevis br Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus S. laevolacticus br Sporolactobacillus nakayamae S. nakayamae br Sporolactobacillus terrae S. terrae br Sporolactobacillus vineae S. vineae Sporolactobacillus is a genus of anaerobe anaerobic endospore endospore forming Gram positive flagellum motile bacillus shape rod shaped lactic acid bacteria lactic acid bacteria . ref cite journal author Kitahara K, Suzuki J title Sporolactobacillus nov. subgen. url http www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp jnlpdf.php?cdjournal jgam1955&cdvol 9&noissue 1&startpage 59&lang en&from jnltoc journal J Gen Appl Microbiol volume 9 issue pages 59 71 year 1963 pmid doi 10.2323 jgam.9.59 ref Members of this genus are catalase negative, do not reduce nitrate s to nitrite s, and do not form indole . Lactic acid is produced actively without liberation of gas from glucose , fructose , mannose , sucrose , maltose , trehalose , raffinose , inulin , mannitol , sorbitol and alpha methyl glucoside . Sporolactobacillus grows readily at temperatures between 25 40 C. The optimal temperature for growth lies around 35 C. References reflist Category Bacillales bacteria stub ... more details
of fructose molecules. Inulin has a much higher degree of polymerization than FOS and is a polysaccharide ..., GOS, or inulin can increase the number of these friendly bacteria in the colon while simultaneously reducing the population of harmful bacteria. 5 edit Sources FOS and inulin are found naturally in Jerusalem ... root contain significant quantities of inulin, a fiber widely distributed in fruits, vegetables and plants. Inulin is a significant part of the daily diet of most of the world s population. FOS can ... found in soybeans and can be synthesized from lactose milk sugar . FOS, GOS, and inulin are available ... more details
s, cellulose , and many other plant components such as resistant dextrin s, inulin ... resistant starches , along with inulin and other oligosaccharides . ref name Anderson Sources of fiber ... products, like those containing inulin or oligosaccharides , may contribute to relief from inflammatory ... s disease , ref cite journal author Guarner F title Inulin and oligofructose impact on intestinal ... year 2007 month January pmid 17206644 doi 10.1002 ibd.20048 ref Inulins Main Inulin Chemically defined as oligosaccharide s occurring naturally in most plants, inulin s have nutritional value as carbohydrates , or more specifically as fructan s, a polymer of the natural plant sugar, fructose . Inulin ... of inulin and oligofructose in health and nutrition journal J Biosci. volume 27 issue 7 pages 703 ... title Inulin type fructans functional food ingredients journal J Nutr. volume 137 issue 11 Suppl pages ... November 1, 2007 ref Inulin is advantageous because it contains 25&ndash 30 the food energy of sugar ... K title A combination of prebiotic short and long chain inulin type fructans enhances calcium absorption ... RP, Welch RM, Lei X, Yasuda K, Miller DD. title Dietary inulin affects the expression of intestinal ... proteins within the colon wall. Among other potential beneficial effects noted above, inulin promotes ... of inulin type fructans on calcium absorption in the large intestine of rats journal Bone ... ref ref cite journal author Scholz Ahrens KE, Schrezenmeir J title Inulin and oligofructose and mineral ... or biotechnology used in functional foods and supplements include inulin , resistant dextrin s, fructans ... gum s, a group of polysaccharides inulin s, a group of polysaccharides oligosaccharide s, a group of short ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Streptococcus viridans group image Streptococcus viridans 01.png image width 240px regnum Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Cocci ordo Lactobacillales familia Streptococcaceae genus Streptococcus Viridans Streptococcus is a pseudotaxonomic non Linnaenan term for a large group of commensal Streptococcus streptococcal bacteria that are either Hemolysis microbiology hemolytic , producing a green coloration on blood agar plates hence the name viridans , from Latin v r dis , green , or nonhemolytic. They possess no Lancefield antigens. ref name Sherris cite book author Ryan KJ, Ray CG editors title Sherris Medical Microbiology edition 4th pages 293 4 publisher McGraw Hill year 2004 isbn 0838585299 ref In general, pathogenicity is low. ref MeshName Viridans Streptococci ref Identification Viridans streptococci can be differentiated from Streptococcus pneumoniae using an optochin test, as Viridans streptococci are optochin resistant they also lack either the polysaccharide based Capsule microbiology capsule typical of S. pneumoniae or the Serovar Lancefield antigens of the pyogenic members of the genus . ref name Baron cite book author Patterson MJ chapter Streptococcus title Baron s Medical Microbiology Baron S et al. , eds. edition 4th publisher Univ of Texas Medical Branch year 1996 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid mmed.chapter.824 isbn 0 9631172 1 1 ref class wikitable Viridans streptococci Streptococcus pneumoniae Solubility in bile Insoluble Soluble Fermentation of inulin Not a fermenter Fermenter with acid production Sensitivity to optochin Not sensitive Sensitive Pathogenicity to mice Nonpathogenic Pathogenic Quellung test Negative Positive Pathology The organisms are most abundant in the mouth, and one member of the group, Streptococcus mutans S. mutans , is the etiologic agent of dental caries . Others may be involved in other mouth or gingival infections. If they are introduced into the bloodstream, the ... more details
Commented out because image was deleted Image Polydextrose.jpg thumb right Package of commercial food grade Polydextrose. Polydextrose is an indigestible synthetic polymer of glucose . ref cite journal author Raninen K, Lappi J, Mykk nen H, Poutanen K title Dietary fiber type reflects physiological functionality Comparison of grain fiber, inulin, and polydextrose journal Nutr. Rev. volume 69 issue 1 pages 9 21 year 2011 month January pmid 21198631 doi 10.1111 j.1753 4887.2010.00358.x url http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1111 j.1753 4887.2010.00358.x pdf ref It is a food ingredient classified as soluble dietary fiber fiber by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA , but not Health Canada . ref name Gershman It is frequently used to increase the non dietary fiber content of food, ref name Gershman replace sugar, reduce calories and reduce fat content. It is a multi purpose food ingredient synthesized from dextrose glucose , plus about 10 percent sorbitol and 1 percent citric acid . Its E number is E1200 . The FDA approved it in 1981. History Commercial manufacture of edible polydextrose originated with a process developed by Hans H. Rennhard . Dr. Hans Rennhard of Pfizer, Inc. began investigating the potential of polysaccharides as low calorie replacements for sugar, fat, flour and starch. In 1965, he created polydextrose, a polymer of dextrose, produced from the naturally occurring components, glucose, sorbitol and citric acid. Commercial uses Polydextrose is commonly used as a replacement for sugar , starch , and fat in commercial beverages, cake s, candy candies , dessert mixes, breakfast cereals, gelatin s, frozen desserts, pudding s, and salad dressing s. Polydextrose is frequently used as an ingredient in low carb , sugar free and diabetic cooking recipes. It s also used as a humectant , Stabilizer chemistry stabiliser and thickening agent . Polydextrose is a form of soluble fiber and has shown healthful prebiotic nutrition prebiotic benefits when tested i ... more details
refimprove date August 2009 Synbiotics refer to nutritional supplements combining probiotics and prebiotics in a form of synergism, hence synbiotics. Probiotics are live bacteria which are intended to colonize the large intestine and confer physiological health benefits to the host. A prebiotic is a food or dietary supplement product that confers a health benefit on the host associated with modulating the microbiota. Prebiotics are not drugs, not functioning because of absorption of the component, not due to the component acting directly on the host, and are due to changes to the resident bacteria either changing the proportions of the resident bacteria or the activities thereof. Measurable changes to the microbiota in the absence of a desirable physiological consequence in the host does not quality as a prebiotic. A prebiotic may be a fiber, but a fiber is not necessarily a prebiotic. Using prebiotics and probiotics in combination is often described as synbiotic, but the United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization FAO recommends that the term synbiotic be used only if the net health benefit is synergistic. A further restriction is to require that the prebiotic be shown to increase the population and or function of the probiotic it is paired with. Examples bifidobacteria and fructo oligosaccharides FOS Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and inulin s bifidobacteria or lactobacilli with FOS or inulins or galactooligosaccharides GOS References Reflist biology stub Category Prebiotics Category Probiotics Category Bacteriology Category Digestive system pl Synbiotyk FAO Technical Meeting on Prebiotics. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 2007. de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2008 111 1 66. Vandenplas Y, De Hert SG et al. Randomized clinical trial the synbiotic food supplement Probiotical vs. placebo for acute gastroenteritis in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011 34 8 862 867. Bj rklund M, ... more details
contains up to 20 inulin , a polysaccharide similar to starch . Inulin is mainly found in the plant ... http www.functionalingredientsmag.com article Formulations using inulin and oligofructose with high ... . Inulin can be converted to fructose and glucose through hydrolysis . Inulin is also gaining popularity as a source of soluble dietary fiber and functional food . ref Madrigal L. Sangronis E. Inulin ... root typically contains, by dry weight, 68 inulin , 14 sucrose , 5 cellulose , 6 protein , 4 Ash analytical ... 98 inulin and 2 other compounds. ref name Kim96 cite journal last Kim first Meehye title The Water ... 13 and 23 inulin, by total weight. ref name Wilson04 cite journal doi 10.2135 cropsci2004.0748 ... sinus sinus problems and cuts and bruise s. Howard M. 1987 . Chicory contains inulin, ref ... Cumps first2 J last3 Devogelaer first3 JP title Dietary chicory inulin increases whole body bone ... 1048&activeIngredientName INULIN ref In rats, it may increase calcium absorption and bone mineral ... more details
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