Intellectual property A geographicalindication GI is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin e.g. a town, region, or country . The use of a GI ... freedoms which results from the grant of a monopoly of use over a geographicalindication is justified ... against registration of a trademark which constitutes a geographicalindication. In countries ... the use of a geographicalindication identifying wines not originating in the place indicated by the geographical ... competition and where the true origin of the good is indicated or the geographicalindication ... to bring a geographicalindication under protection where it has become a generic term for describing ... long established use &mdash continued use of a geographicalindication for wines or spirits may ... zone GeographicalIndication Australian Wine zone References reflist External links http www.time.com ... Default.aspx?tabid 273 GI Introduction DEFAULTSORT GeographicalIndication Category Economic geography ... methods, or enjoys a certain reputation, due to its geographical origin. History Governments ... as appellation d origine contr l e AOC . Items that meet geographical origin and quality standards ... wines . Geographical indications have long been associated with the concept of terroir and with Europe ... in 1992 regulates the following systems of geographical indications Protected designation of origin PDO , protected geographicalindication PGI and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed TSG . Legal effect In many countries the protection afforded to geographical indications by law is similar to the protection afforded to trademarks, and in particular, certification mark s. Geographical indications ... or allow the use of the indication. Although a GI is not strictly a type of trademark as it does ... also applies to the trademark monopoly right. Geographical indications have other similarities with trademarks ..., geographical indications are regulated locally by each country because conditions of registration ... more details
Wiktionary Indication can refer to A synonym for Sign . Human interface Highlighting the single object pointed to as a cursor is moved, without any other user action such as clicking, is indication. Indication medicine . A valid reason to use a certain test, medication, procedure, or surgery. disambig cs Indikace de Indikation Begriffskl rung it Indicazione nds Indikatschoon ru ... more details
Other uses Indication disambiguation In medicine , an indication is a valid reason to use a certain test, medication, procedure, or surgery. ref cite web url http mw4.m w.com medical indication title Indication Medical Definition and More from Merriam Webster accessdate 14 December 2010 ref The opposite of indication is contraindication . ref cite web url http mw4.m w.com medical contraindication title Contraindication Medical Definition and More from Merriam Webster accessdate 14 December 2010 ref Drugs In the United States, indications for medications are strictly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration United States Food and Drug Administration FDA , which includes them in the package insert under the phrase Indications and Usage . Most countries and jurisdictions have a licensing body whose duty it is to determine whether to approve a drug for a specific indication, based on the relative safety of the drug and its efficacy for the particular usage being investigated. The European Medicines Agency EMA holds this responsibility for the whole of the European Union . If a drug is prescribed or taken outstanding to its applied indications, such use is termed Off label use off label . ref cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov mesh 68056687 title Off Label Use MeSH Result publisher Medical Subject Headings accessdate 14 December 2010 ref There are different classes of indication clarify date May 2011 of drugs depending on validity of the benefit gained by the use of specific drug. As the consensus to use the drug increases its class of indication is improved. fact date May 2011 Medical tests See Indications of medical tests Each test has its own indications and contraindications, but in a simplified fashion, how much a test is indicated for an individual depends largely ... in order to improve health care for other individuals. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Indication ... de Indikation es Indicaci n medicina fr Indication it Indicazione medicina nl Indicatie geneeskunde ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 An indication of interest IOI , sometimes expression of interest EOI , is an expression in finance that demonstrates a buyer s non binding interest in buying a security in the stock market , often before it is available for purchase. ref name ipedia IOIs are not required, but when a firm decides to issue one, they are primarily used on two occasions before an Initial public offering IPO , and before an institution places a block trade . Prior to an Initial public offering IPO , an IOI demonstrates a conditional, non binding interest in buying a security that is currently awaiting regulatory approval securities in the United States must be cleared by the Securities and Exchange Commission . ref name ipedia cite web url http www.investopedia.com terms i ioi.asp title Indication of Interest IOI publisher Investopedia.com accessdate 6 January 2010 ref During this period, the security is said to be in registration and selling is illegal. The investor s stock broker broker is then required to provide the investor with a preliminary Prospectus finance prospectus . The IOI remains open ended and is not a commitment to buy. For large trades of newly issued securities, different from a pre IPO indication, an indication of interest are expressions of trading interest that contain one or more of the following elements the security name, whether the participant is buying or selling, the number of shares, capacity and or price of the purchase or sale. ref name FINRA cite web url http www.finra.org web groups industry ip reg notice documents notices p118779.pdf title Regulatory Notice 09 28 date November 2009 publisher Financial Industry Regulatory Authority FINRA accessdate 6 January 2010 ref Firms and broker dealer s have the ability to electronically communicate or advertise proprietary trading proprietary or client trading interest in the form of IOIs to the financial market marketplace , either through their own systems or through dedicated trading platforms ... more details
For other geographical magazines Geographic magazine disambiguation Infobox Magazine title Geographical image Geographical cover may 2009.jpg editor frequency Monthly category Geography , Science , Nature company Royal Geographical Society firstdate 1935 country flag United Kingdom language English language English website http www.geographical.co.uk www.geographical.co.uk issn Geographical is the magazine of the Royal Geographical Society Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers , and was founded by Michael Huxley in 1935. The publishers pay a licence fee to the Society, which is used to fund the advancement of exploration and research and the promotion of Geography geographical knowledge. The magazine features articles on geographical topics, the environment, Conservation movement conservation and travel. The magazine is published twelve times per year monthly . External links http www.geographical.co.uk Geographical Magazine http www.rgs.org Royal Geographical Society EnglishScienceMagazines Category British magazines Category Monthly magazines Category Royal Geographical Society Category Geographic magazines Category Publications established in 1935 UK sci mag stub hr Geographical ... more details
commonscat In geography , the centroid of the two dimensional shape of region of the Earth s surface is often known as its geographical centre . There has long been debate over the methods of calculation of the geographical centres of various countries and regions, such as whether to include offshore islands, and in that case, if the islands should be moved towards the mainland, making it possible to build a connected two dimensional 2D model of the country and identify the geographical centre as the centre of gravity equilibrium point using a needle. An alternative to defining the geographical centre as the centroid is to define it as the point farthest from the boundary of the country either the sea, or, in the case of constituent countries, a land border . These methods give quite different answers. Geographical centre of Europe Geographical centre of Austria Center Geographical centre of Austria Geographical centre of Belgium The centre of Belgium Geographical centre of Belgium Geographical centre of Ireland Geographical centre of Lithuania Centre of Norway Centre of Poland Geometric Centre of the Republic of Slovenia Geographical centre of Slovenia Geographical center of Sweden Geographical centre of Switzerland Centre points of the United Kingdom Centre of Scotland Geographical centre of New Zealand Geographical centre of New Zealand Geographical centre of New Zealand Geographical centre of the Russian Federation Geographic centers of the United States and its states Geographic center of the contiguous United States disambig ar de Liste der geographischen Mittelpunkte es Centro geogr fico fr Centre g ographique nl Geografisch middelpunt pt Centro geogr fico ... more details
Infobox Journal title Geographical Review cover Image Geographical Review cover.jpg 150px editor discipline Geography language English abbreviation publisher American Geographical Society country United States U.S. frequency Quarterly openaccess impact impact year website http www.amergeog.org gr grhome.html link1 http www.jstor.org journals 00167428.html link1 name JSTOR ISSN 0016 7428 eISSN The Geographical Review is an academic journal of the American Geographical Society . Currently published quarterly in January, April, July, and October. The periodicals are devoted exclusively to geography and contain original articles on all aspects of the discipline. The Geographical Record section presents short articles on current topical and regional issues. Each issue also includes reviews of recent books, monographs, and atlases in geography and related fields. ref cite web url http www.wiley.com bw journal.asp?ref 0016 7428&site 1 title Geographical Review publisher wiley.com accessdate 2010 06 17 ref History In 1852, the American Geographical Society began publishing its first academic journal, the Bulletin and Journal of the American Geographical Society . ref cite web url http www.gwu.edu geog gat gat.html title Geography in America Timeline publisher gwu.edu accessdate 2010 06 17 ref This publication continued through 1915, when it was succeeded by the Geographical Review vol. 1, 1916 . ref name VCH4 Brooks, Arthur, Index to the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society 1852 1915 1918 New York American Geographical Society. ref References Reflist Category Geography journals Category English language journals socialscience journal stub hr Geographical Review ka Geographical Review ja Geographical Review ... more details
A geographical database is a database of geographic data , such as countries , administrative divisions , cities , and related information. Such databases can be useful for websites that wish to identify the locations of their visitors for custimization purposes. See also GeoNames Toponymy External links http geonames.org GeoNames http geodatasource.com GeoDataSource Category Geographical databases ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Geographical zoning is a process automatically sending Internet user computing user s in different country countries or geographical zone s from a single Uniform Resource Locator URL to local versions of the website. Criticism The process of geographical zoning could lead to partial censorship . See also Internationalization and localization External links http www.iht.com articles 2007 04 22 news youtube.php When YouTube is a threat International Herald Tribune Category Internet Internet stub ... more details
cellpadding 5 cellspacing 0 style float right clear right margin left 1em margin bottom 1em valign top Politics of Hong Kong valign top Politics of Macau In Hong Kong and Macau , geographical constituencies , as opposed to functional constituencies , are elected by all eligible voters according to geographically demarcated constituency constituencies . There are currently 5 geographical constituencies in Hong Kong. ref http www.legislation.gov.hk blis ind.nsf CurAllEngDoc FAA4E946616691A048256F24001381AB?OpenDocument Cap 542 s18 Establishment of geographical constituencies Legislative Council Ordinance ref There are currently 1 general geographical constituency in Macau splitting into three sub geographical constituencies. Hong Kong The 5 geographical constituencies consist of the following Hong Kong Island constituency Hong Kong Island Kowloon West Kowloon East New Territories West New Territories East On 21 January 2010, 5 pro democracy lawmakers resigned from the Legislative Council in order to trigger a by election in the 5 geographical constituencies. They claimed that the by election can serve as a de facto referendum on universal suffrage and the abolishment of functional constituency functional constituencies . This is known as the Five Constituencies Referendum . Macau The 1 geographical constituency and 3 sub geographical constituencies consist of the following Macau Municipality of Macau Macau Peninsula Taipa Coloane with Cotai See also List of constituencies of Hong Kong References reflist HongKong poli stub Macau stub DEFAULTSORT Geographical Constituency Category Politics of Hong Kong Category Constituencies Category Politics of Macau fr Circonscriptions g ographiques zh ... more details
. name The Geographical Association country United Kingdom affiliation members 6000 full name native ... Sheffield , UK people website http www.geography.org.uk www.geography.org.uk footnotes The Geographical ... teaching. The Geographical Association is wholly independent of state aid. Membership Membership is an expression of support and helps the Geographical Association in its key mission to ensure geography continues to contribute effectively to the education of all children and young people. The Geographical ... by membership subscriptions.The Geographical Association has approximately 6000 personal or institutional ... in more than 60 countries and have strong links with geographical organisations in the USA, Australia and Europe. Origins The Geographical Association was formed by five geographers, including Halford ... got together to use and exchange lantern slides, a leading technology of the day. Today, the Geographical ... to the members. What does the Geographical Association do? The Geographical Association is consciously ... goals. It aims to achieve this through a range of activities. Geography subject leadership The Geographical ... Key geography resources The Geographical Association publishes a wide range of resources from ... and Geography CPD events Every year the Geographical Association runs an extensive programme of CPD ... The Geographical Association engages with policy makers and government ministers to constantly make ... consultations Funded projects Over a number of years the Geographical Association has established itself ... of high profile funders. Since 2006 the Geographical Association and RGS IBG have jointly led ... Teaching Today website. The Action Plan for Geography The Geographical Association, in conjunction with the Royal Geographical Society RGS IBG has been awarded Government funding to support a range ... project page Royal Geographical Society Notes and references 1. Balchin, W.J.V 1993 The Geographical ... Geographical Association home page http www.geography.org.uk shop Geographical Association ... more details
refimprove date April 2011 context date October 2011 A geographical cluster is a localised anomaly , usually an excess of something given the spatial distribution distribution or variation of something else. ref cite web url http replay.waybackmachine.org 19991007040441 http www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk smart gam gam3.html title WayBackMachine capture of http www.ccg.leeds.ac.uk smart gam gam3.html work CCG GAM Web Pages author Ian Turton, Stan Openshaw authorlink Stan Openshaw date 1998 02 25 accessdate 2011 04 19 ref Often it is considered as an incidence rate that is unusual in that there is more of some variable than might be expected. Examples would include a local excess disease rate, a crime hot spot, areas of high unemployment, accident blackspot s, unusually high positive residuals from a model, high concentrations of flora or fauna, physical features or events like earthquake epicentres etc... Identifying these extreme regions may be useful in that there could be implicit geographical associations with other variables that can be identified and would be of interest. Pattern detection via the identification of such geographical clusters is a very simple and generic form of geographical analysis that has many applications in many different contexts. The emphasis is on localised clustering or patterning because this may well contain the most useful information. A geographical cluster is different from a high concentration as it is generally second order, involving the factoring in of the distribution of something else. Geographical cluster detection Identifying geographical clusters can be an important stage in a geographical analysis. Mapping the locations of unusual concentrations may help identify causes of these. Some techniques include the Geographical Analysis Machine GAM K, and Besag and Newels Kth nearest neighbour method. citation needed date October 2011 References reflist Category Geography Category Spatial data analysis Category Cluster analysis ... more details
Infobox Journal abbreviation Geogr. J. cover File Geoj.jpg discipline Geography language English website http www.blackwellpublishing.com journal.asp?ref 0016 7398 publisher Blackwell Publishing country United States history 1831 present frequency Quarterly impact 1.226 impact year 2009 ISSN 0016 7398 The Geographical Journal is a journal of the Royal Geographical Society RGS and has been published since 1831. Its original title was Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London . The journal publishes original research papers and review articles across geography , and has the highest circulation of any British academic journal in its field. Prior to 2000 the journal was used as the report of the RGS with the Society s news published alongside articles. Since 2000, however, the journal has focused on research relating to the Natural environment environment and Development studies development and no longer contains Society news, although it still publishes the RGS s Annual General Meeting AGM and the Presidential address. The journal s 2009 impact factor is 1.226, ranking it 29 out of 62 in the ISI Journal Citation Reports ranking for geography. See also List of scientific journals List of social science journals List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences DEFAULTSORT Geographical Journal Category Geography journals Category Royal Geographical Society Category Wiley Blackwell academic journals Category Publications established in 1831 Category English language journals Category Quarterly journals fr The Geographical Journal ... more details
otheruses2 Pole A geographical pole also geographic pole is either of the two points&mdash the north Pole north pole and the south Pole south pole &mdash on the surface of a rotating planet or other rotating body where the axis of rotation or simply axis meets the surface of the body. The north geographic pole of a body lies 90 degrees north of the equator , while the south geographic pole lies 90 degrees south of the equator. It is possible for geographical poles to wander slightly relative to the surface of a body due to perturbations in rotation. The Earth s actual physical North Pole and South Pole vary cyclically by a few meters over the span of each few years. This phenomenon is distinct from the Axial precession astronomy precession of the equinoxes of the Earth, in which the angle of the planet both axis and surface, moving together varies slowly over tens of thousands of years. As cartography requires exact and unchanging coordinates, cartographical poles also cartographic poles are fixed points on the Earth or another rotating body at the approximate location of the slightly varying geographical poles. These cartographical poles are the points at which the great circle s of longitude intersect. Geographical poles and cartographical poles should not be confused with magnetic pole s, which can also exist on a planet or other body. See also For the geographical and cartographical poles on Earth, see North Pole South Pole For geographical and cartographical poles on astronomical bodies other than Earth, see Poles of astronomical bodies . Equatorial bulge Polar region Antipodes Category Poles Category Geodesy ast Polos Xeogr ficos be be x old bs Geografski pol bg ca Pol geogr fic cs Zem pisn p l da Pol geografisk de Pol Geographie et Poolus eu Polo geografiko fr P le g ographique hr Zemljopisni pol id Kutub geografi ... Polo geogr fico ro Pol geografic ru simple Geographical pole sk Zemepisn p l ... more details
unit of length m 1855.325 accuracy 4 The geographical mile is a unit of length determined by 1 minute minute of arc along the Earth s equator . For the 1924 International Spheroid this equalled 1855.4 metre s. ref name Admiralty cite book title Admiralty manual of navigation author Ministry of Defence Staff, Navy Dept, Great Britain Ministry of Defence pages 7 publisher H.M. Stationery Office year 1987 isbn 0117728802 isbn13 9780117728806 ref Any greater precision depends more on choice of standard than on more careful measurement the length of the equator in the World Geodetic System WGS 84 is 40,075,016.6856 m which makes the geographical mile 1855.3248 m, while the International Astronomical Union standard IAU 2000 takes the equator to be 40,075,035.5351 m making the geographical mile 1855.3257 m, almost a millimetre longer. It was closely related to the nautical mile , which was originally determined as 1 minute of arc along a great circle of the Earth, ref cite book title Mapping author David Greenhood and Gerard L. Alexander pages 51&ndash 52 publisher University of Chicago Press year 1964 isbn 0226306976 isbn13 9780226306971 ref but is nowadays defined as exactly 1852 metres. ref name Admiralty The US National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST notes that The international nautical mile of 1 852 meters 6 076.115 49...feet was adopted effective July 1, 1954, for use in the United States. The value formerly used in the United States was 6 080.20 feet 1 nautical geographical ... wanted to divide the public lands in the west into Hundred county subdivision hundreds of ten geographical ..., May 28, 1784 Library of congress ref The Denmark Danish and Germany German geographical mile geografisk ... date May 2010 In Norway and Sweden , this 4 minute geographical mile was mainly used at sea sj mil ... for details of the geographical league of France Mile for the various other miles in use Nautical mile References Refimprove article date April 2009 Reflist DEFAULTSORT Geographical Mile Category ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 Infobox Book name Geographical kaleidoscope br title orig translator image image caption Cover author Petro Kravchuk illustrator Dikareva l. cover artist country flag Ukraine language Russian language Russian series subject Popular Science genre publisher uk Soviet school uk icon pub date 1988 english pub date media type pages 218 isbn 5 330 00384 9 oclc preceded by followed by Geographical kaleidoscope lang ru is a popular scientific book written by Petro Kravchuk lang uk and published in 1988 Kiev . The book discusses champions of the Earth and its earliest explorers. External links http uk.wikipedia.org wiki Soviet school uk icon http www.apropospage.ru travel allgeo.html ru icon http kravchuk.ucoz.com publ 7 1 0 16 Geographical kaleidoscope uk icon Category 1988 books Category Ukrainian books Ukraine stub be uk ... more details
Geographical features are the components of the Earth. There are two types of geographical features, namely natural geographical features and artificial geographical features. Natural geographical features include but are not limited to landforms and ecosystems. For example, terrain types, bodies of water, natural units consisting of all plants, animals and micro organisms in an area functioning together with all of the non living physical factors of the environment are natural geographical features. Meanwhile, human settlements, engineered constructs, etc. are types of artificial geographic features. Natural geographical features Ecosystems main Ecosystem Any unit that includes all of the organisms ie the community in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles i.e. exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts within the system is an ecosystem. ref Odum EP 1971 Fundamentals of ecology, third editionSaunders New York ref Living organism s are continually engaged in a set of relationships with every other element constituting the environment biophysical environment in which they exist, and ecosystem describes any situation where there is relationship between organisms and their environment. What makes them geographical features is that they are located center class wikitable align center style text align center Types and sizes of ecosystems colspan 3 Biotic colspan 3 Abiotic sub ecosystem ECOSYSTEM sub sub biogeography BIOGEOGRAPHY sub sub zoogeography ZOOGEOGRAPHY sub sub phytogeography PHYTOGEOGRAPHY sub sub physiography PHYSIOGRAPHY sub sub geology ... s, stream s, canal s, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are not always considered bodies of water, but are included here as geographical formations featuring ... features are a type of abstract geographical feature they appear on maps but not on the planet itself ... more details
Missing information on the various uses of the term and has inadequate referencing date June 2011 Geographical segregation exists whenever the proportions of population rates of two or more population s are not wiktionary homogenous homogenous throughout a defined space. Populations can be considered any plant or animal species , human gender s, followers of a certain religion , people of different nationalities , stone types, ethnic group s, etc. In social geography segregation of ethnic group s, social class es and genders is often measured by the calculation of indices such as the index of dissimilarity . Different dimensions of segregation or its contrary are recognised exposure, evenness, clustering, concentration, centralisation, etc. ref Massey, D. and Denton, N. American Apartheid ref . References Reflist Category Geography terminology geo term stub fr S gr gation sciences humaines he pt Segrega o espacial ... more details
when the Sun doesn t rise or set for 24 hours, while in the centre of the zone the Geographical ... and Subantarctic . History The idea of a geographical zone was first hypothesized by the ancient ... state collapsed DEFAULTSORT Geographical Zone Category Poles ca Zona clim tica et Geograafiline ... more details
The Geographical Fugue or Fuge aus der Geographie is the most famous piece for spoken chorus by Ernst Toch . Toch was a prominent composer in 1920s Berlin , and singlehandedly invented the idiom of the Spoken Chorus . The piece was a sensation when it was first performed in June 1930 as the third movement of his suite Gesprochene Musik Spoken Music , and remains Toch s most performed work, although the composer himself dismissed it as an unimportant diversion. Construction It is written in strict fugue fugal form, and consists of four fugal voice voices , each enunciating various cities, countries and other geographical landmarks in true counterpoint contrapuntal fashion. It ends with a climactic finale featuring a sustained alveolar trill trill on the R of the word Racib rz Ratibor Trinidad in the English Language version , the first word of the fugal subject subject . Voices enter in the order of tenor, alto, soprano, bass . The Text Translation Although written originally in German language German , it was later translated into English language English under the auspices of John Cage and Henry Cowell and received wide acclaim. The text English translation of all the parts consists of various permutations of the following words and lines Trinidad And the big Mississippi River Mississippi and the town Honolulu and the lake Titicaca , the Popocatepetl is not in Canada , rather in Mexico , Mexico, Mexico Canada , M laga , Rimini , Brindisi Canada , M laga , Rimini , Brindisi Yes, Tibet , Tibet, Tibet, Tibet, Nagasaki, Nagasaki Nagasaki Yokohama Nagasaki Yokohama The place names are largely the same in German and English except for Racib rz Ratibor Trinidad and Athens Athen in place of Tibet which is pronounced with the stress on the second syllable in German. The German text is as follows Racib rz Ratibor Und der Fluss Mississippi River Mississippi und die Stadt Honolulu und der See Titicaca Der Popocatepetl liegt nicht in Kanada, sondern in Mexiko, Mexiko, Mexiko. Kanada ... more details
Geographical pricing , in marketing , is the practice of modifying a basic list price based on the geographical location of the buyer. It is intended to reflect the costs of shipping to different locations. There are several types of geographic pricing FOB origin Free on Board origin The shipping cost from the factory or warehouse is paid by the purchaser. Ownership of the goods is transferred to the buyer as soon as it leaves the point of origin. It can be either the buyer or seller that arranges for the transportation. Uniform delivery pricing also called postage stamp pricing The same price is charged to all. Zone pricing Prices increase as shipping distances increase. This is sometimes done by drawing concentric circles on a map with the plant or warehouse at the center and each circle defining the boundary of a price zone. Instead of using circles, irregularly shaped price boundaries can be drawn that reflect geography, population density, transportation infrastructure, and shipping cost. The term zone pricing can also refer to the practice of setting prices that reflect local competitive conditions, i.e., the market forces of supply and demand, rather than actual cost of transportation. Citation needed date December 2007 Zone pricing, as practiced in the gasoline industry in the United States, is the pricing of gasoline based on a complex and secret weighting of factors, such as the number of competing stations, number of vehicles, average traffic flow, population density, and geographic characteristics. This can result in two branded gas stations only a few miles apart selling gasoline at a price differential of as much as 0.50 per gallon. Dubious date March 2008 Many businesspeople and economists state that gasoline zone pricing merely reflects the costs of doing business in a complex and volatile marketplace. Critics contend that industry monopoly and the ability to control not only industry owned corporate stations, but locally owned or Franchising franchise ... more details
Geographical renaming is the changing of the Geonym name of a geography geographical feature or area. This can range from the uncontroversial change of a street name to a highly disputed change to the name of a country. Some names are changed locally but the new names are not recognised by other countries, especially when there is a difference in language. Other names may not be officially recognised but remain in common use. Many places have different names in different languages, and a change of language in official or general use has often resulted in what is arguably a change of name. There are many reasons to undertake renaming, with political motivation being the primary cause for example many places in the former Soviet Union and its satellites were List of places named after Stalin renamed to honour Stalin . Sometimes a place reverts to its former name see for example de Stalinization . One of the most common reasons for a country changing its name is newly acquired independence ... than an act of geographical renaming. Other more unusual reasons for renaming have included To get ... changes in spelling in the Roman alphabet for geographical entities, even without any change ... geographical entities and associated entities named after geographical names thus had their English ... for Standardisation in 1982 and officially adopted in Singapore resulting in several geographical ... , Hulunbuir , Erenhot , and has not resulted in any geographical name change in the special ... Reischauer system in July 2000 by the South Korea n government has resulted in a string of changes to geographical ... Kyongju Gyeongju Taejeon Daejeon Taegu Daegu Exonyms and endonyms For geographical entities with multiple ... South African Geographical Names Council Street sign theft Toponomy United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names United States Board on Geographic Names References references ... Category Former place names Category Geographical naming disputes ar ... more details
Geodesy Geographical distance is the distance measured along the surface of the earth . The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude . An abstraction Calculating the distance between geographical coordinates is based on some level of abstraction it does not provide an exact distance, which is unattainable if one attempted to account for every irregularity in the surface of the earth. ref http www.cartography.org.uk default.asp?contentID 749 ref Common abstractions for the surface between two geographic points are Flat surface Spherical surface Ellipsoidal surface. All abstractions above ignore changes in elevation. Calculation of distances which account for changes in elevation relative to the idealized surface are not discussed in this article. Nomenclature Distance, math D, , math is calculated between two points, math P 1 , math and math P 2 , math . The geographical coordinates of the two points, as latitude, longitude pairs, are math phi 1, lambda 1 , math and math phi 2, lambda 2 , , math respectively. Which of the two points is designated as math P 1 , math is not important for the calculation of distance. Latitude and longitude coordinates on maps are usually expressed in degree angle degree s. In the given forms of the formulae below, one or more values must be expressed in the specified units to obtain the correct result. Where geographic coordinates are used as the argument of a trigonometric function, the values may be expressed in any angular units compatible with the method used to determine the value of the trigonometric function. Many electronic calculators allow calculations of trigonometric functions in either degrees or radian s. The calculator mode must be compatible with the units used for geometric coordinates. Differences in latitude and longitude ... has Mathematical singularity singularities at the Geographical pole Poles longitude is undefined ... more details
Stationary target indication STI is a mode of operation of a radar to discriminate a target against clutter radar clutter . ref name eh In contrast to another mode, moving target indication MTI , it cannot take an advantage of the fact that the target moves with respect to clutter. Therefore the radar must exploit some intrinsic characteristics of the target which are different from those of clutter. The simplest method is available when the apparent size of the target is relatively small with respect to clutter source. In this case the reduced pulse and beam width which matches the expected target size may produce good signal to noise ratio target to clutter ratio . Additional discrimination capabilities rely on target imaging or scattering properties of the target. ref name eh Jerry C. Whitaker 2005 The Electronics Handbook , ISBN 0849318890, http books.google.com books?id FdSQSAC3 EwC&pg PA1824&dq 22Moving target indication 22&sig ZdJ7WQUan2g5FKdlL rfr393JK8 p. 1824 ref References reflist Category Radar signal processing Category Targeting warfare ... more details
indication , which also aims to provide some level of classification of the received signal. Both ... Signal Strength Indication Category IEEE 802.11 Radio comm stub Comm stub Electronics stub cs Received Signal Strength Indication de Received Signal Strength Indication es RSSI fr Received Signal Strength Indication ko pl Received Signal Strength Indication ru Received Signal Strength Indication ... more details
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