Summary logo fur Article Arena web browser Use Infobox ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Used for Owner Website http www.w3.org Arena History Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Source From http www.w3.org Icons Experimental w3o1.gif, originally at http info.cern.ch hypertext WWW Icons Experimental w3o1.gif . Portion Low resolution Purpose Must be specified if Use is not Infobox Org Brand Product Replaceability other information Logo is used in icon.c in the source code and is linked to http info.cern.ch hypertext WWW Icons Experimental w3o1.gif and hardcoded in base64 as pre R0lGODlhMgAjAIQAAP 92amvYiF AGEHkDCIf3opuRimZmr3pxdlli0jUqrhi cwljBoiRwzUwkTQzacKleICR5Dkl04WFhQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAAyACMAAAX ICCOZGmeaKqubOu ZiDPcK0GQp4PBGH I5ygR9ANgT cTyQ8ImHCJaApfbp6JKoVKNNVt6xZ0wlujXPfMotYRKt bfL7pX0V7viCKa8v8bUGBwcICQqGJwULiooMe4uNQQCJjEIDBggNBpqFDoYKjo9 i4xMQ5MLDDoICJqaDZ6woqOQIqekUZMMQqutmgewhp0ktqjDo8VNuTkPDggQzwYNEQkSwIe1x7TEpEWnqQTMzs8NEgnmChLpnsah2MfFAATePswKB60N0gmZrq f7u22wfMm4kE9QwgEJYjArxcCByOINRJIiiAAgw46eUpXrpemh wqMno3kVRBZhqKDXHc5xHBP4DFckmaNRPeRZSwViZoCTHiu1AUbWLMaM2QIAMQDCjoCZNmTZIkhqa0du ZUlnZfEIdYRDlVGDODmTE kjbT1oncRZVEJapVqdNbXKVuhbTWFDt3pos0TXj16W 3Ibc2xRtVKl YJEYcvwU7kmuvadvIKBZct7LmNeMUGywQlz3oQAADs pre Licensing Non free logo ... more details
Summary A simulated screenshot of 86 DOS running Seattle Computer Product s assembler and HEX2BIN conversion tool, as supplied with 86 DOS in 1981. The programs were run under MS DOS 2 via MESS in order to take the screenshot and the prompt was changed to the version found in 86 DOS. Under PC DOS 1.1 the output is identical, other than the prompt which is hardcoded to display a sign rather than a colon. PC DOS 1.1 is effectively MS DOS 1.24, which itself was little changed from MS DOS 1.14 aka 86 DOS 1.14. Thus, it s safe to say this is what the output would look like under 86 DOS itself. Screenshot provided for historical interest. Licensing Non free software screenshot Non free use rationale Article 86 DOS Description Simulated screenshot of 86 DOS Source Taken by myself via MESS Portion A screengrab taken under MS DOS, with the same settings as 86 DOS Low resolution Yes Purpose Included to support the article on 86 DOS Replaceability A replacement wouldn t be authentic but would be hard to tell apart other information ... more details
sources date December 2011 Deleted image removed Image DNAS.PNG right DNAS logo Dynamic Network Authentication System DNAS is a proprietary authentication system created by Sony Computer Entertainment Sony Computer Entertainment Inc . DNAS retrieves information about a user s hardware and software for authentication, copy protection , account blocking, system, rules, or game management and other purposes. DNAS consists in using a set of codes in a protected area of the game DVD together with serial numbers from the console EEPROM for online authentication . Game backups or copies using regular DVD R DVD recorder burner s do not have this protected area, and the games fail to authenticate to the servers. To circumvent this, programs have been made available that Patch computing patch the client portion of the game to report hardcoded values without attempting to access the protected area of the DVD. This makes it possible to play online with game backups and illegal copies. Some games have a double DNAS check to prevent people from patching them. These techniques have been introduced by Electronic Arts in most of their recent games, but it has not shown any positive results. Many new techniques for authentication are being tried, with very little success for the game companies. A group of computer hackers have found a way to bypass the DNAS server and use cheats online. This issue marks games such as Socom II and Socom Combined Assault, making normal, clean games rarer. Fact date July 2007 References http www.us.playstation.com DNAS Category Sony Computer Entertainment pl DNAS ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Image mpu401.jpg thumb 300px Roland MPU 401 top cover removed . The MPU 401 , where MPU stands for MIDI Processing Unit , was an important but now obsolete interface for connecting Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIDI equipped electronic music hardware to Personal Computers. It was designed by Roland Corporation , which also co authored the MIDI standard. Design Released around 1984 , the original MPU 401 was an external breakout box providing MIDI IN MIDI OUT MIDI THRU TAPE IN TAPE OUT MIDI SYNC connectors, for use with a separately sold interface card cartridge MPU 401 interface kit inserted into a computer system. For this setup, the following interface kits were made MIF APL For the Apple II . MIF C64 For the Commodore 64 . MIF FM7 For the Fujitsu FM7 . MIF IPC For the IBM PC IBM XT IBM AT . MIF MSX For the MSX . MIF PC8 For the NEC PC 8801 NEC PC 88 . MIF PC98 For the PC98 NEC PC 98 . MIF X1 For the Sharp X1 . The MPU 401N is an external interface, specifically designed for use with the PC98 NEC PC 98 series notebook computers. This breakout box unit features a special COMPUTER IN port for direct connection to the computer s 110 pin expansion bus. METRONOME OUT connector was added. Released in Japan only. Variants Later, Roland would put most of the electronics originally found in the breakout box onto the interface card itself, thus reducing the size of the breakout box. Products released in this manner MPU IPC For the IBM PC IBM XT IBM AT and compatibles 8 bit ISA . It had a 25 pin female connector for the breakout box, even though only nine pins were used. MPU IPC T For the IBM PC IBM XT IBM AT and compatibles 8 bit ISA . The MIDI SYNC connector was removed from this Taiwanese manufactured model, and the previously hardcoded I O address and IRQ could be set to different values with jumpers. MPU IMC For the IBM PS 2 s Micro Channel Architecture bus. In earlier models both I O address and IRQ were hardcoded, in later models t ... more details
UNIX System Services USS is a required, included software componentry component of z OS . USS is a certified Unix UNIX implementation XPG4 UNIX 95 optimized for mainframe architecture. It is the first UNIX 95 to not be derived from the AT&T source code. Through integration with the rest of z OS, additional Time Sharing Option TSO commands are available alongside the usual UNIX services, making it possible to process UNIX files using ISPF . Extensions in Job Control Language JCL make it possible to use these files in batch processing . UNIX System Services allows UNIX applications from other platforms to run on IBM mainframe s. In many cases only a recompile is necessary, although additional effort may be advisable for z OS integration such as SMP E installation support . Binary programs using hardcoded ASCII numerical values may need adjustment &mdash z OS users often prefer or require EBCDIC support. Programs running under USS have full, secure access to the internal functions of z OS. Database access IBM DB2 DB2 via Call Attach is one example of how USS can access services found elsewhere in z OS . Naturally such programs cannot be ported to non mainframe platforms without rewriting if they use these z OS specific services. Conversely, if a program adheres to standards such as POSIX and ANSI C , it will be easier to port to the USS environment. The file systems for USS the older Hierarchical File System IBM MVS HFS and the now preferred ZFS IBM file system zFS , which support UNIX style long filename s, appear as special VSAM Data set IBM mainframe dataset s to the rest of z OS . Numerous core System z subsystems and applications rely on UNIX System Services, including Java programming language Java . USS also provides a Shell computing shell environment, OMVS. USS s predecessor was an operating system component called OpenEdition MVS , first implemented in MVS ESA 4.3 and enhanced in MVS ESA 5.1. OpenEdition MVS only supported the POSIX standards. IBM continues t ... more details
Service oriented architecture SOA allows different ways to develop applications by combining services. The main premise of SOA is to erase application boundaries and technology differences. As applications are opened up, how we can combine these services securely becomes an issue. Traditionally, security models have been hardcoded into applications and when capabilities of an application are opened up for use by other applications, the security models built into each application may not be good enough. Several emerging technologies and standards address different aspects of the problem of security in SOA. Standards such as WS Security , Security Assertion Markup Language SAML , WS Trust , WS SecureConversation and WS SecurityPolicy focus on the security and identity management aspects of SOA implementations that use Web services. Technologies such as virtual organization grid computing virtual organization in grid computing , application oriented networking AON and XML gateways are addressing the problem of SOA security in the larger context. XML gateways are hardware or software based solutions for enforcing identity and security for SOAP, XML, and REST based web services, usually at the network perimeter. An XML gateway is a dedicated application which allows for a more centralized approach to security and identity enforcement, similar to how a protocol firewall is deployed at the perimeter of a network for centralized access control at the connection and port level. XML Gateway SOA Security features include PKI, Digital Signature , encryption , XML Schema validation, antivirus , and pattern recognition . Regulatory certification for XML gateway security features are provided by FIPS and United States Department of Defense . Books on SOA Security cite book last Kanneganti first Ramarao coauthors Prasad A. Chodavarapu title SOA Security publisher Manning Publications year 2007 isbn 1 932394 68 0 cite book last Rosenberg first Jothy coauthors David Remy title Securi ... more details
Multiple issues confusing April 2008 expert April 2008 unreferenced April 2008 orphan February 2009 In computer programming , a program s usage message usually refers to the message explaining the list of parameters that may be passed to a program. They are usually displayed following validation by the program in response to an unexpected number of parameters or if these do not follow a certain pattern. A program s usage message is commonly hardcoded in the source code . Use Usage messages are often a quick way to learn or remember how to use a shell computing shell based command without reading the documentation or seeking help. Functionalities previously unknown can also be discovered this way. The usage message may sometimes be the only available documentation for the program. Examples On Unix like platforms, usage messages tend to follow the same commonly used pattern users are familiar with. They often begin with Usage hence possibly the name , the command, followed by a list of Command line argument arguments . To indicate optional arguments, Square brackets Square brackets .5B .5D Square brackets are commonly used, and can also be used to group parameters that must be specified together. Exclusive parameters can be indicated by separating them with vertical bars within groups. Here is a thorough example based on the NetBSD http cvsweb.netbsd.org bsdweb.cgi checkout src share misc style source code style guide source lang text Usage program aDde f g n number b b arg c c arg req1 req2 opt1 opt2 source This would indicate that program should be called with options without operands a, D, d, e any of which may be omitted . Note that in this case some parameters are case sensitive exclusive options f, g denoted by the vertical bar options with operands n exclusive options with operands b, c required arguments req1, req2 optional argument opt1, which may be used with or without opt2 marked optional within the group by using another set of square brackets optional ar ... more details
ref improve date November 2011 Sysctl is an interface for examining and dynamically changing parameters in the BSD and Linux operating systems. The implementation mechanism in these two systems is very different. In BSD these parameters are generally objects in a management information base MIB that describe tunable limits such as the size of a shared memory segment, the number of threads the operating system will use as an Network File System protocol NFS client, or the maximum number of processes on the system or describe, enable or disable behaviors such as Internet Protocol IP forwarding, security restrictions on the superuser the securelevel , or debugging output. In BSD a system call or system call wrapper is usually provided for use by programs, as well as an administrative program and a configuration file for setting the tunable parameters when the system Booting boots . This feature appeared in 4.4BSD 4.4BSD and descendants 4.4BSD . It has the advantage over hardcoded constants that changes to the parameters can be made dynamically without Compiler recompiling the kernel. In Linux the sysctl interface mechanism is also exported as part of procfs under the sys directory. This difference means checking the value of some parameter requires opening a file in a virtual filesystem, reading its contents, parsing them and closing the file. The sysctl system call does exist on Linux, but does not have a wrapping function in glibc and is not recommended for use ref http linux.die.net man 2 sysctl ref . Performance considerations In BSD the system call is implemented directly in the kernel, as described in the sysctl 3 manual page ref http www.freebsd.org cgi man.cgi?query sysctl&sektion 3 ref . In Linux, the sysctl is implemented as a wrapper around file system routines that access contents of files in the proc directory. The result is that it is much more expensive to use the sysctl interface in Linux. The effect of this can be easily seen with system monitoring too ... more details
Image Abramowitz&Stegun.page97.agr.jpg thumb Part of a 20th century precomputed mathematical table of common logarithm s. In algorithms , precomputation is the act of performing an initial computation before Run time program lifecycle phase run time to generate a lookup table that can be used by an algorithm to avoid repeated computation each time it is executed. Precomputation is often used in algorithms that depend on the results of expensive computations that don t depend on the input of the algorithm. A trivial example of precomputation is the use of hardcoded mathematical constants, such as Pi and E mathematical constant e , rather than computing their approximations to the necessary precision at run time. Overview Precomputing a set of intermediate results at the beginning of an algorithm s execution can often increase algorithmic efficiency substantially. This becomes advantageous when one or more inputs is constrained to a small enough range that the results can be stored in a reasonably sized block of memory. Because memory access is essentially constant in time complexity except for cache caching delays , any algorithm with a component which has worse than constant efficiency over a small input range can be improved by precomputing values. In some cases efficient approximation algorithms can be obtained by computing a Discrete mathematics discrete subset of values and interpolating for intermediate input values, since interpolation is also a linear operation. History Before the advent of computers, printed lookup table s of values were used by people to speed up hand calculations of complex functions, such as in trigonometric table s, Common logarithm logarithm tables , and tables of statistical density function s ref cite book editor1 last Campbell Kelly editor1 first Martin editor2 last Croarken editor2 first Mary editor3 last Flood editor3 first Raymond editor3 last Robson editor3 first Eleanor title The History of Mathematical Tables From Sumer to Sp ... more details
are just as easy to set, with many already hardcoded . LiteStepDir is one such variable being the directory ... are hardcoded into the LiteStep core, but others can be provided through scripting or through bang modules ... more details
Infobox writer for more information see Template Infobox writer doc name Ronald Kirkbride image imagesize alt caption pseudonym birth name Ronald de Levington Kirkbride birth date Birth date 1912 2 1 ref name loc http catalog.loc.gov cgi bin Pwebrecon.cgi?SC Author&SA Kirkbride, Ronald Library of Congress Online Catalog entry for Kirkbridge from the Library of Congress Online Catalog ref ref name ssdi birth place death date March 1973 ref name ssdi cite web url http www.familysearch.org eng search ssdi individual record.asp?recid 573206341 title Individual Record Ronald Kirkbride work Social Security Death Index publisher FamilySearch accessdate 2008 11 16 ref ref http www.locusmag.com index add4d.htm Crime Fiction IV A Comprehensive Bibliography, 1749 2000 from the Locus magazine Locus magazine website ref aged 61 hardcoded because Death year and age 1973 1912 3 doesn t allow for the combination of exact date of birth but only month and year of death death place occupation Novelist nationality ethnicity religion citizenship education alma mater period genre subject movement notableworks A Girl Named Tamiko spouse partner children relatives influences influenced awards signature website portaldisp Three sources and several coincidences establish Kirkbride s dates of birth and death. Library of Congress records and other online sources readily confirm Kirkbride was born in 1912. The cited bibliography from the Locus magazine website lists 1973 as his year of death, which is also the last year one of his novels was published, according to the LOC. The Social Security Death Index lists a Ronald Kirkbride born on 1 Feb 1912 who died in March 1973, An online compendium of Kirkbride genealogy information available at http www.relia.net mhadley pafg41.htm 862 is consistent with the LOC, SSDI, and Locus magazine sources it says Ronald de Levington Kirkbride was born on 1 Feb 1912 in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. He died on 23 Mar 1973 in London, England. Ronald de Lev ... more details
Infobox Mobile phone name Nokia 7700 image imagesize manufacturer Nokia carrier available Never released screen 640x320 exterior screen camera 640x480 VGA 2nd camera operatingsystem Symbian OS Series 90 Nokia Series 90 input Touchscreen cpu ringtone Real Tones memory 64 MB memory card MultiMediaCard MMC networks GPRS , HSCSD , Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution EDGE battery connectivity Bluetooth , Nokia Pop Port USB size 134x80x22mm form weight 183g music 165cc predecessor successor Nokia 7710 related The Nokia 7700 is a mobile phone produced by Nokia , announced in 2003 but never released. ref http www.nokia.com NOKIA COM 1 About Nokia Sidebar Teasers Press Releases tsr HARDCODED Press Releases Nokia Mobile Internet Conference n7700releasefinal.pdf Nokia Press release Multiple media go mobile with the Nokia 7700 ref It was expected to be the first multimedia smartphone from Nokia, and the first smartphone to use the Series 90 GUI on Symbian OS . Features File Nokia 7700.jpg thumb The Nokia 7700 Compatible with GSM HSCSD GPRS EDGE 900 1800 1900 MHz networks, the 7700 featured a wide, touch screen colour LCD with a resolution of 640 x 320 pixels and supporting 65,000 colors. It had 64 MB of internal memory and a MultiMedia Card MultiMediaCard MMC slot. It also included an integrated VGA camera with a maximum resolution of 640 x 480 pixels, an integrated FM radio, Bluetooth, USB and Nokia s proprietary Pop Port interface for connectivity purposes. The 7700 was to include a comprehensive application suite such as a complete PIM suite, full Internet browser, e mail client and an office suite comprising Word Processor, Spread Sheet and a PowerPoint viewer and supported Java MIDP 2.0 applications. It was also to be the first phone to support Visual Radio , ref http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi technology 3472901.stm BBC News Nokia brings pictures to FM radio ref and the first Nokia phone to support DVB H mobile television with the addition of the Nokia Streamer SU 6 acces ... more details
Other uses NRG disambiguation NRG multiple issues unreferenced November 2011 A .nrg file is a proprietary Compact Disc CD image file format used by Nero Burning ROM , a utility suite made by Nero AG , to create and burn ISO 9660 CD images. Other than Nero Burning ROM, a variety of software titles can use these image files. For example, Power ISO , Alcohol 120 , or Daemon Tools can mount computing mount NRG files onto virtual drive s for reading. Contrary to popular belief, .nrg files are not ISO image s with .nrg extension and a header attached. For technical details on the nrg format, see below. Converting nrg files There are several tools available to convert a code .nrg code data file into an ISO 9660 CD image. Free but not Open Source tools include http www.roland illig.de lang.delphi.nrg2iso.html nrg2iso &mdash Windows freeware. http www.nrgtoiso.com nrgtoiso &mdash Windows freeware. Converts a Nero NRG file CD Image to a standard ISO CD Image file. Open Source Command line interface command line tools include http gregory.kokanosky.free.fr v4 linux nrg2iso.en.html nrg2iso &mdash cross platform. Hard coding hardcoded to read all nrg files as Disc At Once disc at once DAO type causing it to fail on Track At Once track at once TAO type images. http iat.berlios.de iat &mdash cross platform. Tool for detecting the structure of many types of CD DVD image and convert image CD DVD to ISO9660 http fusenrg.sourceforge.net fusenrg &mdash for Unix like systems. Hardcoded to read all nrg files as Disc At Once disc at once DAO http code.google.com p nrg4iso nrg4iso &mdash project abandoned by author last updated Oct 2007 for Unix like systems including Mac OS X . Can convert both DAO and TAO images into ISO 9660 CD images. http intotheapple.com segnalazioni 2053 il software di ita energy.html eNeRGy &mdash MacOs X, based on nrg4iso, has a graphical user interface Shareware tools include http www.poweriso.com PowerISO &mdash converts from nrg to ISO as well as allows for bro ... more details
Original research date November 2011 Unreferenced article date July 2008 Orthogonal instruction set is a term used in computer engineering . A computer s instruction set is said to be Orthogonality orthogonal if any instruction can use data of any type via any addressing mode . The word orthogonal , which means right angle in this context, implies that it is possible to move along one axis the operations independently of the other axis the addressing modes and vice versa. This meaning is similar, but not identical, to the meaning of the word in pure mathematics. Orthogonality in practice In many Complex instruction set computer CISC computers, an instruction could access either registers or memory, usually in several different ways. This made the CISC machines easier to program, because rather than being required to remember thousands of individual instruction opcodes, an orthogonal instruction set allowed a programmer to instead remember just thirty to a hundred operation codes ADD , SUBTRACT , MULTIPLY , DIVIDE , etc. and a set of three to ten addressing modes FROM REGISTER 0 , FROM REGISTER 1 , FROM MEMORY , etc. . The Digital Equipment Corporation DEC PDP 11 and Motorola 68000 computer architectures are examples of nearly orthogonal instruction sets, while the ARM11 and VAX are examples of CPUs with fully orthogonal instruction sets. The PDP 11 With the exception of its floating point instructions, the PDP 11 was very strongly orthogonal. Every integer instruction could operate on either 1 byte or 2 byte integers and could access data stored in registers, stored as part of the instruction, stored in memory, or stored in memory and pointed to by addresses in registers. Even the Program counter PC and the stack data structure stack pointer computer programming pointer could be affected by the ordinary instructions using all of the ordinary data modes. In fact, immediate mode hardcoded numbers within an instruction, such as ADD 4, R1 R1 R1 4 was implemented as the ... more details
cleanup reason hardcoded infobox date September 2011 div style float right margin 0 0 1em 2em width 30em text align right font size 0.86em font family lucida grande, sans serif line height normal start of floated right section div style border 1px solid ccd2d9 background f0f6fa text align left padding 0.5em 1em text align center start of slate grey box p style margin 1em 0 Image University of Southern California School of International Relations Logo.png 300px SIR Logo table style background transparent text align left table layout auto border collapse collapse padding 0 font size 100 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 0 tr th style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 4em 0.4em 0 vertical align top text align left Mission th td style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0 vertical align top The SIR faculty and staff are working hard to expand and improve their graduate and undergraduate programs provide more research support for the faculty and do more to expand the School s alumni student network for mentoring, internships and job leads. td tr tr th style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0 vertical align top text align left Established th td style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0 vertical align top 1924 td tr tr th style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0 vertical align top text align left Official name th td style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0 vertical align top School of International Relations SIR td tr tr th style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0 vertical align top text align left University th td style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0 vertical align top University of Southern California td tr tr th style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0 vertical align top text align left School type th td style border top solid 1px ccd2d9 padding 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0 vertical align top Private school Private td tr tr th style ... more details
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