April 2010 Highavailability is a system design approach and associated service implementation that ensures .... HighAvailability Design, Techniques, and Processes , http books.google.com books?id kHB0HdQ98qYC&dq highavailability floyd piedad book&printsec frontcover&source bn&hl en&ei gs0LSrLvBKjm6gOT3ISPCA ... can claim to have phenomenally highavailability, which might give the illusion of continuous availability. Systems that exhibit truly continuous availability are comparatively rare and higher priced ... s availability objectives and requirements. System design for highavailability Paradoxically, adding more components to an overall system design can undermine efforts to achieve highavailability. That is because ... see load balancing computing load balancing and failover . Highavailability implies no human intervention ... redundancy and active redundancy. Passive redundancy is used to achieve highavailability by including ... systems to achieve highavailability with no performance decline. Multiple items of the same kind ... in systems with limited redundancy to achieve highavailability. Maintenance actions occur during ... Stern . ref E. Marcus and H. Stern, Blueprints for highavailability , second edition. Indianapolis ... networking Highavailability cluster Service Availability Forum Uptime References Reflist External ... Cisco IOS Management for HighAvailability Networking Best Practices White Paper DEFAULTSORT HighAvailability Category System administration Category Quality control Category Applied ... ru fi Highavailability ... to serve them at all times. Availability refers to the ability of the user community to access ... from availability calculations, assuming, correctly or incorrectly, that scheduled downtime has .... Percentage calculation Availability is usually expressed as a percentage of uptime in a given year. The following table shows the downtime that will be allowed for a particular percentage of availability ... more details
HSR Highavailability Seamless Redundancy, pronounce HASAR is a redundancy protocol for Ethernet IEEE 802.3 networks. Properties HSR provides zero recovery time in case of failure of one component. It is suited for applications that demand highavailability and very short reaction time. Such applications are protection for electrical substation automation and controllers for synchronized drives, for instance in printing machines. For such applications, the recovery time of commonly used protocols like the Spanning Tree Protocol Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol .28RSTP.29 Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol is not acceptable. HSR has been standardized by the International Electrotechnical Commission , Geneva, as IEC 62439 3 Clause 5 . It is one of the redundancy protocols selected for substation automation in the IEC 61850 standard. HSR is application protocol independent and can be used by most Industrial Ethernet of the IEC 61784 suite. HSR is typically used in a ring topology, however redundant connections to other networks are possible eg. a mesh topology . Operation The nodes devices in an HSR network are attached by two Ethernet ports. A source node sends the same frame over both ports. A destination should receive, in the fault free state, two identical frames within a certain time skew, forward the first frame to the application and discard the second frame when and if it comes. A sequence number is used to recognize such duplicates. In contrast to Parallel Redundancy Protocol PRP IEC 62439 3 Clause 4 , with which it shares the operating principle, HSR nodes can be arranged into a ring, which allows to operate without dedicated switches, since every node is able to forward frames from port to port. HSR originally meant Highavailability Seamless Ring . But its topology is not limited to a single ring, a system of rings with many structures can be built. See also Parallel Redundancy ... Category Networking standards ru HighAvailability Seamless Ring Redundancy ... more details
ref improve date December 2011 synthesis date December 2011 Undue date December 2011 Highavailability clusters also known as HA clusters or failover clusters are groups of computers that support server computing server application software applications that can be reliably utilized with highavailability a minimum of down time . They operate by harnessing redundancy engineering redundant computers in groups or computer cluster clusters that provide continued service when system components fail. Without clustering, if a server running a particular application crashes, the application will be unavailable until the crashed server is fixed. HA clustering remedies this situation by detecting hardware software faults, and immediately restarting the application on another system without requiring administrative intervention, a process known as failover . As part of this process, clustering software ... design requirements Not every application can run in a highavailability cluster environment, and the necessary design decisions need to be made early in the software design phase. In order to run in a highavailability cluster environment, an application must satisfy at least the following technical ... be observed. Node configurations Image 2nodeHAcluster.png right 400px thumb 2 node HighAvailability ... Hall, ISBN 0 13 899709 8 Evan Marcus, Hal Stern Blueprints for HighAvailability Designing Resilient ... 1319, ISSN 1045 9219 http portal.acm.org citation.cfm?id 1313074 Categories DEFAULTSORT HighAvailability Cluster Category Quality control Category Highavailability cluster computing Category Fault ... online, at which point the services or instances must be failed back to it in order to restore highavailability. N to N A combination of active active and N M clusters, N to N clusters redistribute ... TRY ALL AVAILABLE Tries all existing nodes before giving up See also Service Availability Forum OpenSAF ... and optimization of service availability in a HA cluster with load dependent machine availability ... more details
multiple issues intromissing April 2009 refimprove April 2009 context July 2009 orphan July 2010 Overview High availability application architecture is the process that is followed when implementing a new configuration into an existing Enterprise resource planning ERP Clarify date July 2009 system. The architecture contains three stages 1 research and development Development , 2 Quality Assurance , and 3 Production, costs, and pricing Production . All three of these stages must pass through the transport directory before the following stage can be executed. This entire process is used to eliminate downtime when implementing an application software application . Definition This definition must be broke into two parts in order to be fully understood. High availability is a design and implementation that ensures a certain degree of operational continuity. ref http www.slideshare.net davemitz 7 stages of scaling web applications ref Application architecture is the second part, which refers to the actual concept and design of implementing a new configuration into the particular system. Summary In the IT world minimizing downtime is very important, and in order to implement a new configuration into an existing computer system one must follow strict architectural guidelines before releasing the new configuration into Production, costs, and pricing production . Following the application architecture guidelines will greatly reduce the potential downtime when implementing a new configuration into an existing system. Stages of Architecture As afore mentioned, there are three stages that an application most go through before it goes live. All three of these stages pass through the transport directory before going on to the next stage. Development The research and development development stage is where Computer program program changes, and configuration settings are modified to meet the needs of the new or existing system. Quality Assurance During the quality assurance stage the ... more details
HACMP is IBM s solution for highavailability cluster s on the AIX operating system AIX Unix and Linux for IBM System p platforms and stands for HighAvailability Cluster Multiprocessing. IBM s HACMP product was first shipped in 1991 and is now in its 20th release PowerHA SystemMirror for AIX 7.1 In the current release, PowerHA can run on up to 16 computers or nodes , each of which is either actively running an application active or waiting to take over should another node fail passive . Data on file system s can be shared between systems in the cluster. PowerHA relies heavily on IBM s IBM RSCT Reliable Scalable Cluster Technology RSCT . PowerHA is an RSCT aware client. RSCT is distributed with AIX. RSCT includes a daemon called group services that coordinates the response to events of interest to the cluster for example, an interface or a node fails, or an administrator makes a change to the cluster configuration . Up until PowerHA V6.1, RSCT also monitored cluster nodes, networks and network adapters for failures using the topology services daemon topsvcs . In the current release V7.1 , RSCT provides coordinate response between nodes, but monitoring and communication are provided by the Cluster Aware AIX CAA infrastructure. The 7.1 release of PowerHA relies heavily on CAA, a clustering infrastructure built into the operating system and exploited by RSCT and PowerHA. CAA provides the monitoring and communication infrastructure for PowerHA and other clustering solutions on AIX, as well as cluster wide event notification using the Autonomic Health Advisor File System AHAFS and cluster ... Single Point of Control CSPOC feature Dynamic Reconfig See also Highavailability cluster External ... IBM software HighAvailability Cluster Multiprocessing Category Highavailability cluster computing Category Cluster computing de HACMP fr HACMP ja PowerHA pl IBM HighAvailability Cluster Multiprocessing ... www 03.ibm.com systems power software availability aix index.html PowerHA 6.1, Rebranded again to IBM ... more details
, a unit that is capable of being used 100 hours per week 168 hours would have an availability of 100 168. However, typical availability values are specified in decimal such as 0.9998 . In highavailability ... 1996 for imperfect maintenance models. See also Highavailability List of system quality attributes ...About the thermodynamic function availability , in the sense of available useful work exergy availability as a form of cognitive bias availability heuristic In telecommunication s and reliability theory , the term availability has the following meanings The degree to which a system , subsystem , or equipment ... is called for at an unknown, i.e., a random, time. Simply put, availability is the proportion of time ... following the decimal point, is used. In this system, five nines equals 0.99999 or 99.999 availability. Availability in Layman s Terms Availability of a system over its life cycle dn date December 2011 ..., so does availability. However, no system can guarantee 100.000 reliability and as such, no system can assure 100.000 availability. Further, reliability engineering and maintainability involve processes designed to optimize availability under a set of constraints, such as time and cost effectiveness. Availability is the goal of most system users, and reliability engineering and maintainability provide the means to assure that availability performance requirements are achieved. Representation The most simple representation for availability is as a ratio of the expected value of the uptime ... t begin cases 1, & mbox sys functions at time t 0, & mbox otherwise end cases math therefore, the availability A t at time t 0 is represented by math A t Pr X t 1 E X t . math Average availability must ... availability is represented as math A c frac 1 c int 0 c A t ,dt. math Limiting or steady state availability is represented by Citation needed date August 2010 math A lim t rightarrow infty A t . math Limiting average availability is also defined on an interval math 0,c math as, math A infty ... more details
of Availability The terms highavailability , continuous operation, and continuous availability are generally used to express how available a system is. ref Highavailability again versus continuous availability, IBM WebSphere Developer Technical Journal, April 14, 2010 http www.ibm.com developerworks websphere techjournal 1004 webcon 1004 webcon.html ref ref Bob Dickerson Service Recovery & Availability .... Highavailability refers to the ability to avoid unplanned outages by eliminating single points of failure ... manager software. Another measure of highavailability is the ability to minimize the effect .... Note that a system running in continuous operation is not necessarily operating with highavailability because an excessive number of unplanned outages could compromise this. Continuous availability combines the characteristics of highavailability and continuous operation to provide the ability ... continuity planning Disaster recovery Highavailability cluster Fault tolerant system Service Availability Forum References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create ...neologism date October 2011 Continuous Availability is an approach to computer system and application ... to their documents, data files and business applications. Continuous availability describes the information ... and Applications Through Continuous Availability, A META Group White Paper, June 2003 http m.sybase.com ..., availability was not considered business critical. With the increasing use of mobile computing ... availability is increasingly important based on the need to support customer access to information systems. ref Gartner Survey Shows IT Availability Remain Top Priorities for U.S. IT Services Buyers, September 2010 http www.gartner.com it page.jsp?id 1392715 ref Solutions to continuous availability ... redundancy or quickly restarting failed components. Availability is usually expressed as a percentage of uptime in a given year class wikitable Availability Downtime per year 99.9 8.76 hours 99.99 ... more details
The availability factor of a power plant is the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided by the amount of the time in the period. Occasions where only partial capacity is available may or may not be deducted. The availability factor should not be confused with the capacity factor . The availability of a power plant varies greatly depending on the type of fuel , the design of the plant and how the plant is operated. Everything else being equal, plants that are run less frequently have higher availability factors because they require less maintenance. Most thermal power station s, such as coal , geothermal power geothermal and nuclear power plants, have availability factors between 70 and 90 . Newer plants tend to have significantly higher availability factors, but preventive maintenance is as important as improvements in design and technology. Gas turbine s have relatively highavailability factors, ranging from 80 to 99 . Gas turbines are commonly used for peaking power plant s, co generation plants and the first stage of combined cycle plants. The availability factor of wind power wind and solar power plants depends on whether periods when the plant is operational, but there is no wind or sunlight , are counted as available, unavailable or disregarded. If they are counted as available during these times, photovoltaic plants have an availability factor approaching or equal to 100 . Modern wind turbine s also have very highavailability factors, about 98 . However, solar and wind plants have relatively low capacity factor s. In the wiki on capacity factor s you can see that wind capacity factors range from 20 40 and solar capacity factors in Arizona are about 19 . This makes wind and solar availability factors much lower if times when sunlight or wind are not available are taken into account. References Unreferenced date February 2009 references See also Generating Availability Data System Electricity generation Category Power ... more details
Original research date November 2009 Unreferenced date November 2009 Service availability is an extension of highavailability that implies a service is always available regardless of hardware, software or user fault. Key principles of service availability Redundancy backup capability in case of need to failover due to a fault Stateful and seamless recovery from failures Minimization of Mean time to repair MTTR time to restore service after an outage Fault prediction & avoidance take action before something fails The traditional definitions of highavailability have their roots in hardware systems where redundancy of equipment was the primary mechanism for achieving uptime over a specific period. As software has come to dominate the landscape, the probability of failure is often much higher for applications than it is for hardware and so these concepts have been extended encompass an overall view of Service Availability where downtime, irrespective of its cause, is an exceptionally rare event. Services and applications should always be available, whether it is during abnormal system operation, scheduled maintenance, or software upgrade, for example. See also Carrier grade Highavailability Service Availability Forum External Links http themonitoringguy.com articles service availability reporting Service Availability Reporting A Guide To Service Availability Reporting DEFAULTSORT Service availability Category System administration Category Quality control Category Applied probability Category Reliability engineering Category Consortia org stub ... more details
Availability is the probability that a system will work as required when required during the period of a mission. The mission could be the 18 hour span of an aircraft flight. The mission period could also be the 3 to 15 month span of a military deployment . Availability includes non operational periods associated with reliability, maintenance, and logistics. This is measured in terms of nines . Five .... Availability is only meaningful for supportable systems. As an example, availability of 99.9 means ... kinds of availability. Operational Predicted Operational availability is presumed to be the same as predicted availability until after operational metrics become available. Availability Operational availability is based on observations after at least one system has been built. This usually ... begin cases A o Operational Availability T m Mission Duration T d Observed Down Time end cases math Predicted availability is based on a model of the system before it is built. math A p frac T m T m T d begin cases A p Predicted Availability T m Mission Duration T d Model Down Time end cases math ... tells you when engine temperature is too high. There is zero time to discover a failure where ... a dependency between availability performance and labor costs. There is no such dependency associated ... the type of down time associated with repair activities. Nines Availability expectations are described ... of Mission Failure A o Operational Availability end cases math Apart from human error, mission ... is attempted Lack of diagnostic PMS testing for any failure mode that lacks CBM See also Highavailability List of system quality attributes Spurious trip level References FS1037C MS188 External links http www.eventhelix.com RealtimeMantra FaultHandling reliability availability basics.htm Reliability and Availability Basics http www.eventhelix.com RealtimeMantra FaultHandling system reliability availability.htm System Reliability and Availability Category Systems engineering ... more details
File 67028 at Kings Cross 1.jpg thumb right 175px With its relatively high axle load, the British Rail Class 67 Class 67 locomotive has somewhat limited Route availability of 8 Image 86252 Birmingham New ... has a Route availability of 6. Image Muir of Ord railway station in 1988.jpg thumb right 175px ... availability of 5. Image Wiliton D9526 double headed.jpg thumb right 175px Class 14 no. D9526 as preserved ... axle load related restrictions put upon them. Route Availability RA is the system by which the permanent ... trains may operate, although many high capacity 4 axle Railroad car wagon s have high RAs when fully ... Availability as a system was first devised by the London and North Eastern Railway , and perpetuated ... in Great Britain . The system uses numbers from 1 to 10 and a locomotive must have a route availability ... might be granted by placing a speed restriction over a weak bridge , for example. Route availability of a line The route availability for a line is calculated taking in to account bridge strength, track condition, structural issues and so on. A route availability of one RA1 is the most restricted line, open to possibly one type of locomotive specially designed for it. A route availability of 10 ... for it checked for conflicts with infrastructure such as platforms . Vehicle route availability Route availability for a vehicle locomotive or wagon is generally based upon its axle load ing. That is, how ... Network Rail Loading Gauge documentation ref class wikitable Axle loading by Route Availability Route Availability Axle Load RA1 RA6 20.3 tonne RA7 RA9 24.1 tonne RA10 25.4 tonne EU average 22.5 tonne The information regarding route availability RA on this page comes from the British Rail London Midland Region Route Availability Guide, and the Freight Train Loads Book, both issued in 1969. Several routes will have had their RA numbers changed since that time. class wikitable Route Availability ... on the cab side to indicate its route availability class wikitable GWR Route Availability ref Ransome ... more details
An availability cascade is a self reinforcing cycle that explains the development of certain kinds of collective beliefs. A novel idea or insight, usually one that seems to explain a complex process in a simple or straightforward manner, gains rapid currency in the popular discourse by its very simplicity and by its apparent insightfulness. Its rising popularity triggers a chain reaction within the social network individuals adopt the new insight because other people within the network have adopted it, and on its face it seems plausible. The reason for this increased use and popularity of the new idea involves both the availability of the previously obscure term or idea, and the need of individuals using the term or idea to appear to be current with the stated beliefs and ideas of others, regardless of whether they in fact fully believe in the idea that they are expressing. Their need for social acceptance, and the apparent sophistication of the new insight, overwhelm their critical thinking. The idea of the availability cascade was first developed by Timur Kuran and Cass Sunstein , building upon the concept of information cascades and on the availability bias as identified by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky . The concept has been highly influential in finance theory and regulatory research. ref http papers.ssrn.com sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 138144 Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation ref References reflist See also Availability bias Information cascade Reputation cascade Circular logic Groupthink The Emperor s New Clothes Category Belief ... more details
Citations missing date October 2007 Psychology sidebar The availability heuristic is a phenomenon which can result in a cognitive bias in which people predict the frequency of an event, or a proportion within a population, based on how easily an example can be brought to mind. This phenomenon was first reported by psychologist s Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman , who also identified the representativeness heuristic . To see how availability differs from related terms vividness and salience , see availability, salience and vividness . Overview Essentially the availability heuristic operates on the notion that if you can think of it, it must be important. ref name Esgate 2005 Media coverage can help fuel a person s example bias with widespread and extensive coverage of unusual events, such as homicide or airline accidents, and less coverage of more routine, less sensational events, such as common diseases or car accidents. For example, when asked to rate the probability of a variety of causes of death, people tend to rate more newsworthy events as more likely because they can more readily ... man who... is used to prove an entire proposition or to support a bias, the availability heuristic is in play ... the tendency toward using an availability heuristic as a basis for logic. Caroll, 1978 In one experiment ... an event on expectations for the event An interpretation in terms of the availability heuristic ... experiments. These very stories are an example of Availability Heuristic as they might lean the reader ... Reber first R. year 2004 chapter Availability editor first R. editor last Pohl title Cognitive illusions ... Tversky first A. last2 Kahneman first2 D. year 1973 title Availability a heuristic for judging frequency ... 20 1973 .ppt A Powerpoint presentation on the classical experiments about the availability heuristic .... http www.learner.org discoveringpsychology 11 e11expand.html Test Yourself Decision Making and the Availability Heuristic DEFAULTSORT Availability Heuristic Category Heuristics Category Cognitive biases ... more details
Technical date September 2010 When customers of the public switched telephone network make telephone call s, they commonly make use of a telecommunications network called a Circuit switching switched circuit network. In a switched circuit network, devices known as switches are used to connect the caller to the callee. Each switch has a number of inlets and outlets and by connecting a specific inlet to the correct outlet each switch helps to complete an end to end circuit between users 1 . In a modern circuit switched network, Telephone exchange switches can connect any inlet to any outlet this is known as Full Availability . References 1 Kennedy I., Lost Call Theory, Lecture Notes, ELEN5007 Teletraffic Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 2005. 2 Akimaru H., Kawashima K., Teletraffic Theory and Applications, Springer Verlag London, 2nd Ed., 1999, p 6. 3 Farr R.E., Telecommunications Traffic, Tariffs and Costs An Introduction For Managers, Peter Peregrinus, 1988, p 90. DEFAULTSORT Limited Availability Category Telephone exchanges ... more details
prediction & avoidance take action before something fails The traditional definitions of highavailability ... availabilityHighavailability Commercial off the shelf Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture ... have been extended encompass an overall view of service availability where downtime, irrespective ... service availability, application portability and seamless integration. Collaborating ... for use in high performance telecommunications and industrial computing applications. Citation needed date October 2011 SCOPE Alliance enable and promote the availability of open carrier grade ... 2011 Specifications Image Service Availability Forum enabled COTS platform.jpg thumb right 250px SA Forum enabled COTS platform Specifications for carrier grade service availability include Hardware Platform ... Forum s Walter s Moments cartoon series helps explain the benefits of service availability to a wider ... links http www.saforum.org SA Forum Web Site Category Consortia org stub sv Service Availability ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2009 Availability Based Tariff ABT is a frequency based pricing mechanism for electric power. The ABT falls under electricity market mechanisms to charge and regulate power to achieve short term and long term network stability as well as incentives and dis incentives to market participants against deviations in committed supplies as the case may be. Introduction ABT Mechanism Energy policy of India is adopted in India ABT Order dated January 2000 of CERC and in a few other countries for pricing bulk power across various stakeholders. ABT concerns itself with the tariff structure for bulk power and is aimed at bringing about more responsibility and accountability in power generation and consumption through a scheme of incentives and disincentives. As per the notification, ABT was initially made applicable to only central generating stations having more than one SEB State Union Territory as its beneficiary. Through this scheme, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission Central Electricity Regulatory Commission CERC looks forward to improve the quality of power and curtail the following disruptive trends in power sector Unacceptably rapid and high frequency deviations from 50 Hz causing damage and disruption to large scale industrial consumers Frequent grid disturbances resulting in generators tripping, power outages and power grid disintegration. The ABT scheme has now been expanded to cover the Intrastate systems as well. ABT details What is availability? Availability , for the purpose of the ABT Order means the readiness of the generating station to deliver ex bus output expressed as a percentage of its related ex bus output capability as per rated capacity. How is availability calculated? Availability of thermal generating station for any period shall be the percentage ratio of average SOC for all the time blocks during that period and rated Sent Out Capability of the generating station If someone could write the formula it would be good ... more details
Availability, salience and vividness are three terms which refer to very similar things in social psychology but have slightly different meanings. They may actually all refer to the same underlying concept, and they positively influence one another, but they are each used consistently in different theoretical contexts. availability heuristic Availability refers to how likely or probable something appears, in probability estimation . Salience refers to the likelihood that something will appear causal, in attribution theory . Vividness refers to how easily recalled and convincing something is, in persuasion . References Plous, S . 1993 . The psychology of judgment and decision making . New York McGraw Hill. Category Social psychology ... more details
Law Enforcement Availability Pay is, per the United States Office of Personnel Management , a type of premium pay that is paid to Federal police Federal law enforcement officers who are detective criminal investigator s. Due to the nature of their work, criminal investigators are required to work, or be available to work, substantial amounts of unscheduled duty. Availability pay is generally an entitlement that an agency must provide if the required conditions are met, but is optional in any agency s Office of the Inspector General that may employ fewer than five criminal investigators. External links http www.opm.gov oca pay HTML AP.HTM OPM notice Category Law enforcement agencies of the United States US law enforcement agency stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Route Availability Planning Tool RAPT is a software program developed by the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in order to aid air traffic controller s in making flight decisions in the face of Weather related flight delay weather related delays . The system is currently under testing in the New York Port Authority of New York and New Jersey area airport system and so far has resulted in an estimated 2,300 hour reduction in flight delays. ref http blog.wired.com cars 2008 09 some of the gre.html ref References reflist software stub Category Air traffic control Category Transport software ... more details
primarysources date August 2009 Infobox Company company name SunGard Availability Services company logo Image SAS LOGO.jpg company type Privately held, business segment of SunGard Data Systems Inc. foundation 1983 location Wayne, Pennsylvania , USA key people Crist bal I. Conde, CEO acting br Patrick Doherty, EVP, No. Amer. Sales br Keith Tilley, EVP, Europe and U.K. Managing Director br num employees 2,500 industry Information Technology products Disaster Recovery, Enterprise Cloud Services, Managed Services, Consulting Services, Business Continuity Software homepage http www.sungardas.com www.sungardas.com http www.sungard.co.uk www.sungard.co.uk br http blog.sungard.co.uk blog.sungard.co.uk br http www.sungardas.fr www.sungardas.fr br http www.sungard.se www.sungard.se br http www.sungardas.ie www.sungardas.ie SunGard Availability Services provides disaster recovery , cloud services , managed services , IT consulting and business continuity management services. It is a business segment of SunGard Data Systems SunGard Data Systems Inc. Their headquarters are in Wayne, Pennsylvania . The company states to have five million square feet of hardened data center space and enterprise class IT infrastructure at more than 80 facilities worldwide. It claims to have 10,000 customers in North America and Europe. External links http www.sungardas.com Official website US br http www.sungard.co.uk Official website UK br http blog.sungard.co.uk Official blog UK br http www.sungardas.fr Official website France br http www.sungard.se Official website Sweden br http www.sungardas.ie Official website Ireland Category Companies based in Pennsylvania Category Information technology companies of the United States ... more details
The Generating Availability Data System GADS is a database produced by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation NERC . It includes annual summary reports comprising the statistics for power station s in the United States and Canada. ref cite book title Reliability, Maintainability and Risk author David John Smith pages 42 publisher Butterworth Heinemann date 2005 isbn 0750666943 isbn13 9780750666947 ref GADS is the main source of power station outage data in North America. This reporting system, initiated by the electric utility industry in 1982, expands and extends the data collection procedures begun by the industry in 1963. NERC GADS is recognized today as a valuable source of reliability, availability, and maintainability RAM information. ref North American Electric Reliability Corporation s NERC Generating Availability Data System GADS Data Reporting Instructions DRI . ref This information, collected for both total unit and major equipment groups, is used by analysts industry wide in numerous applications. GADS maintains complete operating histories on more than 5,800 generating units representing 71 of the installed generating capacity of the United States and Canada. GADS is a mandatory industry program for conventional generating units 50 MW and larger starting January 1, 2012 and 20 MW and larger starting January 1, 2013. GADS remains open to all non required participants in the Regional Entities shown in Figure I 2 of the NERC GADS DRI and any other organization domestic or international that operate electric generating facilities who is willing to follow the GADS mandatory requirements as presented in the document http www.nerc.com filez gadstf.html Final GADSTF Recommendations Report dated July 20, 2011 . GADS data consists of three data types Design ... as a percentage of the total hours of the availability of that unit unplaned outage, unplanned derated ... Engineers IEEE Standard 762, Definitions for Reporting Electric Generating Unit Reliability, Availability ... more details
The non availability explains international trade by the fact that each country imports the goods that are not available at home. ref name gandolfo01 cite book others Irving B. Kravis 1956 title International Trade Theory and Policy With 12 Tables last Gandolfo first Giancarlo authorlink coauthors year 1998 publisher Springer location isbn 3540643168 page 233 pages 544 url http books.google.com books?id IOtnekHjoJgC&printsec frontcover PPA233,M1 ref This unavailability may be due to lack of natural resources oil, gold, etc. this is absolute unavailability or to the fact that the goods cannot be produced domestically, or could only be produced at prohibitive costs for technological or other reasons this is relative unavailability. ref name gandolfo cite book others title International Trade Theory and Policy With 12 Tables last Gandolfo first Giancarlo authorlink coauthors year 1998 publisher Springer location isbn 3540643168 page 233 234 pages 544 url http books.google.com books?id IOtnekHjoJgC&printsec frontcover PPA233,M1 ref On the other hand, each country exports the goods that are available at home. ref name gandolfo As regards the presence or absence of natural resources this aspect could easily be fitted into the Heckscher Ohlin model that stresses the differences in relative endowments. ref name gandolfo A generalized version of the model can be used by adding a factor natural resources . ref name gandolfo The originality of this approach lies in its second aspect, that is, in the reasons put forward to explain international differences in relative availability. ref name gandolfo Essentially there are two reasons technical progress and product differentation . ref name gandolfo As regards the first reason, Kravis observes that the stimulus to exports provided by technological change is not confined to the reduction costs but also includes the advantages deriving form the possession of completely new products and of the most recent improvements of existing types ... more details
drug update 201105 519903.html ref India The Indian Medical Association advises that high doses of combined ... Emergency Contraceptive Availability By Country Category Lists by country Category Sexuality related ... more details
available in the United States DEFAULTSORT Hd Availability In Canada Category High definition television ...Unreferenced date January 2011 This page was built in order to compare the availability of HD channels in Canada between providers, the numbers indicate the channel position s . The following chart shows which providers offers the most HD channels, sorted by language and category, regardless of the area covered. TOC HD Channels French class wikitable width 100 colspan 9 Canadian French Conventional Network Channel BellTV Shaw Direct Vid otron Cogeco Rogers Shaw Notes rowspan 15 T l vision de Radio Canada SRC CBFT DT Montreal 1802 244 602 504 QC CBLFT DT Toronto 703 ON 602 CBUFT DT Vancouver OTA only CBOFT DT Ottawa 1816 602 602 CBXFT DT Edmonton OTA only CBVT DT Quebec 602 CBWFT DT Winnipeg OTA only CBAFT DT Moncton OTA only CKSH DT Sherbrooke 602 CKTM DT Trois Rivi res 602 CBKFT DT Regina OTA only CKTV DT Saguenay 602 CJBR DT Rimouski OTA only CKRT DT Rivi re du Loup 602 CKRN DT Rouyn Noranda on Cablevision du Nord rowspan 8 TVA TV network TVA CFTM DT Montreal 1804 245 604 503 QC 611 CHOT DT Gatineau 604 CFCM DT Quebec 604 CHLT DT Sherbrooke 604 CHEM DT Trois Rivi res 604 CJPM DT Saguenay 604 CIMT DT Rivi re du Loup 604 CFEM DT Rouyn Noranda on Cablevision du Nord rowspan 8 V TV network V CFJP DT Montreal 1803 248 605 502 QC 606 CFGS DT Gatineau 605 CFAP DT Quebec 605 CFKS DT Sherbrooke 605 CFKM DT Trois Rivi res 605 CFRS DT Saguenay 605 CFTF DT Rivi re du Loup 605 CFVS DT Rouyn Noranda on Cablevision du Nord T l Qu bec CIVM DT Montreal 1839 603 501 QC 603 national feed Ind. CHLF HD TFO 1837 694 609 direct to BDU Ind. CHMG TV CHMG HD T l Mag 610 direct to BDU Total 6 3 24 5 6 0 Canadian Foreign French Specialties class wikitable width 100 Channel BellTV Shaw Direct Vid otron Cogeco EastLink Rogers Shaw Notes AddikTV HD 1868 693 516 QC 643 formerly Myst re ARTV HD 1844 631 509 QC 623 Canal D HD 1872 247 636 514 QC 635 Canal Vie HD 1866 243 635 510 QC 774 619 Casa TV ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
