refimprove date April 2009 A cuticle pron en kju t k l , or cuticula , is a term used for any of a variety ... anatomy Image Fingernail label.jpg thumb right Eponychium is the anatomical term for the human cuticle In human anatomy , cuticle also called eponychium refers to several structures. It refers to the dead ... cuticula pili that locks the hair into its hair follicle follicle See also Cuticle hair . Invertebrate zoology see also Insect cuticle In zoology , the invertebrate cuticle or cuticula is a multi ... s ref http www.wormatlas.org handbook cuticle cuticle.htm About the roundworm cuticle ref and arthropod ... of the nematode cuticle are protein s, highly cross linked collagen s and specialised insoluble ..., I.L. March 19, 2007 The cuticle , In WormBook, ed. by J. M. Kramer & D. G. Moerman. The C. elegans Research Community, WormBook, doi 10.1895 wormbook.1.138.1, http www.wormbook.org chapters www cuticle cuticle.pdf ref The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is chitin , a polysaccharide ... and catecholamines. The more acidic the protein is, the softer the cuticle. It is believed that the epidermal ... and amount of protein to be incorporated into the cuticle. ref insect physiology The McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science of Technology, Vol. 9, p. 233 2007 ref Botany main Plant cuticle Image Hydrophobic Hosta.jpg thumb Epicuticular wax covering the Plant cuticlecuticle of a leaf of Hosta sieboldiana makes it hydrophobic . Water, unable to wetting wet the cuticle, beads up and runs off, carrying ... February, 12 ref . In botany , plant cuticle s are protective, hydrophobic, wax y coverings produced ... components of plant cuticle s are the unique polymer s cutin and or cutan , impregnated with wax . The cuticles of plants function as permeability barriers for water and water soluble materials. The cuticle ... them from the toxic effects of salt . Mycology main Pileipellis Cuticle is one term used for the outer ... bearing tissue layer, the hymenium . References commons Cuticle nowiki See http en.wikipedia.org ... more details
Wiktionary cuticle cuticula Cuticle , or cuticula Latin for covering , may refer to Plant cuticle , or cuticula , a waxy polymeric film covering all aerial plant surfaces Cuticle nail , in human anatomy, the fold of skin at the proximal end of the nail Cuticula invertebrate , the outside of the epidermis of many invertebrates Enamel cuticle , a covering of the crown of a newly erupted tooth , quickly destroyed by chewing Cuticle hair , or cuticula pili , a layer of overlapping cells that surround the hair cortex and lock the hair shaft in its hair follicle follicle Disambiguation ... more details
The hair cuticle is the outermost part of the hair shaft . ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology 10th ed. . Saunders. Page 8. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref It is a hard shingle like layer of overlapping cells, some five to twelve deep. It is formed from dead cells which form scales that gives the hair shaft strength and do the best job of providing protection for it. ref http www.worsleyschool.net science files hair page.html ref The hair cuticle is the first line of defense against all forms of damage it acts as a protective barrier for the softer inner structure including the Medulla hair medulla and cortex hair cortex . The cuticle is responsible for much of the mechanical strength of the hair fiber. A healthy cuticle is more than just a protective layer, as the cuticle also represents the structure that controls the water content of the fiber. Much of the shine that makes healthy hair so attractive is due to the cuticle. ref name keratin.com http www.keratin.com aa aa024.shtml ref The hair cuticle is also said to be water resistant. ref http www.verticalsinhair.com upclose.shtml ref Cuticles are often damaged by excessive mechanical manipulation such as brushing, using heat like using curling irons or chemical processing like perms or texturizers . Everyday elements, such as the sun or wind can also cause wear and tear on your hair and damage the hair cuticles as well. ref http nappyme.wordpress.com hair facts ref Although the cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair, it does not give the hair its color because it has no melanin pigment , which is what is responsible for an individuals hair the color of a person s hair depends on what type of melanin they have which is found in the cortex. ref name keratin.com Also cuticle cells may be elongate, acuminate gradually tapering to a point , ovate egg shaped , or flattened. References Reflist integumentary system Category Hair anatomy Dermatology ... more details
, a layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells give rise to the external cuticle and an internal basement membrane. The majority of insect material is held in the endocuticle. The cuticle provides ... the external sclerotised part of the cuticle is periodically shed in a process called moulting . As the time ... the old cuticle separates from the epidermis apodysis . Enzymatic moulting fluid is released in between the old cuticle and epidermis which separates the exocuticle by digesting the endocuticle and sequestering its material for the new cuticle. When the new cuticle has formed sufficiently, the epicuticle ... more details
Image Kale2.jpg thumb right 250px Water beads on the waxy cuticle of kale leaves File Leaf anatomy.svg 500px thumb right Anatomy of a leaf Plant cuticles are a protective waxy covering produced only by the Epidermis botany epidermal cells ref name Kolattukudy 1996 Kolattukudy, PE 1996 Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses. In Plant Cuticles. Ed. by G. Kerstiens, BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford, pp 83 108 ref of leaf leaves , young shoots and all other aerial plant organ s without periderm . The cuticle tends to be thicker on the top of the leaf, but is not always thicker in xerophyte xerophytic plants living in dry climates than in mesophyte mesophytic plants from wetter climates, despite a persistent myth to that effect. The cuticle is composed of an insoluble cuticular membrane impregnated by and covered with soluble wax es. Cutin , a polyester polymer composed of inter esterified omega hydroxy acid s which are cross linked by ester and epoxide bonds, is the best known structural component of the cuticular membrane. ref name Holloway 1982 Holloway, PJ 1982 The chemical constitution of plant cutins. In Cutler, DF, Alvin, KL and Price, CE The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, pp. 45 85 ref ref name Stark Stark, RE and Tian, S 2006 The cutin biopolymer matrix. In Riederer, M & M ller, C 2006 Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Blackwell Publishing ref The cuticle can also contain a non saponifiable hydrocarbon polymer known as Cutan ... in the structural elucidation of a macromolecular plant constituent in the leaf cuticle of Agave ... of plant cuticular waxes. In Riederer, M & M ller, C 2006 Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Blackwell ..., KL and Price, CE The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, 139 165 ref The plant cuticle is one of a series ... for water and other molecules, the micro and nano structure of the cuticle confer specialised surface ... materials. The waxy sheet of cuticle also functions in defense, forming a physical barrier ... more details
unreferenced date January 2009 Primary enamel cuticle , also called Nasmyth s membrane , is thin Biological membrane membrane of tissue also known as reduced enamel epithelium produced by the ameloblast , that covers the tooth once it has erupted. This tissue is primarily basal lamina . It is usually worn away by mastication and cleaning. External links Tooth development References Oral Pathology Handbook 2008 2009 L.C. Schneider DEFAULTSORT Primary Enamel Cuticle Category Anatomy ... more details
Naked cuticle 2 NKD2 is a human gene that encodes the protein Nkd2, one of the Naked cuticle Nkd family of proteins that regulate the Wnt signaling pathway ref Wharton KA Jr, Zimmermann G, Rousset R, Scott MP. Vertebrate proteins related to Drosophila Naked Cuticle bind Dishevelled and antagonize Wnt signaling. Dev Biol. 2001 Jun 1 234 1 93 106. PMID 11356022 ref ref Katoh M. Molecular cloning, gene structure, and expression analyses of NKD1 and NKD2. Int J Oncol. 2001 Nov 19 5 963 9. PMID 11604995 ref . Both Nkd1 and Nkd2 proteins can bind to Dishevelled proteins DVL1 , DVL2 , DVL3 , but only Nkd2 can bind to the EGF ligand family member TGF alpha and regulate its polarized secretion in cultured epithelial cells ref Li C, Franklin JL, Graves Deal R, Jerome WG, Cao Z, Coffey RJ. Myristoylated Naked2 escorts transforming growth factor alpha to the basolateral plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 13 101 15 5571 6. Epub 2004 Apr 2.PMID 15064403 ref . Sources references After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia REFB for instructions on how to add citations. noinclude noinclude Category Human proteins ... more details
Naked cuticle Nkd is a conserved family of intracellular proteins encoded in the genome s of diverse animals, including nearly all insects and vertebrates studied to date. The original mutants were discovered by 1995 Nobel laureates Christiane N sslein Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus and colleagues in their genetic screens for pattern formation mutants in embryos of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster ref Jurgens, G., Wieschaus, E., Nusslein Volhard, C., Kluding H. 1984. Mutations affecting the pattern of the larval cuticle in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Zygotic loci on the third chromosome. Wilhelm Roux s Arch. Dev. Biol. 193, 283 295, 1984. ref . Members of the Nkd gene family were first cloned in the laboratory of Matthew P. Scott . Like many cleverly named fly mutants, the name naked cuticle derives from the fact that mutants lack most of the hair like protrusions from their ventral cuticle and thus appear naked . Citation needed date February 2011 In Drosophila, nkd is a Segment polarity ... cuticle encodes an inducible antagonist of Wnt signalling. Nature. 2000 Feb 17 403 6771 789 95. PMID ... MP. Naked cuticle targets dishevelled to antagonize Wnt signal transduction. Genes Dev. 2001 Mar 15 ... MP. Vertebrate proteins related to Drosophila Naked Cuticle bind Dishevelled and antagonize Wnt ... autonomous, myristyl independent activity of the Drosophila Wnt Wingless antagonist Naked cuticle ... R, Scott MP. Vertebrate proteins related to Drosophila Naked Cuticle bind Dishevelled and antagonize ... motif is crucial for function of the Drosophila Wnt wingless antagonist Naked cuticle. Genetics. 2006 ... W. Mutations in the human naked cuticle homolog NKD1 found in colorectal cancer alter Wnt Dvl beta ... alpha3 ref Chan CC, Zhang S, Rousset R, Wharton KA Jr. Drosophila Naked cuticle Nkd engages the nuclear ... JA, Wang K, Gadbaw M, Suyama K, Klein PS, Scott MP. naked cuticle encodes an inducible antagonist ... S, Cadigan KM. Regulation of the feedback antagonist naked cuticle by Wingless signaling. Dev Biol ... more details
Summary Information Description Structure of arthropod cuticle. Use with Template Annotated image . Legend top epicuticle middle exocuticle bottom endocuticle black bullet biomineralization , applies only to crustacea ns blue bullet trichogen cell, produces seta green bullet gland cell, produces epicuticle Refs cite book author Wainwright, S.A., Biggs, W.D., and Gosline, J.M. title Mechanical Design in Organisms publisher Princeton University Press year 1982 isbn 0691083088 pages 162 163 cite book author Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. title Invertebrate Zoology publisher Brooks Cole edition 7 isbn 0030259827 year 2004 pages 522 Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date Author User Philcha Philcha User talk Philcha talk other versions svg Licensing PD self date April 2009 ... more details
Naked cuticle 1 NKD1 is a human gene that encodes the protein Nkd1, a member of the Naked cuticle Nkd family of proteins that regulate the Wnt signaling pathway ref Wharton KA Jr, Zimmermann G, Rousset R, Scott MP. Vertebrate proteins related to Drosophila Naked Cuticle bind Dishevelled and antagonize Wnt signaling. Dev Biol. 2001 Jun 1 234 1 93 106. PMID 11356022 ref ref Yan D, Wallingford JB, Sun TQ, Nelson AM, Sakanaka C, Reinhard C, Harland RM, Fantl WJ, Williams LT. Cell autonomous regulation of multiple Dishevelled dependent pathways by mammalian Nkd. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 27 98 7 3802 7. PMID 11274398 ref ref Katoh M. Molecular cloning, gene structure, and expression analyses of NKD1 and NKD2. Int J Oncol. 2001 Nov 19 5 963 9. PMID 11604995 ref . Genome sequence analyses thus far indicate that insects typically have a single Nkd gene, whereas there are two Nkd genes, Nkd1 and Nkd2 , in most vertebrates studied to date zebrafish appear to have additional homologous genes such as Nkd3 ref Van Raay TJ, Coffey RJ, Solnica Krezel L. Zebrafish Naked1 and Naked2 antagonize both canonical and non canonical Wnt signaling. Dev Biol. 2007 Sep 15 309 2 151 68. Epub 2007 Apr 21. PMID 17689523 ref ref Schneider I, Schneider PN, Derry SW, Lin S, Barton LJ, Westfall T, Slusarski DC. Zebrafish Nkd1 promotes Dvl degradation and is required for left right patterning. Dev Biol. 2010 Dec 1 348 1 22 33. Epub 2010 Sep 19. PMID 20858476 ref . Nkd1 binds to the Dishevelled Dvl family of proteins DVL1 , DVL2 , DVL3 , and specific NKD1 mutations identified in DNA mismatch repair deficient colon cancer that disrupt Nkd1 Dvl binding implicate these mutations as a cause of increased Wnt signaling in approximately 1 of human colon cancer, the majority of which have increased Wnt signaling due to mutations the adenomatous polyposis coli APC , AXIN2 , or beta catenin genes ref Guo ... PS, Wharton KA, Liu W. Mutations in the human naked cuticle homolog NKD1 found in colorectal cancer ... more details
Taenidiae are circumferential thickenings of the cuticle inside a Invertebrate trachea trachea or tracheole in an insect s respiratory system. The geometry of the taenidiae varies across different orders of insects and even throughout the tracheae in an individual organism. Taenidia generally take the form of either hoop or spiral thickenings of the tracheal cuticle. References reflist Mill, P.J., Tracheae and Tracheoles Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates , 11A, pp.303 336, 1998. Category insect anatomy insect anatomy stub pt Taenidia ... more details
Reproductive initials are filaments below the Plant cuticlecuticle surface of algae and fungus fungi which give rise to the bulbs of spore producing Cell biology cell s in fungi, Conidium conidiophores . ref Cite journal url http www.apsnet.org phyto PDFS 1988 Phyto78n08 1104.PDF title Development of Cladosporium caryigenum in Pecan leaves ref References Reflist Category Algae Alga stub ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range Early Devonian authority Istchenko and Istchenko, 1979 synonyms species list Donotela fistulata Istchenko and Istchenko Bitelaria is a genus of vascular plant from the Early Devonian, with a thick cuticle. ref jstor 2995584 The cell outlines in its cuticle contain a complex pore like pattern. ref jstor 3514860 It possesses tracheophytes and other complex structures. ref doi 10.1016 0034 6667 92 90141 3 reflist Category Devonian life ... more details
Noref date June 2009 Image Imperial moth 3rdinstar sjh.JPG right thumb 250px Eacles imperialis caterpillar undergoing apolysis Apolysis lang grc discharge, lit. absolution is the separation of the cuticula from the Epidermis zoology epidermis in arthropod s and related groups Ecdysozoa . Since the cuticula of these animals is also the skeletal support of the body and is inelastic, it is shed during growth and a new covering of larger dimensions is formed. During this process, an arthropod becomes dormant for a period of time. Enzymes are secreted to digest the inner layers of the existing cuticle, detaching the animal from the outer cuticle. This allows the new cuticle to develop without being exposed to the environmental elements. After apolysis, ecdysis occurs. Ecdysis is the actual emergence of the arthropod into the environment and always occurs directly after apolysis. The newly emerged animal then hardens and continues its life. Category Developmental biology ... more details
procuticle , which is in turn secreted by the epidermis. Arthropod cuticle is a biological ... protein, with softer parts of the exoskeleton having a higher proportion of chitin. Although the cuticle ... of the exoskeleton. br In addition to the chitino proteinaceous composite of the cuticle, many crustaceans , some myriapod s and the extinct trilobites further impregnate the cuticle with mineral salts, above all calcium carbonate, which can make up up to 40 of the cuticle. This can lead to great mechanical strength. Mechanical properties The two layers of the cuticle have different properties. The outer ... affects how the cuticle responds to deformation. Below a certain point and this point will be higher the more scleritised the cuticle is deformation is elastic and the original shape is returned ... until finally the cuticle cracks. ref name Nedin1999 Segmentation The arthropod exoskeleton is typically ... exoskeleton is shed, the cuticle separates from the epidermis through a process called apolysis. New cuticle is excreted by the underlying epidermis, and mineral salts are usually withdrawn from the old cuticle for re use. After the old cuticle is shed, the arthropod typically pumps up its body for example, by air or water intake to allow the new cuticle to expand to a larger size the process of hardening by dehydration of the cuticle then takes place. Newly molted arthropods typically appear pale or white, and darken as the cuticle hardens. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Arthropod Exoskeleton ... more details
Summary I John Schmidt made this diagram based on images in this article http www.genetics.org cgi reprint 120 4 1061.pdf Requirements for hedgehod, a segmental polarity gene, in patterning larval and adult cuticle of Drosophila . Licensing GFDL self with disclaimers migration relicense ShouldBeSVG diagram ... more details
Summary Epicuticular wax crystals make a Hosta leaf surface hydrophobic. Water, prevented from wetting the cuticle, beads up and runs off, carrying dust and other contamination with it. Licensing self GFDL cc by 2.5 migration relicense ... more details
A sensillum pl . sensilla is an insect sensory organ protruding from the cuticle , or sometime lying within or beneath it. Sensilla are divided in chemical, mechanical e.g. Campaniform sensilla , thermal and visual. References reflist Category Insect anatomy insect anatomy stub es Sensilia fr sensille ... more details
Amphids Greek language Greek amphi , around, double are inervated invaginations of cuticle in nematode s. They are usually found in the anterior head region of the animal, at the base of the lips. Amphids are the principal chemosensory organs of nematodes. Each amphid is made up of 12 sensory neuron s with ciliated dendrite s. Category Nematodes nematode stub ... more details
The term pellis refers to the cellular cortical layers of a mushroom . The term was introduced by Dutch mycologist Cornelis Bas in 1969, who distinguished different layers of the pellis as suprapellis, mediopellis and subpellis. ref cite journal last Bas C. year 1969 title Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph on its section Lepidella journal Persoonia volume 5 issue pages 285 579 ref He also distinguished various topographies of the pellis. For example, pileipellis refers to the cuticle of the mushroom pileus mycology pileus or cap , while stipitipellis is the cuticle of the stipe mycology stipe the stem . References reflist Category Fungal morphology and anatomy Category Mycology Fungus stub ... more details
of the underpart of the cuticle occur. File The arthropods moulting 2.gif right 280px Once the old cuticle has separated from the epidermis, the digesting fluid is secreted into the space in between them. However, this fluid remains inactive until the upper part of the new cuticle has been formed. File The arthropods moulting 3.gif right 280px While the old cuticle is being digested, the new .... Endopterygota insects have more alternatives to moulting, such as expansion of the cuticle and collapse ... of the cuticle from the underlying epidermal cells apolysis and ends with the shedding of the old cuticle ecdysis . In many of them it is initiated by an increase in the hormone ecdysone . This hormone causes apolysis the separation of the cuticle from the Squamous epithelium epidermis excretion of new cuticle beneath the old degradation of the old cuticle After apolysis , moulting fluid is secreted into the space between the old cuticle and the epidermis the exuvial space , this contains ... them from digesting the new procuticle as it is laid down. The lower regions of the old cuticle the endocuticle ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2010 Tissue hydration is the process of absorbing and retaining water in Tissue biology biological tissues . Plants Land plants maintain adequate tissue hydration by means of an outer waterproof layer. In soft or green tissues, this is usually a waxy plant cuticle cuticle over the outer epidermis botany epidermis . In older, wood y tissues, waterproofing chemicals are present in the secondary cell wall that limit or inhibit the from of water. Vascular plant s also possess an internal vascular system that distributes fluid throughout the plant. Some xerophyte s, such as Cactus cacti and other desert plants, have mucilage in their tissues. This is a sticky substance that holds water within the plant, reducing the rate of dehydration. Some seed s and spore s remain dormant until adequate moisture is present, at which time the seed or spore begins to germinate. Animals Animals maintain adequate tissue hydration by means of 1 an outer skin , Exoskeleton shell , or cuticle 2 a fluid filled coelom cavity and 3 a circulatory system . In humans, a significant drop in tissue hydration can lead to the medical condition of dehydration . This may result from loss of water itself, loss of electrolytes, or a loss of blood plasma. Some invertebrates are able to survive extreme desiccation of their tissues by entering a state of cryptobiosis . See also Osmoregulation Category Plant physiology Category Animal physiology biology stub ... more details
image Russula mustelina 121441.jpg thumb 300px right The cuticle of some mushrooms, such as Russula mustelina shown here, can be peeled from the cap, and may be useful as an identification feature. The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus mycology pileus of a fungal fruiting body . It covers the trama , the fleshy tissue of the fruiting body. The pileipellis is more or less synonymous with the cuticle , but the cuticle generally describes this layer as a macroscopic feature, while pileipellis refers to this structure as a microscopic layer. Pileipellis type is an important character in the identification of fungi. Pileipellis types include the cutis , trichoderm , epithelium , and hymeniderm types. Types Cutis A cutis is a type of pileipellis characterized by hyphae that are repent, that is, that run parallel to the pileus surface. Trichoderm In a trichoderm, the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface. ref name court1999 ref name Moser The prefix tricho comes from a Greek word for hair . In an ixotrichodermium, the outermost hyphae are gelatinous. Epithelium An epithelium is a pileipellis consisting of rounded cells in multiple layers, often connected in chains, and sometimes breaking off. ref name Moser ref http www.homepages.hetnet.nl idakees Glossary.htm Glossary of Coprinus site of Kees Ulj ref Hymeniderm Also called hymeniform, or palisade at times. When viewed from above, a hymeniderm or cellular cuticle appears to be paved with roughly circular polygonal elements similar to the fertile cells of the actual hymenium on the gills . The elements may be globular cells or may be the tips of hyphae extending deeper into the surface. ref name court1999 R gis Courtecuisse Mushrooms of Britain & Europe Harper Collins 1999 . ISBN 0 00 220012 0 see Glossary. ref ref name Moser Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant Keys to Agarics and Boleti Roger Phillips 1983 ISBN 0 9508486 0 3 see Technical Glossary ... more details
The cortex of the hair shaft is located between the hair cuticle and Medulla hair medulla . ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology 10th ed. . Saunders. Page 8. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref References Reflist integumentary system Dermatology stub Category Hair anatomy cs Vlasov k ra ... more details
protein name keratin 82 caption image width HGNCid 6459 Symbol KRT82 AltSymbols KRTHB2 EntrezGene 3888 OMIM RefSeq NM 033033 UniProt PDB ECnumber Chromosome 12 Arm q Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData KRT82 is a keratin gene. This is a type II keratin and appears to be a hair cuticle specific. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov gene 3888 ref genetics stub Reflist Cytoskeletal proteins ... more details
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