Wiktionary crystallization The term crystallization has several meanings Crystallization , the chemical natural or artificial process of formation of solid crystals Crystallization engineering aspects Crystallization love , the falling in love process Stendhal disambig de Kristallisation Begriffskl rung fr Cristallisation ... more details
crystallization Fractional crystallization may refer to Fractional crystallization chemistry , a process to separate different solutes from a solution Fractional crystallization geology , a natural process occurring in igneous rocks during which precipitation of minerals takes place disambig vi K t tinh ph n o n ... more details
Context October 2006 date October 2009 Strain crystallization is a phenomenon in which an initially amorphous solid material undergoes a phase transformation due to the application of strain. Strain crystallization occurs in natural rubber , and some other elastomer s. The phenomenon has important effects on strength and fatigue properties. Elastomers that Strain Crystallize natural rubber Polyisoprene Polychloroprene Elastomers that Do Not Strain Crystallize Polybutadiene Styrene Butadiene Sources Chapter 1, Engineering with Rubber, Ed. A. N. Gent, Hanser, 1992. ISBN 3 446 17010 3. Category Rubber properties ... more details
orphan date April 2009 Adolescent Crystallization , as defined by Laurence Steinberg , is a stage during adolescence in which individuals, typically ages 14 18, first begin to formulate their ideas about an appropriate occupation ref Adolescence by Laurence Steinberg , 8th ed. McGraw Hill. 2008 ISBN 0 07 340548 5 ref . Identity development During the crystallization period, adolescents begin to form their own ideas about what is appropriate work for them and learn more about themselves occupationally this will guide them to their future educational decisions. This is considered to be a part of the path to identity social science identity development. An adolescent s occupational plan for the future involves examining their traits, abilities, interests and values. Occupational plans generally form in stages the most important time for crystallization to occur is during late adolescence, during this time their plans are more realistically related to his or her capabilities. Social environment influences an adolescent s choice in occupational plans they are more likely to look to a role model for guidance. Studies A study done by Arizona State University assessed eighth to twelfth graders on career interests and crystallization ref Tracey, T, Robbins, S, & Hofsess, C Stability and change in interests A longitudinal study of adolescents from grades 8 through 12 . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 66, Retrieved 413,2009, from http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WMN ... females. Both the males and the females showed stability in their choices and crystallization increased with age. The study showed the importance of the twelfth grade year because crystallization increased ... choices in crystallization of occupations ref 3. Mortimer, J, Pimental , E, Ryu, S, Nash , K ... influence. Therefore, the crystallization of career opportunities is more likely to occur in adolescents ... the adolescent with their identity development. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Adolescent Crystallization ... more details
A crystallization adjutant is a material used to promote crystallization , normally in a context where a material does not crystallize naturally from a pure solution. In macromolecular crystallography, the adjutant can either interact directly with the protein , and end up in a fixed position in each unit cell of the resulting crystal, or interact more with the disordered parts of the solvent. Typical adjutants are polyethylene glycol s of various molecular weight s, usually rather higher than the ones used for lubrication, and Buffer solution buffer s such as citrate ion to enforce the rather precise pH requirements for crystallization that many proteins have. Small inorganic ionic compounds such as calcium sulfate are also used, though often this is because of a biological requirement for Ca sup 2 sup for the protein to fold into the correct form. For membrane protein s, a precisely calibrated concentration of a detergent is often necessary. Alcohol s and amine s are also commonly used the hope there is that the functional groups will arrange themselves rigidly between functional groups in the protein and stabilize a region around them. Finding the precise combination of adjutants that promotes crystallization is a black art careful experimental design can produce results more efficiently than exhaustive search, but the final optimization is almost always a matter of running tens to hundreds of experiments and waiting for one to produce crystals. External links http www.xtal protocols.de scr screen.html additives A list of adjutants from a German Crystallography laboratory http www.huntsman.com performance products index.cfm?PageID 2136 The Jeffamine group of compounds, a number of which are commonly used adjutants organic chem stub Category Crystallography ... more details
crystallization is that it serves as the basis for X ray crystallography , wherein a crystallized ... protein crystal used successfully in X ray diffraction. PDB ID 3PSG The goal of crystallization is to produce ... the protein s tertiary structure . Protein crystallization is inherently difficult because of the fragile ... unique to each protein must be obtained for a successful crystallization. Therefore, attempting to crystallize .... B Sitting drop. C Microdialysis Two of the most commonly used methods for protein crystallization ... for crystallization, but as water vaporizes from the drop and transfers to the reservoir, the precipitant concentration increases to a level optimal for crystallization. Since the system is in equilibrium, these optimum conditions are maintained until the crystallization is complete ref name Gale ref ... crystallization. Using such a kit, a scientist avoids the hassle of purifying a protein and determining the appropriate crystallization conditions. Robots can be used to set up and automate large number of crystallization experiments simultaneously. What would otherwise be slow and potentially error ... system. Robotic crystallization systems use the same components described above, but carry out ... may use nuclear magnetic resonance , also known as protein NMR . External links Protein Crystallization and Dumb Luck . An essay on the haphazard side of protein crystallization by Bob Cudney http ... growth Crystal optics Crystal system Crystallization processes Crystallographic database Crystallographic ... more details
Crystallization is a concept, developed in 1822 by the French writer Stendhal , which describes the process, or mental metamorphosis, in which unattractive characteristics of a new love are transformed into perceptual diamonds of shimmering beauty according to a quotation by Stendhal What I call crystallization is the operation of the mind that draws from all that presents itself the discovery that the loved object has some new perfections. ref De l amour, Paris, 1822 ref Origin of term In the summer of 1818 Stendhal took a recreational trip to the salt mines of Hallein near Salzburg with his friend and associate Madame Gherardi. Here they discovered the phenomenon of salt crystallization process crystallization and used it as a metaphor for human relationships. In the salt mines, nearing the end of the winter season, the miners will throw a leafless wintry bough into one of the abandoned workings. Two or three months later, through the effects of the waters saturated with salt which soak the bough and then let it dry as they recede, the miners find it covered with a shining deposit of crystals. The tiniest twigs no bigger than a tom tit s claw are encrusted with an infinity of little crystals scintillating and dazzling. The original little bough is no longer recognizable it has become ... ballroom. From this observation Stendhal formulated his concept of mental crystallization and thus ... features and those eyes of which he has never seen the like is precisely similar to the effect of crystallization .... Stripped of its leaves by the winter it was certainly anything but dazzling until the crystallization ... of hornbeam, perceived only by the eyes of the one falling in love. Process of crystallization Stendhal ... is our imagination inclined to overrate their worth. In a word, in Bologna crystallization has not yet ... love one hopes to win. center Image Crystallization.jpg 500px thumb center Stendhal s depiction of crystallization in the process of falling in love center This journey or crystallization process, shown ... more details
the melt, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation. Crystallization affects optical, mechanical ... of crystallinity, but also by the size and orientation of the molecular chains. Crystallization ... with regularly spaced side groups facilitates crystallization. For example, crystallization occurs ... Kristallisation von PolymerenEN.svg thumb Lamellae form during crystallization from the melt. The arrow ... 3 446 16486 3 ref Nevertheless, secondary crystallization can proceeds even below T sub g sub , in the time ... and articles on the dendritic crystallization of polypropylene ref However, if temperature distribution ... book url http books.google.com books?id Jg l8B7 4ngC&pg PA45&dq polymer crystallization spherulite ... Seymour publisher CRC Press year 2003 isbn 0824708067 ref ref name Menges ref name dens Crystallization ... of the molecule chains upon crystallization by stretching. ref name dens The above mechanism considered crystallization from the melt, which is important for injection molding of plastic components. Another type of crystallization occurs upon extrusion used in making fibers and films. In this process ... its molecules. Such alignment can be considered as crystallization and it affects the material properties ... articles Hanser Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3 446 22671 0 ref Crystallization from solution Polymers can ... evaporation, induces interaction between molecular chains and a possible crystallization as in the crystallization from the melt. ref name Lehmann Crystallization from solution may results in the highest .... The rate of crystallization can be monitored by a technique which selectively probes .... Lehmann title The observation of the crystallization of high polymer substances from the solution by nuclear ... sample of the same material with known crystallization degree. ref name Becker ref name ... more details
In crystallography , water of crystallization or water of hydration or crystallization water is water that occurs in crystals . Water of crystallization is necessary for the maintenance of crystalline properties, but capable of being removed by sufficient heat. ref Medical Dictionary http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com water of crystallization water of crystallization ref It is the total weight of water retained by certain salts at a given temperature ref V.P. Sokoloff http pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 ac50085a023 Water of Crystallization in Total Solids of Water Analysis Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1933, 5 5 , pp 336 337 DOI 10.1021 ac50085a023 ref and is mostly present in a definite stoichiometric ratio. Classically, water of crystallization refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex but which is not directly bonded to the metal ion. Mostly, the term is limited to non coordinated Interstitial crystallization water not yet defined interstitial ... 1984 Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford Clarendon Press. ISBN 0 19 855370 6. ref Upon crystallization ... of crystallization is bound or interacting with some other atoms and ions or it would not be included .... Nomenclature In molecular formula s water of crystallization can be denoted in different ways ... H sub 2 sub O Position in the crystal structure A salt with associated water of crystallization is known ... unit is hydrogen bonded to the chloride and to the coordinated water molecule. Water of crystallization ... water of crystallization . Analysis The water content of most compounds can be determined with a knowledge ... of molecules of water bound to the salt. Other solvents of crystallization Water is particularly ... and heat to constant weight. For other solvents of crystallization, analysis is conveniently ... of these solvents of crystallization as well. Table of crystallization water in some inorganic halides ... equivalents br of water of br crystallization that br are not bound to M Remarks Vanadium ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Metal induced crystallization MIC is a method by which amorphous silicon , or a Si, can be turned into polycrystalline silicon at relatively low temperature s. In MIC an amorphous Si film is deposited onto a substrate, usually glass or Si, and then capped with a metal , such as aluminium . The structure is then annealed at temperatures between 150 Celsius scale C and 400 C which causes the a Si films to be transformed into polycrystalline silicon. In a variant of this method, called Metal induced lateral crystallization MILC , metal is only deposited on some area of the a Si. Upon annealing, crystallization starts from the portion of a Si which is covered by metal and proceeds laterally. Unlike MIC process, where metal contamination in the obtained polysilicon is relatively high, the laterally crystallized silicon in MILC process contains very small amount of metal contamination. The crystallization speed is low, but is adequate for applications such as fabrication of thin film transistors . In this case, metal is deposited on the source drain area of the transistor and the channel is laterally crystallized. It has been also shown that applying an electric field increases the speed of lateral crystallization dramatically. Moreover, the crystallization proceeds unidirectionally. DEFAULTSORT Metal Induced Crystallization Category Semiconductor device fabrication Category Inorganic chemistry Category Chemical engineering Category Chemical processes Category Crystallography ... more details
crystallization Image Fractional crystallization.svg thumb 400px Schematic diagrams showing the principles behind fractional crystallisation in a magma . While cooling, the magma evolves in composition because different minerals crystallize from the melt. 1 olivine crystallizes 2 olivine and pyroxene crystallize 3 pyroxene and plagioclase crystallize 4 plagioclase crystallizes. At the bottom of the magma reservoir, a cumulate rock forms. Fractional crystallization is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth s crust geology crust and Earth s mantle mantle . Fractional crystallization is the removal and segregation from a melt of mineral precipitates except in special cases, removal of the crystals changes the composition of the magma. Fractional crystallization in silicate melts magma s is complex compared to crystallization in chemical systems at constant pressure and composition, because changes in pressure and composition can have dramatic ... in silicate melts can be of prime importance, as in near solidus chemistry solidus crystallization of magmas of granite composition. The crystallization sequence of oxide minerals such as magnetite ... concerns crystallization of melts that crystallize to mafic and ultramafic rocks. MgO and SiO sub ... compositions, at high pressures without water crystallization of enstatite is favored, but in the presence .... High temperature fractional crystallization of relatively water poor granite magmas may produce single feldspar alkali feldspar granite, and lower temperature crystallization of relatively water rich magma may produce two feldspar granite. During the process of fractional crystallization, melts become enriched in incompatible element s. Hence, knowledge of the crystallization sequence is critical ... See also Fractional crystallization chemistry Flow banding Layered intrusion Cumulate rock References Reflist Unreferenced date December 2009 DEFAULTSORT Fractional Crystallization Geology Category ... more details
crystallization In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a method of refining substances based on differences in soluble solubility . If a mixture of two or more substances in solution is allowed to crystallize , for example by allowing the temperature of the solution to decrease, the precipitate will contain more of the least soluble substance. The proportion of components in the precipitate will depend on their solubility product s. If the solubility products are very similar a Cascade chemical engineering cascade process will be needeed to effectuate a complete separation. This technique is often used in chemical engineering to obtain very pure substances, or to recover saleable products from waste solutions. See also alphabetic order Crystal Crystal structure Crystallite Crystallization and Crystallization engineering aspects engineering aspects Fractional freezing Laser Heated Pedestal Growth Recrystallization chemistry Seed crystal Single crystal Pumpable ice technology References http acaschool.iit.edu lectures04 JLiangXtal.pdf Small Molecule Crystalization PDF at Illinois Institute of Technology website Category Chemical engineering Category Phase changes physical chemistry stub de Fraktionierte Kristallisation Chemie fr Cristallisation fractionn e chimie it Cristallizzazione frazionata this is only fractional crystallization in geology nl Kristalfractionatie pt Cristaliza o fracionada qu mica ... more details
Alcoholate can refer to the crystalline form of a salt in which alcohol takes the place of water of crystallization . a tincture , or alcoholic extract of plant material. an alkoxide , the salt of an alcohol. disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Orphan date February 2009 Pneumatolysis is the Metamorphism alteration of rock or mineral crystallization effected by gaseous emanations from solidifying magma . Category Geology Geology stub de Pneumatolyse fa hi pl Pneumatoliza uk ... more details
Information Description Scanning electron micrograps of zinc oxide nanorods prepared through a conventional method b fast crystallization Source I Ajaya Sapkota created this work entirely by myself. Date 17 17, 6 March 2010 UTC Author Ajaya Sapkota other versions Licensing GFDL self migration not eligible ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 The Betterton Kroll process is an industrial process for removing bismuth from lead . Calcium and magnesium are added to a molten lead bismuth bath. The resulting bismuth compounds have higher melting point s and lower densities than the lead, and can be removed as dross. The compounds are treated with chlorine to free up the bismuth. Temperature used in the process is about 380 500 C. The other major processes for separating the two metals are by Fractional crystallization chemistry fractional crystallization and by the Betts electrolytic process . DEFAULTSORT Betterton Kroll Process Category Industrial processes Category Bismuth Category Lead industry stub ... more details
A mother liquor is the part of a solution that is left over after crystallization . It is encountered in chemical processes including sugar refining . ref http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 394001 mother liquor Encyclop dia Britannica ref In crystallization, a solid usually impure is dissolved in a solvent at high temperature, taking advantage of the fact that most solids solubilities are higher at higher temperatures. As the solution cools, the solubility of the solute in the solvent will gradually become smaller. The resultant solution is described as supersaturated , meaning that there is more solute dissolved in the solution than would be predicted by its solubility at that temperature. Crystallization can then be induced from this supersaturated solution and the resultant pure crystals removed by a method such as vacuum filtration . The remaining solution, once the crystals have been filtered out, is known as the mother liquor, and will contain a portion of the original solute as predicted by its solubility at that temperature as well as any impurities that were not filtered out. Second and third crops of crystals can then be harvested from the mother liquor. ref Operational Organic Chemistry A Problem Solving Approach to the Laboratory Course, Fourth Edition. ISBN 9780136000921 ref It should be mentioned that this is an antiquated term, only rarely seen in modern texts except on a rare occasion as referring to a previously seen term. These days, chemists will simply refer to it as the solvent. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Mother Liquor Category Separation processes Chem stub de Mutterlauge hu Anyal g ... more details
Ostwald may refer to Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald , the physico chemist Nobel Prize of Chemistry, 1909 The Ostwald s rule related to the polymorphism the least stable phase is first formed The Ostwald Process , a synthesis method for making nitric acid from ammonia Ostwald ripening , a crystallization effect Ostwald, Bas Rhin , a commune of the Bas Rhin d partement , in France See also Oswald disambiguation Ozwald Boateng disambig de Ostwald Begriffskl rung fr Ostwald homonymie gl Ostwald nl Ostwald ... more details
John Mullin may refer to Jack Mullin 1913 1999 , American pioneer in the field of magnetic tape sound recording John Mullin footballer John Mullin journalist born 1964 British newspaper editor John W. Mullin 1925 2009 British chemical engineer known for crystallization See also John Mullins , English footballer hndis Mullin, John ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Wiktionary Congelation is the process by which something congeals, or thickens. This increase in viscosity can be achieved through a reduction in temperature or through chemical reactions. Sometimes the increase in viscosity is great enough to crystallization crystallize or solid ify the substance in question. In alchemy , congelation is one of the 12 vital processes for transformation to occur. Category Alchemical processes de Erstarren ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Unreferenced date February 2007 A tetrahydrate is a molecule surrounded by four 4 molecules of water, forming a hydrate . The notation for a tetrahydrate is anhydrous molecule s formula 4H sub 2 sub O, where the 4 represents tetra hydrate, and the H sub 2 sub O represents the tetra hydrate . And the molecule s name changes to anhydrous molecule s name tetrahydrate. See also Hydrate Water of crystallization Category Hydrates Chem stub pl Tetrahydraty ... more details
The Fox River Belt is a convert 300 km mi 0 abbr on long and convert 10 km mi 0 abbr on to convert 30 km mi 0 abbr on wide Paleoproterozoic geologic feature located in northern Manitoba , Canada . It consists of sedimentary rock sedimentary and mafic ultramafic igneous rock s. ref http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2004AGUSM.V43A..08D Fractional Crystallization of Komatiitic Magma in the Proterozoic Fox River Belt Northern Manitoba ref References reflist Category Geology of Manitoba Category Proterozoic Canada geology stub ... more details
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