Hill, NJ In 1965 while using the Horn Antenna, Penzias and Wilson stumbled on the microwavebackgroundradiation that permeates the universe. This article concerns the accidental discovery of cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation . Although predicted by earlier theories, it was first found accidentally ... a temperature of 50K align right 1946 Robert Dicke predicts a microwavebackgroundradiation temperature ... microwavebackgroundradiation temperature of 40K ref Helge Kragh align right 1964 A. G. Doroshkevich ... of cosmicbackgroundradiation as substantiation of the Big Bang Theory. In a second note, jointly ... like event about 13.7 billion years ago. The first published recognition of the cosmicmicrowavebackground CMB radiation as a detectable phenomenon appeared in a brief paper by Soviet Union Soviet ... to search for microwaveradiation in this region of the spectrum. Dicke and his colleagues reasoned ... title Cosmic Black Body Radiation journal Astrophysical Journal Letters month July year 1965 pages ... of Radiation in the Metagalaxy and Certain Problems in Relativistic Cosmology , in the spring of 1964 ... day and night. They were certain that the radiation they detected on a wavelength of 7.35 ... must have released a tremendous blast of radiation. With the proper instrumentation, this radiation ... a preprint paper he had seen by Jim Peebles on the possibility of finding radiation left over from an explosion ... the significance of their discovery. The characteristics of the radiation detected by Penzias and Wilson fit exactly the radiation predicted by Robert H. Dicke and his colleagues at Princeton ... at the Horn Antenna and listen to the background noise. Robert Dicke, P. J. E. Peebles , P. G. Roll and David Todd Wilkinson D. T. Wilkinson interpreted this radiation as a signature of the Big Bang ... per Second, they noted the existence of the residual background noise and attributed a possible explanation ... A cosmic relic in three degrees journal New Scientist date September 29, 1988 pages 51 55 cite journal ... more details
Timeline of cosmicmicrowavebackground astronomy Thermal non microwavebackground temperature predictions ... .. radiation from cosmic matter at 20 K, but did not refer to backgroundradiation ref name ... tested equipment that could test a cosmicmicrowavebackground of intensity corresponding to about 20K in the microwave region. However, they did not refer to such a background, but only to radiation ... and infinite cosmologies. Microwavebackgroundradiation predictions 1946 George Gamow calculates ... that Shmaonov did observe the cosmicmicrowavebackground at a wavelength of 3.2cm ref Dmitri I. Novikov, The Physics of the CosmicMicrowaveBackground, 2006, Cambridge University Press, 272 pages ... a microwavebackgroundradiation temperature of 40K ref http books.google.com books?id eq7TfxZOzSEC ... microwavebackgroundradiation, eventually confirmed at approximately 2.7K 1966 Rainer Sachs and Arthur ... cluster clusters of galaxies 1990 The CosmicBackground Explorer COBE satellite shows that the microwave ... the discovery of anisotropy in the cosmicmicrowavebackground at the Moscow astrophysical seminar ... that analysed data from COBE report the discovery of anisotropy in the cosmicmicrowavebackground ... will measure B mode polarization. Notes Reflist CMB DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of CosmicMicrowaveBackground Astronomy Category Astronomy timelines Cosmicmicrowavebackground astronomy ...&pg PA135&lpg PA135&sig h6snxSfYc8zr3aoxiu WbOJgpvk&q cosmicmicrowave The Historical Development ... it suggests that by 1950 detection of the backgroundradiation might have been technically possible ... with the actual temperature of interstellar space , but does not mention backgroundradiation. 1953 ... space , but does not mention backgroundradiation. 1948 Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman estimate the temperature in the Universe at 5 K. Although they do not specifically mention microwavebackground ... that the radiation is in the microwave region, this follows immediately from the temperature .. Alpher ... more details
and Wilson s telescope. Simulated data. There have been a variety of experiment s to measure the CosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationCosmicmicrowavebackground CMB radiation anisotropies and polarization ... by gravitational wave s in the early universe . The design of cosmicmicrowavebackground experiments ... nasa lambda File Polarbear experiment.jpg 100px Polarbear Polarization of BackgroundMicrowaveRadiation ... References Reflist CMB experiments DEFAULTSORT List Of CosmicMicrowaveBackground Experiments Category Cosmicmicrowavebackground experiments gl Lista de experimentos do fondo c smico de microondas ... body spectrum DASI , which first detected the polarization signal from the CMB CosmicBackground .... Many improved microwave amplifier technologies have been designed for microwavebackground applications. Some technologies used are HEMT , Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit MMIC ... s, microwave optics usually utilize elaborate Lens optics lenses and feed horn s. Finally, the atmosphere is an issue because water absorbs microwaveradiation a fact utilized in the operation of microwave oven s , it is rather difficult to observe the microwavebackground with ground based instruments ... last Ho coauthors et al. year 2008 title The Yuan Tseh Lee Array for MicrowaveBackground Anisotropy .... check this ref name nasa lambda Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization BICEP ... Background Imager.jpeg 100px CBI CosmicBackground Imager CBI style text align center 2002 style text ... in Tenerife. ref name nasa lambda Image Cobe vision1.jpg 100px COBE CosmicBackground Explorer ... K background. Another problem is the 1 f noise 1 f noise intrinsic to all detectors. Usually ... technology style width 12 class unsortable Targets style width 3 class unsortable Ref s Advanced CosmicMicrowave Explorer ACME br Also HACME HEMT ACME style text align center 1988 style text align center ... 1993 Balloon 150 600 Bolometer ref name nasa lambda Image AMiBA 1.jpg 100px AMiBA Array for Microwave ... more details
Cosmicbackground may refer to Cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation CMB Cosmic neutrino background C B Cosmic gravitational wave background GWB Cosmic infrared background CIB Cosmic X ray background See also lookfrom intitle Cosmic disambiguation Background disambiguation disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
dablink This article is about ionizing radiation . For microwavebackgroundradiation from space, see Cosmicbackgroundradiation and cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationcosmicbackground . Thermal radiation ... microwavebackgroundradiation , a nearly uniform glow that fills the sky in the microwave ... DEFAULTSORT BackgroundRadiation Category Radioactivity Category Cosmic rays af Natuurlike agtergrondbestraling ... Nuclear Power Plant Backgroundradiation displays.jpg thumb Displays showing the level of background .... Backgroundradiation is the ionizing radiation constantly present in the natural environment ... backgroundradiation varies by location. class wikitable style text align center style background ... Backgroundradiation retrieved 2011 6 29 ref Wa State ref Washington state Dept. of Health http www.doh.wa.gov ehp rp factsheets factsheets htm fs10bkvsman.htm Backgroundradiation retrieved ... made values at UNCEAR are from Japan NIRS which summarized UNCEAR data. small The backgroundradiation ... by the atomic bombardment of the upper atmosphere by high energy cosmic rays. Natural sources of background ... 2000 pages 157 291 isbn 978 92 1 142238 2 ref and other artificial sources of backgroundradiation ... nuclear medicine facilities and irradiated patients Natural backgroundradiation Natural backgroundradiation comes from two primary sources cosmicradiation and terrestrial sources. The worldwide ... is mostly from cosmicradiation and natural radionuclides in the environment including those within the body . This is far greater than human caused backgroundradiation exposure, which in the year ... of human caused backgroundradiation exposure. The level of natural backgroundradiation varies depending ... first8 KN title Population study in the high natural backgroundradiation area in Kerala, India ... External Dose Assessments of Inhabitants in the High BackgroundRadiation Areas in China journal Journal ... ref The highest levels of natural backgroundradiation recorded in the world is from areas around ... more details
The diffuse extragalactic backgroundradiation DEBRA refers to the diffuse photon field from extragalactic origin that fill our Universe. It contains photons over 20 decades of energy from 10 sup 7 sup eV to 100 GeV. The origin and the physical processes involved are different within every wavelength range. There are plenty of observational evidences that support the existence of the DEBRA. ref Hauser M. G., Dwek E., 2001, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 39, 249 ref Figure 1 shows a schematic picture, based on many different data sets, of the spectral intensity also called spectral radiance multiplied by wavelength of the DEBRA over all the electromagnetic spectrum. This representation is convenient because the area inside the curve is the energy. The nature and history of the universe is coded in this radiation field and any realistic cosmological model must be able to describe it. Understanding the DEBRA is a major challenge of modern cosmology with huge consequences in other fields of astrophysics, therefore extraordinary efforts are being put by theoreticians, observers, and instrumentalists to do so. Image Extragalactic background power density.jpg Figure 1 Schematic representation of the spectral energy distribution of the DEBRA. Regions of the DEBRA The overall diffuse extragalactic radiation field may be divided in different regions according to their origin and physical processes involved. This is a standard classification from the highest down to the lowest energies Diffuse extragalactic gamma ray radiation also known as cosmic gamma ray backgroundCosmic X ray background Extragalactic background light which includes the cosmic infrared backgroundCosmicmicrowavebackgroundCosmic radio background References references External links http ned.ipac.caltech.edu level5 bcg radiation.html Caltech papers Astronomy stub Category Astronomy Category Astronomy articles needing expert attention Category Astronomy articles needing attention Category Cosmic ... more details
Multiple issues onesource April 2011 refimprove April 2011 BackgroundRadiation Equivalent Time , or BRET , is a unit of measurement of ionizing radiation dosage. One BRET is the equivalent of one day worth of average human exposure to backgroundradiation . The unit is also referred to as BERT Background Equivalent Radiation Time . BRET units are used as a measure of low level radiation exposure. The health hazards of low doses of ionizing radiation are unknown and controversial, because the effects, mainly cancer and genetic damage , take many years to appear, and the incidence due to radiation exposure can t be statistically separated from the many other causes of these diseases. The purpose of the BRET measure is to allow a low level dose to be easily compared with a universal yardstick the average dose of backgroundradiation , mostly from natural sources, that every human unavoidably receives during daily life. Backgroundradiation level is widely used in radiological health fields as a standard for setting exposure limits. Presumably, a dose of radiation which is equivalent to what a person would receive in a few days of ordinary life will not increase his rate of disease measurably. Definition The BRET corresponding to a dose of radiation is the number of days of average background dose it is equivalent to. It is calculated from the equivalent dose in sievert s by dividing by the average annual backgroundradiation dose in Sv, and multiplying by 365 math BRET frac SV dose SV background cdot 365 , math The definition of the BRET unit is apparently unstandardized, and depends on what value is used for the average annual backgroundradiation dose, which differs in different countries and regions. The 2000 UNSCEAR estimate for worldwide backgroundradiation dose is 2.4 mSv 240 mrem . Using this value each BRET unit equals 6.6 Sv. BRET values range from 2 BRET for a Dentistry dental x ray to around 400 for a barium enema study. See also Radiology References http ... more details
Expert subject Physics date November 2008 Cosmology cTopic Early universe The cosmic gravitational wave background is a relic of the Cosmic inflation that can be measured Gravitational wave Gravitational wave detectors directly or indirectly by examining the polarization of the Cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation . It is the result of three things inflationary expansion of space itself, reheating after inflation, and turbulent fluid mixing of matter and radiation. ref cite web url http www.aip.org pnu 2007 split 809 1.html title Gravitational Wave Background accessdate 2007 06 20 author last first authorlink coauthors date year month work publisher pages language doi archiveurl archivedate quote ref See also General Relativity Gravitational wave Linearised Einstein field equations LIGO , VIRGO , GEO 600 , and TAMA 300 Gravitational wave detectors LISA, the proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna Big Bang Observer BBO , proposed successor to LISA Sticky bead argument , for a physical way to see that gravitational radiation should carry energy. References references Gravitational wave observatories DEFAULTSORT Cosmic gravitational wave background Category Physical cosmology Category Cosmic inflation physics stub astronomy stub fa ko ja fi Kosminen gravitaatioaaltotausta zh ... more details
in Antofagasta Region Category Cosmicmicrowavebackground experiments Category Science and technology ...Image CosmicBackground Imager.jpeg right 260px thumb The CBI Telescope Image CosmicBackground Imager CMB.png right 220px thumb CMB as measured by the CBI experiment Image CBI 2.jpg right 260px thumb CBI 2 in 2007 with new 1.4 m antennas The CosmicBackground Imager or CBI was a 13 element interferometer perched at an elevation of 5,080 metres 16,700 feet at Llano de Chajnantor Observatory in the Chile an Andes . It started operations in 1999 to study the cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation and ran until 2008. CBI conducted measurements at frequencies between 26 and 36 GHz in ten bands of 1 GHz Bandwidth signal processing bandwidth . It had a resolution of better than 1 10 of a degree. In comparison, the pioneering COBE satellite, which produced the first detection of fluctuations in the microwavebackground in 1992, had a resolution of about 7 degrees. Among the key findings of the CBI is the fact that fluctuations which have a small size on the sky are weaker than fluctuations which have a large size on the sky, which confirmed earlier theoretical predictions. More technically, CBI was the first experiment to detect intrinsic anisotropy in the microwavebackground on mass scales of galaxy clusters it provided the first detection of the Joseph Silk Silk damping tail it found a hint of excess power at high l multipoles CBI excess than expected from the Lambda CDM model CDM model and it detected fluctuations in the Polarization waves polarization of the microwavebackground obtaining the first detailed E mode polarization spectrum providing evidence that it is out of phase with the total intensity mode spectrum. The CBI was built at the California Institute of Technology , and employed sensitive radio amplifiers from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory two similar ... also Very Small Array Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Degree Angular Scale Interferometer External ... more details
Satellites. Pub. by NRO, 2005. US Reconnaissance Satellites DEFAULTSORT Galactic Radiation And Background ... of the United States de Galactic Radiation and Background pl GRAB satelita ... more details
. See also Infrared cirrus Cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation References Reflist External links http www.astro.ucla.edu wright CIBR Cosmic InfraRed BackgroundRadiation http www.astro.ucla.edu ... ways it is analogous to the cosmicmicrowavebackground , but at shorter wavelengths. History Recognizing ... out, that in a Big Bang created Universe there must have been a cosmic infrared background CIB different from the cosmicmicrowavebackground that can account for the formation and evolution of stars ... in the Local Group The cosmicmicrowavebackground although physically it is not a foreground is also ...Lead missing date October 2009 Cosmic infrared background CIB is a mysterious infrared light coming from ... Astronomy Satellite IRAS , and followed by the CosmicBackground Explorer COBE , the Infrared Space ... title The Cosmic Infrared Background Measurements and Implications journal Annual Review of Astronomy ... title Cosmic infrared background and early galaxy evolution journal Physics Reports volume 409 ......409..361K ref Origin of the cosmic infrared background One of the most important questions ... of the cosmic ultraviolet and visual background . However, a significant amount of this starlight ... and the cosmic far infrared background journal Astronomy & Astrophysics volume 379 year 2001 pages ... BackgroundRadiation , F.A. Aharonian, 2001 http hubblesite.org newscenter newsdesk archive releases ... 1998 01 DEFAULTSORT Cosmic Infrared Background Category Observational astronomy Category Physical ... on an extragalactic background light dates back to the first half of the 19th century. Despite ... background due to galaxies, at that time based on the integrated starlight of these stellar systems ... cause a significant attenuation for very high energy electrons, protons and gamma rays of the cosmicradiation through inverse Compton scattering , photopion and electron positron pair production ... electromagnetic spectrum spectra of the galaxies found in our cosmic neighborhood. However, these simple ... more details
the cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation CMB of the universe and provide measurements that would help ... map variations or anisotropies in the Cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation CMB George F. Smoot ... of the cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation. Spacecraft COBE was an Explorer class satellite, with technology ... microwavebackground fluctuations are extremely faint, only one part in 100,000 compared to the 2.73 kelvin average temperature of the radiation field. The cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation is a remnant ... Microwave Radiometer as of stats ref The COsmicBackground Explorer COBE , also referred to as Explorer ... Cosmicmicrowavebackground dipole spectrum measured by the COBE FIRAS instrument bibcode 1994ApJ ... the detectable anisotropy of cosmicbackgroundradiation as it was the only instrument not dependent ... relative to the cosmicbackgroundradiation http www.scholarpedia.org article Cosmicbackground explorer COBE CosmicBackground Explorer article from Scholarpedia CMB experiments Explorer program ... Category Cosmicmicrowavebackground experiments Category Explorer program Category NASA probes ...Infobox Space telescope name CosmicBackground Explorer COBE image File 020597COBE OV.jpg 250px organization ... with studying the cosmological backgroundradiation. Though these proposals lost out to the IRAS Infrared ... body curve predicted by big bang theory and that observed in the microwavebackground. File COBE ... between the black body curve predicted by big bang theory and that observed in the microwavebackground ... for the cosmic infrared background IV. Cosmological Implications bibcode 1998ApJ...508..106D journal ... de COBE es COBE fa fr CosmicBackground Explorer ko it COBE he hu CosmicBackground Explorer ja COBE pl COBE pt COBE ru COBE sk CosmicBackground Explorer fi COBE sv CosmicBackground Explorer ta th tr COBE uk COBE zh ... deorbit date wavelength mass 2,270 kg website http lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov product cobe LAMBDA Cosmic ... more details
Cosmology cTopic Early universe The cosmic neutrino background CNB, C B is the universe s background particle radiation composed of neutrino s. Like the cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation CMB , the C B is a relic of the big bang , and while the CMB dates from when the universe was 379,000 years old, the Neutrino decoupling C B decoupled from matter when the universe was 2 seconds old. It is estimated that today the C B has a temperature of roughly val 1.95 ul K . Since low energy neutrinos interact only very weakly with matter, they are notoriously difficult to detect and the C B might never be observed directly. There is, however, compelling Cosmic neutrino background Indirect evidence for the C B indirect evidence for its existence. Derivation of the temperature of the C B Given the temperature of the CMB, the temperature of the C B can be estimated. Before neutrino decoupling neutrinos decoupled from the rest of matter, the universe primarily consisted of neutrinos, electron s, positron s, and photon s, all in thermal equilibrium with each other. Once the temperature reached approximately val 2.5 ul MeV , the neutrinos decoupled from the rest of matter. Despite this decoupling, neutrinos and photons remained at the same temperature as the universe expanded. However, when the temperature dropped below the mass of the electron, most electron positron annihilation electrons and positrons ... remains well defined. Indirect evidence for the C B Relativistic neutrinos contribute to the radiation ... during Positron e sup sup Electron e sup sup annihilation . The radiation density had a major ... as well as the growth of matter perturbations in two ways due to its contribution to the radiation density of the Universe which determines for instance the time of matter radiation equality ... Microwave Anisotropy Probe WMAP spacecraft s five year data combined with type Ia Supernova ... Microwave Anisotropy Probe WMAP Observations Cosmological Interpretation year 2010 arxiv 1001.4538 ... more details
The CosmicRadiation Satellite CORSA was a Japanese space telescope . It was supposed to be Japan s first X ray astronomy satellite but was lost due to failure of its Mu rocket Mu 3 launch vehicle . A replacement satellite Hakucho CORSA b was later launched. Sources cite web url http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc spacecraftDisplay.do?id CORSA title NASA NSSDC Spacecraft Details CORSA publisher NASA accessdate 2008 03 04 cite web url http www.astronautix.com craft corsaa.htm title Astronautix Corsa A publisher Astronautix accessdate 2008 03 03 Japan spacecraft stub Category Space telescopes ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Timeline of other backgroundradiation fields 1912 Victor Hess discovers that the ionization of air increases with altitude indicating the existence of cosmicradiation 1949 Herbert Friedman detects evidence for extrasolar X ray s 1962 Riccardo Giacconi , Herbert Gursky , F. Paolini , and Bruno Rossi formally discover the X ray background DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Other BackgroundRadiation Fields Category Physics timelines BackgroundRadiation Fields, Other ... more details
p 2 does not mention that the atmosphere blocks most of the sun s microwaveradiation date September 2010 The CosmicMicrowaveBackgroundRadiation CMBR is a source of microwaves that supports the science ... with visible light highlighted See also Block upconverter BUC Cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation ... 300 GHz 1.24 milli m eV 1.7 eV style background CCFFCC Microwave 1 mm 1 meter 300 GHz 300 MHz 1.24 meV ... microwaves and radio frequency emissions. The sun also emits microwaveradiation, although most ... microwaveradiation, and most of it is blocked by Earth 27s atmosphere.&q microwaves 20from 20Sun page ... . Radar Radar uses microwaveradiation to detect the range, speed, and other characteristics of remote ... uses microwaves. Usually the naturally occurring microwaveradiation is observed, but active ... thumb right Galactic backgroundradiation of the Big Bang mapped with increasing resolution Navigation ... microwaveradiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz through food, causing dielectric heating ... date November 2011 ref Spectroscopy Microwaveradiation is used in electron paramagnetic resonance ..., such as free radical s or transition metal ions such as Cu II . The microwaveradiation can also ... experienced clicks and buzzing sounds in response to microwaveradiation. This microwave auditory ... heating induced in the body. Exposure to microwaveradiation can produce cataract s by this mechanism ... they contain no blood vessel s that can carry away heat. Exposure to heavy doses of microwaveradiation ... in an article MicrowaveRadiation from the Sun and Moon by Robert Dicke and Robert Beringer . This same ...About the electromagnetic wave the cooking appliance Microwave oven other uses Microwaves disambiguation Image Microwave tower silhouette.jpg thumb A microwave telecommunications tower on Wrights Hill ... 0.3 hertz GHz and 300 GHz. ref Pozar, David M. 1993 . Microwave Engineering Addison Wesley ... title ref In all cases, microwave includes the entire Super high frequency SHF band 3 to 30 ... more details
wiktionary background TOC right Background may refer to Art Background actor Background artist Background light ing, a film technique Background story Film Background 1953 film Background 1953 film , a British drama Background 1973 film Background 1973 film , a documentary Music Background album , 1992 album by Lifetime Background music Background vocals Computing Background process , software that is running but not being displayed Computer wallpaper Background , or desktop picture, is the image or colour displayed on a website or computer desktop behind the visible content tt background tt , in HTML , a tt nowiki body nowiki tt element attribute that sets a background texture Physics and science includes astronomy Background astronomy , small amounts of light coming from otherwise dark parts of the sky Background extinction rate , in geology Background independence , a condition in theoretical physics Background noise Backgroundradiation , the natural radiation that is always present in a location Cosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation , a natural constant radiation emanating throughout the universe Gravitational wave background Operational definition , in philosophy of science, distinguishing an object from its background of observation, or identifying what is and what is not part of it String background , in theoretical physics X ray background Other Journalism sourcing .22Speaking terms.22 Background journalism , in journalism, between a news source and a reporter on the privacy of a discussion Background art , or prior art , in patent law Background check Backgrounding , a way of feeding livestock before selling them Field heraldry , background of a shield See also lookfrom intitle Cosmicbackground disambiguation Ethnic background Heritage disambiguation disambiguation de Hintergrund fr Background it Background ja zh ... more details
can identify the elements in the sample by studying the emitted radiation. See also colbegin 3 Backgroundradiation , which actually refers to the background ionizing radiation erenkov radiationCosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiation , 3 kelvin K blackbody radiation that fills the Universe Electromagnetic ... microwave and radio wave exposure. Non ionizing radiation is usually considered to have no completely ...pp semi small yes Other uses File Alfa beta gamma radiation penetration.svg 300px thumb right Illustration of the relative abilities of three different types of ionizing radiation to penetrate solid matter ... plate. Gamma radiation is dampened when it penetrates matter. In physics , radiation is a process .... Two types of radiation are commonly differentiated in the way they interact with normal chemical matter ionizing radiation ionizing and non ionizing radiation. The word radiation is often colloquially used in reference to ionizing radiation i.e., radiation having sufficient energy to ionize an atom , but the term radiation may correctly also refer to non ionizing radiation e.g., radio waves , infrared radiation heat or light visible light . The particles or waves radiate i.e., travel outward ... units that are applicable to all types of radiation. Both ionizing and non ionizing radiation can ..., ionizing radiation is far more harmful to living organisms per unit of energy deposited than non ionizing radiation, since the ions that are produced by ionizing radiation, even at low radiation powers, have the potential to cause DNA damage. By contrast, most non ionizing radiation is harmful to organisms ... at low powers which do not produce significant temperature rise. Ultraviolet radiation in some aspects occupies a middle ground, in having some features of both ionizing and non ionizing radiation. Although nearly all of the ultraviolet spectrum of radiation is non ionizing, at the same time ultraviolet radiation does far more damage to many molecules in biological systems than is accounted for by heating ... more details
wiktionary Cosmic may refer to anything pertaining to the cosmos An electronic medical record software developed by Cambio popular culture Afro Cosmic music Cosmic, a song by Kylie Minogue on the album X Kylie Minogue album X CosM.i.C, a member of the Swedish rap group Looptroop Rockers software COSMIC Software Sizing sizing of software COSMIC Software software developing company acronym COSMIC Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate COSMIC cancer database Media Cosmic Break , an MMO Third Person Shooter Online Game See also Cosmos disambiguation Cosmic Top Secret , a category of classified information used by NATO disambiguation ... more details
Microwave thermotherapy , also called microwave therapy , is a type of treatment in which body tissue is heated by microwave irradiation to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. See also Transurethral microwave thermotherapy External links http www.cancer.gov Templates db alpha.aspx?CdrID 44565 Microwave therapy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI cancer dict Category Microwave technology Category Radiation oncology oncology stub he ... more details
unreferenced date July 2008 Microwave plasma is a type of Plasma physics plasma , that has high frequency electromagnetic radiation in the GHz range. It is capable of exciting electrode less gas discharge s. Properties of microwave excited plasma If applied in surface wave sustained mode , they are especially well suited to generate large area plasmas of high plasma density . If they are both in surface wave sustained mode surface wave and resonator mode , they can exhibit a high degree of spatial localisation. This allows to spatially separate the location of plasma generations from the location of surface processing. Such a separation together with an appropriate gas flow scheme may help reduce the negative effect, that particles released from a processed substrate may have on the plasma chemistry of the gas phase . See also Afterglow plasma Gas discharge List of plasma physics articles Sulfur lamp External links http jlnlabs.online.fr plasma gmrtst Generating plasmoid in household microwave oven. http www.fbh berlin.com business areas microwave components systems microwave plasma Atmospheric microwave microplasma sources at Ferdinand Braun Institut FBH . Mass spectrometry DEFAULTSORT Microwave Plasma Category Plasma physics ru ... more details
Microwave News reports on the health and environmental impacts of electromagnetic fields EMFs and other types of non ionizing radiation , with special emphasis on cell phones and power lines. It also covers radar, radio and TV broadcast towers and many related topics. The first print issue was published in January 1981. In June 2003, the publication converted to a Web based format. Microwave News is independent and is not aligned with any industry or government agency. ref http www.microwavenews.com pressonmwn.html About Microwave News ref A complete archive of the print issues is available in PDF format at no charge from the Microwave News Web site. ref http www.microwavenews.com news.html Microwave News Archives 1981 2003 ref PDFs of the Web editions may also be downloaded. ref http www.microwavenews.com newscomment.html Microwave News News & Comment ref A 1990 Time magazine Time magazine profile of Microwave News and its editor, Louis Slesin, said that the newsletter is meticulously researched and thoroughly documented. ref http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,970755,00.html Technology Hidden Hazards of the Airwaves Time Magazine ref In his 2000 book Voodoo Science , Robert L. Park described Microwave News as an influential newsletter devoted entirely to the Electromagnetic radiation and health EMF health issue Page 141 but stated Paul Brodeur and Microwave News in particular, had given the public a seriously distorted view of the scientific facts. Page 158 References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.microwavenews.com Microwave News Categories Category Environmental magazines Category Science and technology magazines sci mag stub webzine stub ... more details
A microwave radiometer MWR is a radiometer that measures energy emitted at sub millimetre to centimetre wavelengths at frequencies of 1 1000 GHz known as microwaves . Their primary application has been onboard spacecraft measuring atmospheric and terrestrial radiation, and they are mostly used for meteorological or oceanographic remote sensing. Their secondary application is also meteorological, as zenith pointing surface instruments that view the Earth s atmosphere in a region above the stationary instrument. By understanding the physical processes associated with energy emission at these wavelengths, scientists can calculate a variety of surface and atmospheric parameters from these measurements, including air temperature , sea surface temperature , salinity , soil moisture , sea ice , Precipitation meteorology precipitation , the total amount of water vapor and the total amount of liquid water in the atmospheric column directly above or below the instrument. The most common form of microwave radiometer was introduced by Robert Dicke in 1946. ref cite journal title The measurement of thermal radiation at microwave frequencies author Dicke, R.H. journal Review of Scientific Instruments volume 17 issue 7 pages 268 275 year 1946 publisher AIP url http www.eng.yale.edu rslab internal Papers dickepaper.pdf doi 10.1063 1.1770483 pmid 20991753 ref There is a book length review of satellite radiometers. ref cite book title Microwave radiometer systems design and analysis author Skou ... of microwave radiometers on meteorological satellites include the SSMI Special Sensor Microwave Imager , Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer and Microwave Sounding Unit . The Microwave Imaging ... in 2011, is planning to characterize the atmosphere of Jupiter using a suite of microwave radiometers ... Science Digital Library MWR Quicklook Page http www.arm.gov instruments DOE Atmospheric Radiation ... Juno Radiometer MWR Category Electromagnetic radiation meters Category Radiometry ... more details
of most microwave ovens and to uneven absorption by the object being heated, the microwave field is usually non uniform and localized superheating occurs. Different compounds convert microwaveradiation ...Microwave chemistry is the science of applying microwave irradiation to chemical reactions. ref Microwaves ... books reviews 3527305149.shtm ref ref Microwaves in organic synthesis. Thermal and non thermal microwave ... DOI 10.1039 b411438h ref ref Developments in Microwave assisted Organic Chemistry . C. Strauss, R ... current and energy is lost due to the electrical resistance of the material. Microwave heating in the laboratory began to gain wide acceptance following papers in 1986, ref The use of microwave ovens ... DOI 10.1016 S0040 4039 00 83996 9 ref although the use of microwave heating in chemical modification can be traced back to the 1950s. Although occasionally known by such acronyms as MEC Microwave Enhanced Chemistry or MORE synthesis Microwave organic Reaction Enhancement , these acronyms have had little acceptance outside a small number of groups. Heating effect see also microwave effect non thermal microwave effect Conventional heating usually involves the use of a furnace or oil bath, which heats ... to achieve the target temperature, e.g. when heating a large sample of ceramic bricks. Microwave heating ... more quickly or more slowly than others particularly the reaction vessel . Microwave heating can ... s of the components are considered. As a result, it can be expected that the microwave field ... the rate of the chemical reaction within that hot zone. br On this basis, many early papers in microwave ... shorter than the period of a microwave wave, thus precluding the presence of such molecular hot spots under ordinary laboratory conditions. The oscillations produced by the radiation in these target ... thermal inhomogeneities within solid phases under microwave irradiation. Microscopic hot ... by post mortem methods ref Zhang, X., Hayward, D.O., Lee, C. and Mingos, D.M.P. 2001 Microwave ... more details
line s, space based systems remote sensing , measurements, microwaveradiation hazards and safety measures. During World War II microwave engineering played a significant role in developing radar that could accurately locate enemy ships and planes with a focused beam of EM radiation . The foundations ...Microwave engineering pertains to the study and design of microwave circuits, components, and systems ... there are different interactions with circuits, transmissions and propagation characteristics at microwave ... , authorlink coauthors and Sisir K. Das title Microwave engineering publisher McGraw Hill Higher ... frontcover&dq microwave engineering&hl en v onepage&q&f false doi id isbn 9780073529509 mr zbl jfm ref The microwave domain EM spectrum Microwave is a term used to identify electromagnetic waves above ... applications. Small antennas and other small components are made possible by microwave frequency ..., or both. Microwave frequency usage is significant for the design of shipboard radar because it makes possible the detection of smaller targets. Microwave frequencies present special problems in transmission ... circuit theory is based on voltages and currents while microwave theory is based on electromagnetic fields . ref name neetstheory Cite web title Module 11 Microwave Principles work Navy Electricity ... and techniques may be described qualitatively as microwave when the wavelengths of signals are roughly ... theory is inaccurate. As a consequence, practical microwave technique tends to move away from ... and atmospheric Absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption usually associated with visible light are of practical significance in the study of microwave Radio propagation propagation . The same ... ref This paragraph was directly copied from the Wikipedia article entitled Microwave . September 04 ... and Sisir K. Das. http books.google.com books?id ZU19Uemy83YC&printsec frontcover&dq microwave engineering&hl en v onepage&q&f false Microwave Engineering . McGraw Hill Higher Education . ref Relevance ... more details
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