primarysources date May 2008 Ruby is a hardwaredescription language created around 1990 intended to facilitate the notation and development of integrated circuit s. References http web.comlab.ox.ac.uk oucl work geraint.jones ruby Ruby homepage Category Hardwaredescription languages hardware stub ... more details
In electronics , a hardwaredescription language or HDL is any language from a class of computer language s, specification language s, or modeling language s for formal description and design of electronic ... time, and this is why they do not function as a hardwaredescription language. Before the recent introduction ... hardwaredescription or software programming language, a software program called a synthesizer or Logic ... does not itself make a hardwaredescription language. History The first hardwaredescription languages ... Fundamentals and Standards in HardwareDescription Languages Springer Verlag, 1993 ref . In 1983 Data ... from the U.S. Department of Defense led to the development of VHDL VHSIC HardwareDescription ... circuit changes. An HDL description can also be prototyped and tested in hardware programmable logic ... Language HDL an open analog hardwaredescription language SpectreHDL SpectreHDL a proprietary analogue hardwaredescription language Verilog AMS Verilog for Analog and Mixed Signal an open standard ... analogue hardwaredescription language Digital circuit design The two most widely used and well supported ... Expression Language Altera HardwareDescription Language AHDL Altera HDL a proprietary language ... language Haskell Lola hardwaredescription language Lola a simple language used for teaching M disambiguation ... based on the Ruby programming language Ruby programming language Ruby hardwaredescription language ... DEFAULTSORT HardwareDescription Language Category Hardwaredescription languages Category Technical ... nl Hardwarebeschrijvingstaal ja pl HardwareDescription Language pt Linguagem de ..., which is a primary attribute of hardware. Languages whose only characteristic is to express ... of hardware. A simulation program, designed to implement the underlying semantics of the language statements, coupled with simulating the progress of time, provides the hardware designer with the ability to model a piece of hardware before it is created physically. It is this executability that gives ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 AHDL is a Proprietary software proprietary digital HardwareDescription Language HDL from Altera Corporation for programming their Complex Programmable Logic Device s CPLD and Field Programmable Gate Array s FPGA . This language has an Ada programming language like syntax and similar operation to VHDL or Verilog . It is supported by Altera s Quartus and Max series of compilers. A disadvantage of AHDL is that it is proprietary. An advantage of AHDL is that all language constructs are synthesizable. AHDL is to Verilog much as assembly language is to a higher level programming language in AHDL, you have more control but less high level support. Example pre a simple AHDL up counter, released to public domain 13 November 2006 block quotations achieved with percent sign like c, ahdl functions must be prototyped PROTOTYPE FUNCTION COUNTER CLK RETURNS CNTOUT 7..0 function declaration, where inputs, outputs, and bidirectional pins are declared also like c, square brakets indicate an array SUBDESIGN COUNTER CLK INPUT CNTOUT 7..0 OUTPUT variables can be anything from flip flops as in this case , tri state buffers, state machines, to user defined functions VARIABLE TIMER 7..0 DFF as with all hardwaredescription languages, think of this less as an algorithm and more as wiring nodes together BEGIN DEFAULTS TIMER .prn VCC this takes care of d ff resets TIMER .clrn VCC END DEFAULTS TIMER .d TIMER .q H 1 END pre Use dmy dates date September 2010 Category Hardwaredescription languages Electronics stub de AHDL es AHDL ko AHDL ja AHDL pl AHDL ru AHDL tr AHDL Altera ... more details
Otheruses Description disambiguation Wiktionary for the Hasidic musician DeScribe Description is one of four rhetorical modes also known as modes of discourse , along with Exposition literary technique exposition , argumentation , and narrative mode narration . Each of the rhetorical modes is present in a variety of forms and each has its own purpose and Convention norm conventions . Description is also the Fiction writing modes fiction writing mode for transmitting a Imagination mental image of the particulars of a story . Description as a fiction writing mode Fiction is a form of narrative , one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction writing also has distinct forms of expression, or modes, each with its own purposes and conventions. Agent and author Evan Marshall agent identifies five fiction writing modes action, summary, dialogue, feelings thoughts, and background Harvard citation Marshall 1988 pp 143 165 . Author and writing instructor Jessica Page Morrell lists six delivery modes for fiction writing action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition Harvard citation Morrell 2006 p 127 . Author Peter Selgin refers to methods , including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description Harvard citation Selgin 2007 p 38 . Currently, there is no consensus ... mode s and their uses. Description is the fiction writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description ... , edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details it is bringing something ... citation Polking p 106 The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description ... a reader s response. Philosophy In philosophy has the nature of description been an important ... Physics The word description can be used interchangeably with the word Scientific theory theory References ... Description gl Descrici n id Deskripsi it Descrizione nl Beschrijving pt Descri o ro Descriere tl ... more details
Other uses Hardware is a general term for equipment that can be touched held by hand such as Key lock keys , lock device lock s, hinge s, latch hardware latch es, handle grip handle s, wire , chains, plumbing supplies, Electrical Supplies, tool s, food utensil utensil s, cutlery and machine parts. Household hardware is typically sold in hardware store s. wiktionary Category Equipment Category Article Feedback 5 tool stub bg cy Caledwedd ko kk ml mhr ps ru simple Hardware ckb tr Donan m ... more details
Description language may refer to Interface description language aka interface definition language IDL Regular Language description for XML RELAX Web Services Description Language WSDL Page description language PDL Binary Format Description language extension of XSIL Hardwaredescription language for circuits VHSIC hardwaredescription language for Field programmable gate arrays, and logic circuits Job Submission Description Language Architecture description language Specification and Description Language a specification language Character Description Language for CJK fonts Scene description language See also DDL disambiguation Specification and Design Language disambig ... more details
wiktionary description A description of something such as an object, a person, or an event is a written or spoken account presenting characteristics and aspects of that which is being described in sufficient detail that the audience can form a mental picture, impression, or understanding of it. Description may also refer to Definite description , is discussed in the Philosophy of Language , as a phrase that denotation denotes an object. Description linguistics , analyzing and describing how language is spoken by a group of people in a speech community Description , a rhetorical mode Mathematical model , a description in mathematical language of a system Scientific theory , a description of an aspect of the natural world Species description , is a formal description of a newly defined species in biological taxonomy disambig de Beschreibung ... more details
Motif description is a form of dance notation . It is a subset and reconception of Labanotation sharing a common lexis . The main difference between the two forms is the type of information they record. Labanotation Detailed description of movement so it may be reproduced exactly as it was performed or conceived. Motif description Depicts the most important elements, the essential aspects of the movement sequence. Motif description was created by Ann Hutchinson Guest as a way to notate and record the essence of a movement sequence without the rigidity of Labanotation. Citation needed date February 2007 Many though not all of the symbols are the same though the structure and grammar are slightly different. Motif description is often used as an alternative to Labanotation when information needs to be written down quickly. See also Labanotation Rudolf Laban movement notation Dance score External links http dancenotation.org DNB lnbasics motif.html Motif Description http www.lodc.org Language of Dance Adaptation of Motif Description https sites.google.com site movingaboutsite Moving About Motif Notation DEFAULTSORT Motif Description Category Dance notation dance stub ... more details
refimprove date February 2008 A product description in project management is a structured format of presenting information about a product project management project product . Product description is usually created by the project manager and approved by the project board. ref http www.pmhut.com prince2 E2 84 A2 components PRINCE2 Components Jay Siegelaub ref The structure of product description, according to PRINCE2 Identifier Title Purpose Composition Derivation Format and presentation Development Skill Required Quality criteria Quality tolerances Quality method Quality skills required Quality Responsibilities See also List of project management topics Project plan References references DEFAULTSORT Product Description Category Project management Category PRINCE2 ... more details
Audio description refers to an additional narration track for blindness blind and visually impaired consumers ... cite web url http www.dcmp.org descriptionkey title Description Key for Educational Media publisher ... For the performing arts theater , dance , opera , and media television , film movies and DVD , description ... or visual art exhibitions, audio described tours or universally designed tours that include description ... audio description in their presentations. Audio description of sporting events is now becoming more common, in particular at soccer stadiums. Researchers are working to show how description, through ... 2009, the American Council of the Blind ACB established the Audio Description Project ADP to boost levels of description activity and disseminate information on that work throughout the United States and worldwide. With respect to description and media, broadcast systems in Canada and the United States are transmitted digitally and access to description on the former SAP second audio program ... streams of audio, e.g., Spanish translation, audio description, audio description in Spanish, etc ... audio stream for the description audio. In addition, consumers who are blind or visually impaired face the accessibility obstacle of having to turn the description track on and off using visual menu systems they can t see. Similarly, the limited number of DVDs available with description in North America ... of an audio menu on no more than a handful of those DVDs. Broadcast audio description in the U.K. ... from the television programme. However most people receive audio description via digital satellite television or cable television . Consumers can simply select audio description or Narrative ... is pre mixed the traditional way of experiencing description through TV. ref name uk system cite web url http www.rnib.org.uk livingwithsightloss tvradiofilm television adtv Pages audio description tv.aspx title Audio Description on TV publisher Royal National Institute of Blind People date January ... more details
A Land description consists of the written words which delineate a specific piece of real property . Also known as a Legal Description . In the written transfer of real property, it is universally required that the instrument of conveyance deed include a written description of the property. Legal land description Canada In many parts of Canada the original subdivision of crown land was done by Township Canada township surveys. Different sizes of townships have been used eg, Qu bec s irregularly shaped cantons and Ontario s concession townships , but all were designed to provide rectangular farm ... of the township was registered and the lots sometimes called sections were numbered. The description ... within the township. A legal land description in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta would be defined ... land description of SE 12 20 33 W1, which would be the South East Dominion Land Survey quarter ... of the first meridian geography meridian . A legal land description in British Columbia Fraser Valley ... system. Metes and bounds Bounded By description An aliquot part of the US Public Land Survey System The legal description of a tract of land under the PLSS includes the name of the state, name of the county ... system or lot shown on a similar Subdivision land subdivision map A strip description Section United States land surveying sections The proper method of constructing a description of a parcel of rural ... principles be consistent no matter whether the land description is constructed longhand or in the commonly accepted shorthand method. It is important that there be no commas in the description it should read as a continuous string and the primary words should be capitalized. A correct longhand description ... Principal Meridian. The same description in shorthand looks like this SE of Sec. 31 T125N R87W of the 5th P.M. or, still shorter, like this SE 31 T125N R87W. An improperly constructed land description ... showing District Lots DEFAULTSORT Land Description Category Surveying nl kadastrale aanduiding ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 A job description is a list that a person might use for general tasks, or functions, and Moral responsibility responsibilities of a position. It may often include to whom the position reports, specifications such as the wikt qualification qualification s or skills needed by the person in the job, or a salary range. Job descriptions are usually narrative, ref cite book last Torrington & Hall title Personnel Management A New Approach publisher Prentice Hall International isbn 0 13 658501 9 pages 205 ref but some may instead comprise a simple list of competencies for instance, strategic human resource planning methodologies may be used to develop a competency architecture for an organization, from which job descriptions are built as a shortlist of competencies. Creating a job description A job description is usually developed by conducting a job analysis, which includes examining the tasks and sequences of tasks necessary to perform the job. The analysis considers the areas of knowledge and skills needed for the job. A job usually includes several roles. The job description might be broadened to form a person specification or may be known as Terms Of Reference Roles and responsibilities A job description may include relationships with other people in the organization Supervisory level, managerial requirements, and relationships with other colleagues. Goals A job description need not be limited to explaining the current situation, or work that is currently expected it may also set out goals for what might be achieved in future. Limitations Prescriptive job descriptions may be seen as a hindrance in certain circumstances ref Ungerson, 1983 ref Job descriptions may not be suitable for some senior managers as they should have the freedom to take the initiative ... content may lead to the job description being out of date The process that an organisation uses to create ... Job Description Category Recruitment business stub ar de Stellenbeschreibung it Descrizione ... more details
Description numbers are numbers that arise in the theory of Turing machine s. They are very similar to G del number s, and are also occasionally called G del numbers in the literature. Given some universal Turing machine , every Turing machine can, given its encoding on that machine, be assigned a number. This is the machine s description number. These numbers play a key role in Alan Turing s proof of the undecidability of the halting problem , and are very useful in reasoning about Turing machines as well. An example of a description number Say we had a Turing machine M with states q sub 1 sub , ... q sub R sub , with a tape alphabet with symbols s sub 1 sub , ... s sub m sub , with the blank denoted by s sub 0 sub , and transitions giving the current state, current symbol, and actions performed which might be to overwrite the current tape symbol and move the tape head left or right, or maybe not move it at all , and the next state. Under the original universal machine described by Alan Turing, this machine would be encoded as input to it as follows The state q sub i sub is encoded by the letter D followed by the letter A repeated i times a unary encoding The tape symbol s sub j sub ..., and by 7, we would have an encoding of the Turing machine as a natural number this is the description ... above would thus have the description number 313322531173113325317. There is an analogous process ... a description number in this way the point is that every natural number may be interpreted as the code ... proofs Description numbers play a key role in many undecidability proofs, such as the proof ... of the universal Turing machine given a description number e and input x, returning 0 if e is not the description ... of settling the halting problem, i.e. a Turing machine TEST e which given the description number ... is built up from what we have assumed are Turing machines as well then it too must have a description number, call it e. So, we can feed the description number e to the UTM again, and by definition ... more details
Orphan date November 2007 Cognitive description is a term used in psychology to describe the cognitive workings of the human mind. A cognitive description specifies what kinds of information is input to a cognitive action, how this information is processed and transformed, what data structures are used and what behaviour is generated. ref John Tooby Tooby, John and Leda Cosmides Cosmides, Leda 1992 The Psychological Foundations of Culture , in Barkow, Jerome H., Cosmides, Leda, Tooby, John, 1992 The Adapted Mind Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0 19 506023 7, page 64. ref See also Portal Thinking Cognitive module References Reflist Category Behavioural sciences Category Cognition Category Evolutionary psychology Category Ethology Category Semantics Philosophy stub ... more details
The contrasting expressions knowledge by description and knowledge by acquaintance were promoted by Bertrand Russell , who was extremely critical of the equivocal nature of the word know , and believed that the equivocation arose from a failure to distinguish between the two fundamentally different types of knowledge. ref Lazerowitz p.403 prefers direct knowledge and indirect knowledge for knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description respectively. The pursuit of knowledge by acquaintance is always susceptible to what James 1890, pp.196 197 labelled the psychologist s fallacy namely, the psychologists tendency to confuse their analyses of subjective experience with the nature of reality the great snare of the psychologist is the confusion of his own standpoint with that of the mental fact about which he is making his report . Parker 1945b, p.458 holds the strong opinion that the term knowledge by description is extremely misleading. He advocated using knowledge merely by description . ref Grote In 1865, philosopher John Grote distinguished between what he described as knowledge of acquaintance and knowledge about . Grote noted that these distinctions were made in many languages. He cited Greek and , Latin noscere and scire , German kennen and wissen , and French ..., which is when we have knowledge by acquaintance, and some of it is indirect, which depends on a description ... that he is experiencing a pain, then one only knows this by virtue of his description of the pain, and not because one is directly acquainted with it this is knowledge by description. Notes references ... One , Henry Holt and Company, New York , 1890. Lazerowitz, M., Knowledge by Description , The Philosophical ... by Description , The Philosophical Review , Vol.54, No.5, September 1945 , pp.458 488. Russell, B., Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description , Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society ... plato.stanford.edu entries knowledge acquaindescrip Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description . Entry ... more details
In anthropology and other fields, a thick description of a human behavior is one that explains not just the behavior, but its context as well, such that the behavior becomes meaningful to an outsider. The term was used by the anthropologist Clifford Geertz in his The Interpretation of Cultures 1973 to describe his own method of doing ethnography Geertz 1973 5 6, 9 10 . Since then, the term and the methodology it represents has gained currency in the social science s and beyond. Today, thick description is used in a variety of fields, including the type of literary criticism known as New Historicism . In his essay Thick Description Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture 1973 , Geertz explains that he adopted the term from philosopher Gilbert Ryle , specifically his lecture What is le Penseur doing? See also Contextualism Cultural studies Indexicality References Geertz, Clifford. Thick Description Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture . In The Interpretation of Cultures Selected Essays . New York Basic Books, 1973. 3 30. Deirdre McCloskey McCloskey, Deirdre . Thick and Thin Methodologies in the History of Economic Thought . In The Popperian Legacy in Economics . Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1988. 245 57. External links Ryle, Gilbert. http lucy.ukc.ac.uk CSACSIA Vol14 Papers ryle 1.html What is le Penseur doing? lecture by Ryle 1971 , and later published in his collected papers. anthropology stub Category Social sciences Category Anthropology de Dichte Beschreibung ko ja pl G sty opis pt Descri o densa ... more details
A description error is an error that occurs when a person performs an action on an object that is not the intended object. This error can be very disorienting and usually causes a brief loss of situation awareness or automation surprise if noticed right away. But much worse, if it goes unnoticed, it could cause more serious problems. So allowances such as clearly highlighting a selected item should be made in interaction design . External links http www.usabilityfirst.com glossary term 1200.txl Definition at Usabilityfirst.com Category Human behavior design stub pt Erro de descri o ... more details
A species description or type description is a formal description of a newly discovered species , usually in the form of a scientific paper . Its purpose is to give a clear description of a new species of organism and explain how it differs from species which have been described previously, or are related. The species description also contains photographs or other illustrations of the type biology type material and explains in which museums the holotype and other name bearing type types such as paratype s have been deposited. It is customary for scientist s to introduce all relevant new findings and research in a scientific paper, which is peer review scrutinised by other scientists peer review and, if accepted, published in a scientific journal of the appropriate discipline this applies to the discovery and naming of a new species or other taxon . In many cases the scientific community will not formally accept the existence of a new species with a scientific name until a species description has been published, even when it may seem obvious that the species is indeed new. History of species descriptions File Linn Systema Naturae 1735.jpg thumb right Original title page of Linnaeus s Systema Naturae , published in 1735. Early biologists often published entire volumes or multiple volume works of descriptions in an attempt to catalog all known species. These catalogs typically featured extensive descriptions of each species and were often illustrated upon reprinting. The first of these large catalogs was Aristotle s History of Animals , published around 343 B.C. Aristotle included ... several volumes of his Natural History Pliny Natural History to the description of all life forms he ... s of the Iceland ic seas. These descriptions were brief and often erroneous, and a description ... between the new taxon and other taxa, and provide a name for it. The description is submitted .... Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231068247 DEFAULTSORT Species Description Category Biology Category ... more details
Description logic DL is a family of formal knowledge representation languages. It is more expressive .... Introduction A Description Logic DL models concepts , roles and individuals , and their relationships ... class concept property role object individual Naming convention There are many varieties of Description ... description language, ref cite journal last1 Levesque first1 Hector J. author1 link Hector Levesque ... mathcal ALC math is a centrally important description logic from which comparisons with other varieties ... allowed, not just atomic concepts. A further example, the description logic math mathcal SHIQ math ... mathcal D math , and for OWL Lite it is math mathcal SHIF mathcal D math . History Description logic ... Sattler Chapter 3 Description Logics . In Frank van Harmelen, Vladimir Lifschitz, and Bruce Porter ... Ontology Reasoning in the SHOQ D Description Logic , in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International ... of DAML OIL . In Proceedings of the 2001 Description Logic Workshop DL 2001 , volume 49 ... accessdate 2010 12 14 ref OWL2 is based on the description logic math mathcal SROIQ mathcal ... of Description Logic that are not shared by most other data description formalisms DL does not make ... not immediately imply knowledge of the negation of a fact. Formal description Like first order logic FOL , a Syntax logic syntax defines which collections of symbols are legal expressions in a Description ... variants. ref name HS Syntax The syntax of a member of the description logic family is characterized ... Description Example Read math top math all concept names math top math top math bot math empty set ... related to b The description logic ALC The prototypical DL Attributive Concept Language with Complements ... . Semantics The semantics of description logic are defined by interpreting concepts as sets of individuals ... and roles. This is done by using a recursive definition similar to the syntax. The description ... to the ability to describe concepts formally, one also would like to employ the description of a set ... more details
, which was related to A Description of the Morning and was entitled A Description of a City ... Hogarth, was inspired by A Depiction of the Morning , among other works. A Description of the Morning ... poem Trivia , as well as Swift s own A Description of a City Shower . ref name sw2 Notes Reflist References Wikisource A Description of the Morning Fairer, David Gerrard, Christine &ndash Eighteenth ... 0 7100 9645 3 DEFAULTSORT Description Of The Morning, A Category English poems Category 1710 poems Category ... more details
Description of a Project DOAP is an RDF Schema RDF schema and Extensible Markup Language XML vocabulary to describe software projects, and in particular open source . It was created and initially developed by Edd Dumbill to convey semantically information associated with open source software projects. It is currently used in the Mozilla Foundation Mozilla Foundation s project page and in several other software repositories. There are currently generators, validator s, viewers, and converters to enable more projects to be able to be included in the semantic web . Freshmeat s 43 000 projects are now available published with DOAP. ref cite web url http fgiasson.com blog index.php 2007 08 04 freshmeatnet now available in doap 43 000 new doap projects title Freshmeat.net now available in DOAP 43 000 new DOAP projects at Frederick Giasson s Weblog accessdate 2010 04 08 ref Major properties include doap homepage, doap developer, doap programming language, doap os Here s an example in RDF code syntaxhighlight lang xml style font size x small rdf RDF xmlns rdf http www.w3.org 1999 02 22 rdf syntax ns xmlns doap http example.com ns doap doap Project doap name Example project doap name doap homepage rdf resource http example.com doap programming language javascript doap programming language doap license rdf resource http example.com doap licenses gpl doap Project rdf RDF syntaxhighlight code Other properties include Implements specification, anonymous root, platform, browse, mailing list, category, description, helper, tester, short description, audience, screenshots, translator, module, documenter, wiki, repository, name, repository location, language, service endpoint, created, download mirror, vendor, old homepage, revision, download page, license, bug database, maintainer, blog, file release, and release DOAP can be generated using http crschmidt.net semweb doapamatic doapamatic . External links http usefulinc.com doap The DOAP homepage http www.oss watch.ac.uk resources doap.xml ... more details
man on a litter, from Tony Pemberton s short film adaptation. Description of a Struggle is one of Kafka ... in winter with his acquaintance. Criticism Description of a Struggle is not usually considered one ... version of Description of a Struggle ran to 110 pages long in 1909 Kafka attempted to completely ... title Description of a Struggle Bibliography Manfred Engel Beschreibung eines Kampfes Narrative Integration ... more details
A definite description is a denotation denoting phrase in the form of the X where X is a noun phrase or a singular common noun . The definite description is proper if X applies to a unique individual or object. For example Yuri Gagarin the first person in space and the 42nd President of the United States of America , are proper. The definite descriptions the person in space and the Senator from Ohio are improper because the noun phrase X applies to more than one thing, and the definite descriptions the first man on Mars and the Senator from Washington D.C. are improper because X applies to nothing. Improper descriptions raise some difficult questions about the law of excluded middle , denotation , Linguistic modality modality , and mental content . Russell s analysis main Theory of descriptions France is presently a republic , and has no king. Bertrand Russell pointed out that this raises a puzzle about the truth value of the sentence The present King of France is bald. The sentence does not seem to be true if we consider all the bald things, the present King of France isn t among them, since there is no present King of France. But if it is false, then one would expect that the negation of this statement, that is, It is not the case that the present King of France is bald, or its logical equivalence logical equivalent , The present King of France is not bald, is true. But this sentence ... his theory of descriptions . A definite description like the present King of France , he suggested ... , most etc. The definite description the has the following denotation using lambda calculus lambda ... of a sentence containing a definite description, rather than part of the content asserted ... is bald. If the presupposition fails, the definite description empty name fails to refer , and the sentence ... Logic main Uniqueness quantification In much formal logic formal work, authors use a definite description ... descripciones fr Description d finie is kve in l sing pt Descri es definidas ... more details
Phenomenological description is a method of approaching phenomena within the area of Phenomenology philosophy phenomenology that attempts to understand the structure of lived experience rather than explain it. The approach was theorized by Edmund Husserl 1936 and Martin Heidegger 1927 , but has seen wide application, e.g., in Jean Paul Sartre Jean Paul Sartre s s Nausea Le Naus e ref Sartre, Jean Paul. Nausea Le Naus e Trans. Lloyd Alexander. New York New Directions, 2007 1938 ref 1938 and later in qualitative research traditions. Early Proponents Edmund Husserl In the section of The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology entitled Beginnings of a concrete exposition of what is given in a sense intuition purely as such 45 , Edmund Husserl gives an account of the different ways of perceiving objects through the different senses. He is interested in the ways that the different senses intentionality intentionally unify the qualities of different perceptions into a unified object. His argument is that perceptions never just exhibit themselves in lived experience, they are always exhibitions of something. ref Husserl, Edmund. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Philosophy. Trans. D. Carr. Evanston Northwestern University Press, 1970 1936 54 , 45, pg. 157 8 ref Martin Heidegger Heidegger s explication of phenomenological description is sketched out in the Introduction to Being and Time . ref Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time . Trans. John Macquarrie and Edward Robinson. New York Harper Press, 1962 1927 . ref There he argues that the way to best approach the question of the meaning of Being is to examine the concrete ways in which phenomena show themselves in themselves as they seem in consciousness. By examining the way phenomena immediately present themselves, we can get insight in to how revealing as such occurs. For Heidegger, truth is always revealing aletheia . Important to note is that Heidegger s method of phenomenology is that it represents ... more details
Description of Africa , a largely firsthand geographical book, which was published under the title Descrittione Descrittione in the ms original dell Africa by Giovanni Battista Ramusio in his collection of travellers accounts Delle navigationi e viaggi in Venice in 1550, ref Crofton Black, Leo Africanus s Descrittione dell Africa and Its Sixteenth Century Translations Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 65 2002 262 272 . ref contained the first detailed descriptions published in Europe of the Barbary Coast modern Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia and the gold trading kingdoms of west central Africa. ref http www.saudiaramcoworld.com issue 200801 a.man.of.two.worlds.htm A Man of Two Worlds ref The book was dictated in Arabic by Leo Africanus Hasan ibn Muhammed al Wazzan al Fasi Leo Africanus , the famed Andalusian traveler and merchant who had been captured by pirates and sold as a slave. Presented, along with his book, to Pope Leo X , he was baptized and freed. Leo, whose name he took in baptism, suggested that he recast his Arabic work in Italian it was completed in 1526. ref The date on the sole surviving manuscript, in the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emmanuele, MS 953. ref It was republished repeatedly by Ramusio in his Delle navigationi e viaggi , translated into French and into Latin for the erudite, both in 1556. The Descrittione is in nine books, an introductory book and an appendix on rivers and fauna and flora, with seven books between, each describing a kingdom the kingdoms of Marrakesh , Kingdom of Fez Fez , Tlemcen and Tunis , and the regions of Numidia , the sub Sahara n regions, and Egypt . The work circulated in manuscript form for decades. It was in Ramusio s manuscript that Pietro Bembo read it and was astonished I cannot imagine how a man could have so much detailed information about these things , he wrote to a correspondent, 2 April 1545. ref ... fr Description de l Afrique ... more details
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