A hexamer is a thing composed out of six sub unit s. In microbiology, a hexamer is one of the proteins composing the polyhedral protein shell that encloses the bacterial micro compartments known as carboxysome carboxysomes . A random hexamer or random hexonucleotides are primers used for various PCR applications such as rolling circle amplification to prime the DNA synthetis. See also commonscat Hexamers wiktionary Hexamer Hexameron Hexa , a prefix mer , an affix chemistry stub Category Oligomers cs Hexamer ... more details
William Hexamer commanded an artillery battery in the American Civil War . Hexamer was born in Koblenz , Germany on April 12, 1825. During the 1848 Revolution he served as an aide to Franz Sigel . Both of them had to go into exile when the revolution failed. ref New York Times , August 26, 1870. ref By 1861, Hexamer, with the rank of major, was commander of a militia battery called the Hudson County Artillery. ref Jackson, p. 73. ref Civil War Service At the beginning of the war, Governor Charles Smith Olden and Hexamer offered his battery to the federal government. At first it was refused, but it was added to the volunteer service after a four month delay, being mustered into service on August 12, 1861. Thereafter it was known as Battery A, First New Jersey Light Artillery. ref Jackson, p. 73. ref The battery served at first with First New Jersey Brigade of BG Philip Kearny in the Peninsula Campaign , where it was part of VI Corps ACW VI Corps in the Army of the Potomac . ref Toombs, p. 3. ref Hexamer s battery next saw action in the Antietam Campaign . http aotw.org officers.php?officer id 466 It served with VI Corps at the Battle of South Mountain Battle of Crampton s Gap and the Battle ... of Fredericksburg with the same division under BG William T. H. Brooks . Hexamer was ill and missed ... Brigade to their left front at the crisis of the attack. ref Toombs, p. 289, 302 303. ref Hexamer ... Campaign and the Battle of Mine Run . In 1864, Hexamer s battery continued in the Reserve Artillery ... in the early stages of the Siege of Petersburg . Hexamer was mustered out of the service on August ... Publications civilwar NJCWn1369.html Post war Hexamer died of a throat infection at his home in Hoboken ... Persondata . NAME Hexamer, William ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1825 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1870 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Hexamer, William Category 1825 births Category ... Category People from Hoboken, New Jersey de Wilhelm Hexamer ... more details
A random hexamer or random hexonucleotides are for various polymerase chain reaction PCR applications such as rolling circle amplification to prime the DNA. ref http www.invitrogen.com site us en home References protocols nucleic acid amplification and expression profiling pcr protocol pcr and rt pcr.html ref References reflist Category Polymerase chain reaction ... more details
Dicdef Multiple issues prose May 2011 unreferenced October 2010 notability May 2011 Other uses Mer disambiguation Mer wiktionarypar mer mer and mer from Greek meros , part are affix es used in the following words. Chemistry or biochemistry Monomer Dimer Trimer Tetramer Pentamer Hexamer Heptamer Octamer Nonamer Decamer Dodecamer Oligomer Polymer Enantiomer Heteromer Homeomer Isomer Biology Merosity , a characteristic regarding the flower petals number in plants Metamery , a characteristic of segmented animals Category suffixes Category prefixes de mer vocab stub chem stub ... more details
, Free Library of Philadelphia last Hexamer first Ernest date 1873 10 30 work Hexamer General Surveys, Volume 8 Plate s 738 739 740 publisher E. Hexamer & Son accessdate 2009 01 03 ref ref cite ..., Free Library of Philadelphia last Hexamer first Ernest date 1886 10 26 work Hexamer General Surveys, Volume 21 Plate s 2041 2042 publisher E. Hexamer & Son accessdate 2009 01 03 ref ref cite web ... Library of Philadelphia last Hexamer first Ernest date 1886 10 26 work Hexamer General Surveys, Volume 21 Plate s 2043 publisher E. Hexamer & Son accessdate 2009 01 03 ref ref cite web url http www.philageohistory.org ... last Hexamer first Ernest date 1893 08 26 work Hexamer General Surveys, Volume 28 Plate s 2693 2694 publisher E. Hexamer & Son accessdate 2009 01 02 ref ref cite web url http www.philageohistory.org ... last Hexamer first Ernest date 1893 08 26 work Hexamer General Surveys, Volume 28 Plate s 2695 publisher E. Hexamer & Son accessdate 2009 01 02 ref Canal Main Main Line of Public Works Pennsylvania ... more details
A hemicucurbituril is a macrocycle composed of alternating units of methylene chem CH 2 and N substituted ethylene urea units. Hemicucurbit 6 uril is a hexamer . This compound closely resembles cucurbituril cut in half along the equator and the chemistry is also similar. The ethylene urea units also alternate with the carbonyl groups assuming alternating up and down positions. For this reason this compound contrary to cucurbituril is unable to form inclusion compound s with metal ions. The compound is formed by reaction of ethylene urea with a 37 solution of formalin and hydrochloric acid in a sequence of Mannich reaction s . The success of the reaction critically depends on the acid concentration, which is why the discovery of the compound took until 2004. A crystalline product settles out of the solution which is the inclusion compound of Hemicucurbituril with water or HCl. These guests can be driven out by application of elevated temperature and a vacuum. With tweaking of the reaction conditions the hemicucurbit 12 uril n 6 is also obtained. Image Hemicucurbituril Reaction.png center 700px References Remarkably Facile Ring Size Control in Macrocyclization Synthesis of Hemicucurbit 6 uril and Hemicucurbit 12 uril Yuji Miyahara, Kenta Goto, Masakazu Oka, Takahiko Inazu Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 43, Issue 38 , Pages 5019 5022 2004 http www3.interscience.wiley.com cgi bin abstract 109630276 ABSTRACT Abstract Category Ureas Category Macrocycles ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2007 Phycoerythrocyanin is a kind of phycobiliproteins , magenta chromoprotein involved in photosynthesis of some Cyanobacteria. This chromoprotein consists of alpha and beta subunits, generally aggregated as hexamer. Alpha phycoerythrocyanin contains a phycoviolobilin, a violet bilin, that covalently attached at Cys 84, and beta phycoerythrocyanin contains two phycocyanobilins, a blue bilin, that covalently attached at Cys 84 and 155, respectively. Phycoerythrocyanin is similar to phycocyanin , an important component of the light harvesting complex phycobilisome of cyanobacteria and red algae. While only phycocyanobilin is covalently bound to phycocyanin , leading to an absorption maximum around 620 nm, phycoerythrocyanin containing both phycoviolobilin and phycocyanobilin leads to an absorption maximum around 575 nm. As both phycoerythrocyanin and phycocyanin have phycocyanobilin acting as the terminal acceptor of energy transfer, they fluoresce around 635 nm, which is absorbed by allophycocyanins that have maximal absorption around 650 nm and maximal fluorescence around 670 nm. Finally, the light energy absorbed by phycoerythrocyanin is transferred to photosynthetic reaction center. Plant Pigments Category Photosynthesis Category Tetrapyrroles biochemistry stub ... more details
The governing Liberal Party of Canada fielded a full slate of candidates in the Canadian federal election, 1984 1984 Canadian federal election , and won forty seats to become the Official Opposition in the parliament that followed. Many of the party s candidates have their own biography pages. Information on others may be found here. Ontario Brant electoral district Brant Peter Hexamer Peter Hexamer is a retired construction engineer in Brantford, Ontario Brantford . He served on the Brant County, Ontario Brant County council for four years before 1980, and in the Brantford municipal election, 1980 1980 municipal election he won election to the Brantford City Council in a temporary ward covering land annexed from the county. ref Brantford Expositor , 2 November 1982, p. 9. ref He was re elected to council in the Brantford municipal election, 1982 1982 election for the city s second ward. After running the House of Commons, he did not seek re election in 1985. After retiring as an engineer, Hexamer started a manufacturing firm and has been credited with inventing a new, highly reliable form of bicycle lock. ref Dick Snyder, The Alcatraz of Bike Locks, Globe and Mail , 8 June 1996, B20. ref He has also been active with the Brant Waterways Foundation. ref Mary Welsh, Waterways foundation total now at 3.5 million, Brantford Expositor , 4 June 2004, B9. ref He owns a wind farm company, and he was profiled in 2010 for setting up a project in St. Kitts and Nevis . ref http stkittsdailynews.com ?p 705 Nevisians benefit from job openings , St. Kitts Daily Star, 23 February 2010, accessed 12 November 2010. ref width 1000 border 1 cellspacing 2 cellpadding 2 Electoral record partial bgcolor EEEEEE align left Election align left Division align left Party align right Votes align right align center Place align center Winner align left Brantford municipal election, 1980 1980 Brantford municipal align left City Council, Ward Six align left n a align right 520 align right 65.16 alig ... more details
File PDB 1pv4 EBI.jpg thumb Rho factor A factor Rho factor is a prokaryote prokaryotic protein involved in the termination factor termination of Transcription genetics transcription . Rho factor is an essential transcription protein in prokaryotes. In Escherichia coli , it is a 275 kD hexamer of identical subunits. Each subunit has an RNA binding domain and an adenosine triphosphate ATP hydrolysis domain. Rho is a member of the family of ATP dependent hexameric helicases that function by wrapping nucleic acids around a single cleft extending around the entire hexamer. Rho functions as an ancillary factor for RNA polymerase . There are two types of transcriptional termination in prokaryotes, factor dependent termination and Intrinsic termination also called Rho independent termination . Rho dependent terminators account for about half of the Escherichia coli factor dependent terminators. Other termination factors discovered in Escherichia coli include Tau and nusA . Rho dependent terminators were first discovered in bacteriophage genomes. A Rho factor acts on an RNA substrate. Rho s key function is its helicase activity, for which energy is provided by an RNA dependent ATP hydrolysis. The initial binding site for Rho is an extended 70 nucleotides, sometimes 80 100 nucleotides single stranded region, rich in cytosine and poor in guanine , called the Rho utilization site r ho ut ilization site or rut , in the RNA being synthesised, upstream of the actual terminator sequence. Several rho binding sequences have been discovered. No consensus is found among these, but the different sequences each seem specific, as small mutations in the sequence disrupts its function. Rho binds to RNA and then uses its ATPase activity to provide the energy to translocate along the RNA until it reaches the RNA DNA helical region, where it unwinds the hybrid duplex structure. RNA polymerase pauses at the termination sequence, which is because there is a specific site around 100nt away from ... more details
where does the factor comes in? Termination is part of the process of transcribing RNA . In eukaryotes , a termination factor is required to release the newly made nascent RNA from the transcription complex . Prokaryote mRNA s often do not require a termination factor an inverted repeat followed by a string of Us uracil s in the mRNA template strand forms a stem loop structure which destabilizes binding by the RNA polymerase and causes Rho independent transcription termination . The most extensively studied transcriptional termination factor is the Rho protein of E. coli . The Rho protein recognizes a cytosine rich region of the elongating mRNA, but the exact features of the recognized sequences remain unknown. Rho forms a ring shaped hexamer and advances along the mRNA, hydrolyzing adenosine triphosphate ATP , toward RNA polymerase 5 to 3 with respect to the mRNA . When the Rho protein reaches the RNA polymerase complex, transcription is terminated by dissociation of the RNA polymerase from the DNA . The structure, as well as the activity, of the Rho protein is similar to that of the F sub 1 sub subunit of ATP synthase , supporting the theory that the two share an evolutionary link. The antibiotic bicyclomycin works by inhibiting Rho. The process of transcriptional termination is less well understood in eukaryotes, which have extensive post transcriptional RNA processing. Each of the three types of eukaryotic RNA polymerase has a different termination system. Eukaryotic termination factors bind to the termination signal region and disturb RNA polymerase II as it moves by, causing it to fall off the DNA strand within the next 300 base pairs. This 300 bp region is removed during processing, before poly A tailing see Polyadenylation . Expert Scientist Vikram Mamak believes that the Termination factor is very important. External links MeshName Peptide Termination Factors Category Molecular genetics Category Gene expression genetics stub uk ... more details
File West Branch, Indian Creek, Culvert, Morris Park, Philadelphia.jpg thumb West branch, Indian Creek, entering the culvert in Morris Park Indian Creek is a tributary of Cobbs Creek in the Philadelphia area of Pennsylvania in the United States . Indian Creek has two branches that have their sources in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania Wynnewood , Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Montgomery County . The West Branch flows through the neighborhood of Penn Wynne, Pennsylvania Penn Wynne and the East Branch flows through the Green Hill Condominiums. After flowing across City Line Avenue U.S. Route 1 into Philadelphia, they enter Morris Park. Near Haverford Avenue both streams are piped underground, joining up beneath a recreational area within Morris park. The combined Indian Creek re emerges on the south side of Haverford Avenue near 69th Street, and flows through more parkland and then the Cobbs Creek Golf Course, until it joins Cobbs Creek near the 69th Street Terminal. The creek was once the site of a number of factories and mills. See also List of rivers of Pennsylvania References http www.phillyh2o.org backpages OverbrookHistory.htm and other pages on the Philly H20 website. http www.philageohistory.org rdic images HGS view hgs.cfm HGSv15.1404 and other Hexamer General Surveys from the PhilaGeohistory website coord missing Pennsylvania Category Rivers of Pennsylvania Category Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Category Tributaries of the Delaware River Category Geography of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania MontgomeryPA geo stub ... more details
Millbourne Mills was a flour mill owned by the Sellers family in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania Upper Darby Township , Pennsylvania , U.S.A. , as well as the name of a former railroad station located there. The Pennsylvania Railroad Pennsylvania Railroad s Cardington Branch ended there, where interchange was made with the Philadelphia and Western Railroad . Deliveries were also made to the Philadelphia and West Chester Traction Company and to the Philadelphia Rapid Transit Company . No interchange of cars was possible with the latter two railroads due to the difference in rail gauge . The mill produced flour under the King Midas Flour brand. Millbourne Mills closed in 1927. A Sears, Roebuck and Company Sears store later occupied the location, which was later torn down. Millbourne exists today as a borough in Delaware County, between Upper Darby Township and the city of Philadelphia. It is served by the Millbourne Station on the SEPTA Market Frankford Line . References http home.swipnet.se roland kingmidas.html King Midas Flour http home.comcast.net pdcrr History PhotoAlbum MillbourneMills MillbourneMillsStation.htm Photos of site of former Millbourne Mills station http www.philageohistory.org rdic images HGSv26 HGSv26.2521.htm Hexamer General Surveys, Volume 26 Millbourne Mills Photograph of the flour mill, 1892 http www.rootsweb.com usgenweb pa delaware area.htm Millbourne Mills, owned by John and Elizabeth Poole Sellers. Archival photos http kc.pennsyrr.com guide cardington.html Hobo s Guide to the Pennsy Cardington Branch Category Companies based in Pennsylvania Category Stations along Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington Railroad lines Category Flour mills in the United States Category Companies disestablished in 1927 Category Buildings and structures in Delaware County, Pennsylvania ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE hisB lowercase first letter and italics The hisB gene, found in the Enterobacteriaceae enterobacteria such as E. coli , in Campylobacter jejuni and in Xylella Xanthomonas encodes a protein involved in catalysis of two step in histidine biosynthesis the sixth and eight step , namely the bifunctional Imidazoleglycerol phosphate dehydratase histidinol phosphatase . ref cite pmid 15042344 ref The former function EC number 4.2.1.19 , found at the N terminal , dehydrated small d small erythroimidazoleglycerolphosphate to imidazoleacetolphosphate, the latter function EC number 3.1.3.15 , found at the C terminal , dephosphorylates small l small histidinolphosphate producing histidinol. ref Parker95 Parker, A.R., Moore, J.A., Schwab, J.M., Davisson, V.J. 1995 . Escherichia coli Imidazoleglycerol Phosphate Dehydratase Spectroscopic Characterization of the Enzymic Product and the Steric Course of the Reaction. Journal of the American Chemical Society. ref ref cite pmid 6284708 ref ref cite pmid 6309747 ref The firth step is catalysed instead by histadinolphosphate aminotransferase encoded by hisC ref cite pmid 21097882 ref The peptide is 40.5kDa and associates to form a hexamer unless truncated ref cite pmid 16966333 ref In E. coli hisB is found on the hisGDCBHAFI operon ref cite pmid 1592835 ref The phosphatase activity possess a substrate ambiguity and overexpression of hisB can rescue phosphoserine phosphatase serB knockouts. ref cite pmid 17884825 ref Reactions hisB N D erythro 1 imidazol 4 yl glycerol 3 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math 3 imidazol 4 yl 2 oxopropyl phosphate H sub 2 sub O hisB C L histidinol phosphate H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math L histidinol phosphate Non fusion protein in other species HIS3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not a fused IGP dehydratase and hisidinol phosphatase, but a IGPD only homologous to hisB N . Whereas HIS2 is the HP analogous to hisB C, called hisJ in some prokaryotes . References reflist genetics stub ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Taut Name 4 oxalocrotonate tautomerase Pfam PF01361 InterPro IPR004370 PROSITE CDD cd00491 PDB PDB 1bjp PDB 1gyj PDB 1gyx PDB 1gyy PDB 1otf PDB 1s0y PDB 4ota PDB 4otb PDB 4otc 4 Oxalocrotonate tautomerase EC 5.3.2. 4 OT is an enzyme that converts 2 hydroxymuconate to the unsaturated ketone, 2 oxo 3 hexenedioate. ref cite journal author Chen LH, Kenyon GL, Curtin F, Harayama S, Bembenek ME, Hajipour G, Whitman CP title 4 Oxalocrotonate tautomerase, an enzyme composed of 62 amino acid residues per monomer journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 267 issue 25 pages 17716 21 year 1992 pmid 1339435 ref This enzyme forms part of a bacteria l metabolic pathway that oxidatively catabolism catabolizes toluene , o xylene , 3 ethyltoluene, and 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene into intermediates of the citric acid cycle . With a monomer size of just 62 amino acid residues, the 4 Oxalocrotonate tautomerase is one of the smallest enzyme subunits known. ref cite journal author Whitman CP title The 4 oxalocrotonate tautomerase family of enzymes how nature makes new enzymes using a beta alpha beta structural motif journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 402 issue 1 pages 1 13 year 2002 pmid 12051677 doi 10.1016 S0003 9861 02 00052 8 ref However, in solution, the enzyme forms a hexamer of six identical subunits, so the active site may be formed by amino acid residues from several subunits. This enzyme is also unusual in that it uses a proline residue at the amino terminus as an active site residue. References reflist Category EC 5.3.2 isomerase stub da 4 Oxalocrotonattautomerase ... more details
protein Name Ribonuclease PH caption Structure of the RNase PH hexamer image Crystal structure 1UDN.jpg width 220 HGNCid Symbol RNASEPH AltSymbols EntrezGene OMIM RefSeq UniProt PDB ECnumber 2.7.7.56 Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData RNase PH is an 3 5 exoribonuclease and nucleotidyltransferase , present in archaea and bacteria , that is involved in tRNA processing. Contrary to hydrolytic enzymes, it is a phosphorolysis phosphorolytic enzyme, meaning that it uses inorganic phosphate as a cofactor to cleave nucleotide nucleotide bonds, releasing diphosphate nucleotides . The active structure of the proteins is actually a homohexameric complex, consisting of three RNase PH dimers. ref cite journal author Ishii et al. title Crystal structure of the tRNA processing enzyme RNase PH from Aquifex aeolicus journal J Biol Chem. volume 278 pages 32397 404 year 2003 pmid 12746447 doi 10.1074 jbc.M300639200 last2 Nureki first2 O last3 Yokoyama first3 S issue 34 ref RNase PH has homology biology homologues in many other organisms, which are referred to as RNase PH like proteins. The part of another larger protein with a protein domain domain that is very similar to RNase PH is called an RNase PH domain RPD . See also Two highly related exoribonuclease complexes Polynucleotide phosphorylase Exosome complex References references External links http www.rcsb.org pdb explore.do?structureId 1UDN Crystal structure of Aquifex aeolicus RNase PH at the RCSB Protein Data Bank Kinases Category Ribonucleases Category EC 2.7.7 transferase stub fr RNase PH ... more details
enzyme Name UMP kinase EC number 2.7.4.22 CAS number 9036 23 1 IUBMB EC number 2 7 4 22 GO code 0033862 image width caption In enzymology , an UMP kinase EC number 2.7.4.22 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP UMP math rightleftharpoons math ADP UDP Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and uridine monophosphate UMP , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and uridine diphosphate UDP . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a phosphate group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP UMP phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include uridylate kinase , UMPK , uridine monophosphate kinase , PyrH , UMP kinase , and SmbA . This enzyme participates in pyrimidine metabolism . Structural studies As of March 2010, 19 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, and are deposited in the Protein Data Bank PDB . All have a 3 layer aba sandwich architecture CATH code 3.40.1160.10 . These include accession codes PDB link 2J4J , PDB link 2J4K , PDB link 2J4L , and PDB link 2VA1 . Search for all UMP Kinases in the PDB using the http www.ebi.ac.uk pdbe srv PDBeXplore enzyme enzyme Browser at http www.pdbe.org PDBe . input the EC number References reflist 1 cite journal author Gilles AM, Barzu O date 1995 title Escherichia coli UMP kinase, a member of the aspartokinase family, is a hexamer regulated by guanine nucleotides and UTP journal Biochemistry. volume 34 pages 5066 5074 pmid 7711027 doi 10.1021 bi00015a018 issue 15 cite journal author Marco Marin C, Gil Ortiz F, Rubio V date 2005 title The crystal structure of Pyrococcus furiosus UMP kinase provides insight into catalysis and regulation in microbial pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 352 pages 438 454 pmid 16095620 doi 10.1016 j. ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 445937264 ImageFile Silver fulminate.png ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 5610 59 3 PubChem 62585 SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula AgCNO MolarMass 149.885 g mol sup 1 sup Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Explosive ShockSens Very high FrictionSens Very high ExplosiveV REFactor Section4 Chembox Hazards MainHazards Sensitive high explosive FlashPt Autoignition 170 C Silver fulminate AgCNO is an explosive, Ionic compound ionic , fulminic acid Salt chemistry salt of silver . Silver fulminate is a primary explosive that has very little practical value due to its extreme sensitivity to impact, heat, pressure and electricity. The compound becomes progressively sensitive as it is aggregated, even in small amounts the touch of a falling feather , the impact of a single water droplet or a small static discharge are all capable of explosively detonating an unconfined pile of silver fulminate no larger than a dime and no heavier than a few milligrams . Aggregation of larger quantities is impossible due to the compound s tendency to self detonate under its own weight. Silver fulminate was first prepared in 1800 by Edward Charles Howard in his research project to prepare a large variety of fulminates . Since its discovery, its only practical usage has been in producing non damaging novelty noisemakers as children s toys and tricks. Structure Image Silver fulminate cyclic hexamer from trigonal xtal 3D balls A.png 150px thumb left Ball and stick model of the cyclic hexamer in trigonal silver fulminate Silver fulminate occurs in two polymorphism materials science polymorphic forms , an Orthorhombic crystal system orthorhombic one and a trigonal one with a Trigonal crystal system Rhombohedral lattice system rhombohedral lattice . ref cite journal journal Acta Cryst. volume 19 issue 4 month October year 1965 pages 662 668 doi 10.1107 S0365110X6500405X title Th ... more details
subunits hexamer each with one oxygen binding site binding of oxygen on one unit in the complex would increase the affinity of the neighboring units. Each hexamer complex was arranged together to form ... may be arranged in protein dimer dimer s or hexamer s depending on species, the dimer or hexamer ... more details
In chemistry , an oligomer is a molecule that consists of a few monomer units , or oligos, is Greek for a few , in contrast to a polymer that, at least in principle, consists of an unlimited number of monomers. ref http goldbook.iupac.org O04286.html IUPAC Goldbook Oligomer molecule ref Dimer chemistry Dimer s, Trimer chemistry trimer s, and tetramer s are oligomers. Many oils are oligomeric, such as Liquid paraffin medicinal liquid paraffin . Plasticizers are oligomeric ester s widely used to soften thermoplastics such as polyvinyl chloride PVC . They may be made from monomer s by linking them together, or by separation from the higher fractions of crude oil . Polybutene is an oligomeric oil used to make putty . Greek prefixes are often used to designate the number of monomer units in the oligomer, for example a tetramer being composed of four units and a hexamer of six. In biochemistry , the term oligomer is used for short, single stranded nucleic acid fragments, such as deoxyribonucleic acid DNA or ribonucleic acid RNA , or similar fragments of analogs of nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid or Morpholino s. Such oligos are used in hybridisation molecular biology hybridization experiments bound to glass slides or nylon membranes , as probes for in situ hybridization or in antisense experiments such as gene knockdown s. It can also refer to a protein complex made of two or more Protein subunit subunit s. In this case, a complex made of several different protein subunits is called a hetero oligomer or heteromer . When only one type of protein subunit is used in the complex, it is called a homo oligomer or homomer. Oligomerization is a chemical process that converts monomers to a finite degree of polymerization . The actual figure is a matter of debate, often a value between 10 and 100. Citation needed date July 2010 When an oligomer forms as a result of chain transfer the oligomer is called a telomer and the process telomerization . ref IUPAC Gold Book ... more details
last3 Pfannkoch first3 C last4 Venter first4 JC ref Hexamer primers Hexamer primers are sequences composed ... of random hexamer primers to the DNA template and then continues with the chain elongation ... is due to the random design of hexamer primers. One possible solution is to design constrained ... more details
helium environment the hexamer is found to be a cyclic planar assembly but in the gas phase the cage ... of hexamer and pentamer rings containing cavities capable of enclosing small solutes. In yet another ... more details
Image HLA A11.png thumb 274px right Rendering of HLA A11 showing the font color 00CBC8 A 1101 gene product font and font color F08080 Beta 2 microglobin font subunits. This receptor has a font color EEC700 bound peptide font in the binding pocket of heterologous origin that also contributes to function. In structural biology , a protein subunit or subunit protein is a single protein molecule that assembles or coassembles with other protein molecules to form a protein complex a multimeric or oligomeric protein. Many naturally occurring proteins and enzyme s are multimeric. Examples include oligomeric hemoglobin , DNA polymerase , nucleosome s and multimeric ion channel s, microtubule s and other cytoskeleton proteins. The subunits of a multimeric protein may be identical, homology biology homologous or totally dissimilar and dedicated to disparate tasks. In some protein assemblies, one subunit may be referred to as a regulatory subunit and another as a catalytic subunit. An enzyme composed of both regulatory and catalytic subunits when assembled is often referred to as a holoenzyme . One subunit is made of one polypeptide chain. A polypeptide chain has one gene coding for it meaning that a protein must have one gene for each unique subunit. A subunit is often named with a Greek or Roman letter, and the numbers of this type of subunit in a protein is indicated by a subscript. For example, ATP synthase has a type of subunit called &alpha . Three of these are present in the ATP synthase molecule, and is therefore designated &alpha sub 3 sub . Larger groups of subunits can also the specified, like &alpha sub 3 sub &beta sub 3 sub hexamer and c ring. Vaccines A subunit vaccine presents an antigen to the immune system without introducing viral particles, whole or otherwise. One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein from a virus and administering this by itself. A weakness of this technique is that isolated proteins can be denatured and will then ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
