Constitutional Council might refer to Constitutional Council of Chad Constitutional Council of France Constitutional Council of Kazakhstan Constitutional Council of Lebanon Constitutional Council of Sri Lanka See also Constitutional court disambig de Conseil constitutionnel fr Conseil constitutionnel it Consiglio costituzionale ... more details
Constitutional convention may refer to Constitutional convention political custom , an informal and unmodified procedural agreement. Constitutional convention political meeting , a meeting of delegates to adopt a new constitution or revise an existing constitution. Constitutional conventions by country Constitutional Convention Australia , any of four gatherings in 1891, 1897 98, 1973, 1998 Australian Constitutional Convention 1998 Constitutional Convention Philippines Scottish Constitutional Convention United States Constitutional Convention United States Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution See also Constitutional Commission disambig ... more details
dablink This article is a list of constitutional courts. For information about constitutional courts in general, see Constitution Image Boehmische Hofkanzlei Vienna April 2007 003.jpg thumb Austrian Constitutional ... 11 in Vienna Image Karlsruhe bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg thumb Federal Constitutional Court of Germany Bundesverfassungsgericht BVerfG in Karlsruhe A constitutional court is a Supreme court high court that deals primarily with constitutional law . Its main authority is to rule on whether or not laws ... a separate constitutional court. Many countries do not have separate constitutional courts, but instead delegate constitutional judicial authority to their supreme court . Nonetheless, such courts are sometimes also called constitutional courts for example, some have called the Supreme Court of the United States the world s oldest constitutional court because it was the first court in the world to invalidate a law as unconstitutional Marbury v. Madison , even though it is not a separate constitutional court. Austria established the world s first separate constitutional court, conceptualised by Hans ... review through their supreme courts. Image Zdanie konstitucionnogo suda.jpg thumb Constitutional court of Russia. List Countries with separate constitutional courts include columns width 200px col1 Constitutional Court of Albania Albania Constitutional Court of Armenia Armenia Constitutional Court of Austria Austria Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Constitutional Court of Belarus Belarus Constitutional Court of Belgium Belgium Constitutioinal Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Constitutional Court of Bulgaria Bulgaria Constitutional Court of Central African Republic Central African Republic Constitutional Court of Chile Chile Constitutional Court of Colombia Colombia Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo Constitutional Court of the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Constitutional Court of Costa Rica Costa Rica Croatian ... more details
unreferenced date February 2008 Many entities have been called a Constitutional Commission with the general purpose of reviewing a constitution , or planning to create one. Afghanistan Afghan Constitution Commission Timeline of the War in Afghanistan August 2003 Reigns of Nadir Shah and Zahir Shah Australia In 1985 a Constitutional Commission was established by the Bob Hawke Hawke Australian Labor Party Labor government to review the Australian Constitution. It was seen as too partisan by many Liberal Party of Australia Liberals and the eventual referendum questions were not supported leading to the lowest yes vote count for any referendum in Australia in 1988 . See also Constitutional history of Australia Eritrea Politics of Eritrea Philippines On January 1942, the Philippine Executive Commission or PEC was established as the temporary care taker government of the Greater Manila area and eventually of the whole Philippines during the Japanese occupation of the country during World War II. The constitution existed until the Liberation of Manila in 1945. In 1986, President of the Philippines President Corazon Aquino dissolved the 1973 Constitution and called for its revision. From February 1986 to February 1987, the Philippines was run under a Provisionary Constitution called Freedom Constitution drafted by her executive secretary Joker Arroyo . On September 1986, the Constitutional Commission of 1986 was set up with all members appointed by Aquino. The revised Philippine Constitution was placed into a Philippine constitutional plebiscite, 1987 plebiscite with 76 Yes votes. Philippine constitution Philippine Executive Commission Scotland Scottish Constitutional Commission A non ... a similar function to a conventional constitutional commission, with regard to devolved government in Scotland. Seychelles Politics of Seychelles See also Constitutional convention political meeting Constituent Assembly Category Constitutional commissions ... more details
Constitutional economics is a research program in economics and constitutionalism that has been described as extending beyond the definition of the economic analysis of constitutional law in explaining the choice of alternative sets of legal institutional constitutional rules that constrain the choices ... Hauwe, 2005. Constitutional Economics II, The Elgar Companion to Law and Economics , pp. http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id EtguKoWHUHYC&oi fnd&pg PA223& fals 223 24. ref Constitutional economics studies the compatibility of effective economic decisions with the existing constitutional framework ..., 2001. Constitutional Economics and the Bank of Russia, Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law ... as a practical approach to apply of the tools of economics to constitutional matters. ref ... of Constitutional Economics, 6 TUL. J.INT L. & COMP. L. 291, 293 1998 ref For example, a major ... resources. The legal solution to this problem falls within the scope of constitutional economics. Constitutional ... The generally accepted birth of constitutional economics was Charles Austin Beard s landmark book, An Economic ... a new method of economic and political thought that would evolve into contemporary constitutional economics analysis ref Voigt, Stephan 1997 . Positive Constitutional Economics A Survey, Public Choice ... name Beard1913 . The term constitutional economics was coined in 1982 by the U.S. economist Richard ... Prize in Economic Sciences for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory ... position is, in fact, the very subject matter of constitutional economics. A constitutional economics approach allows for a combined economic and constitutional analysis, helping to avoid a one dimensional ... interests of the state and society against those of individuals and their constitutional rights to personal freedom and private happiness. Buchanan introduced rich cross disciplinary concepts of constitutional citizenship and constitutional anarchy . Constitutional anarchy is a modern policy that may ... more details
linkrot date October 2011 Forms of government Libertarianism sidebar expanded all A constitutional republic ... representatives of the people and must govern according to existing constitutional law that limits ..., it is a republic and not a monarchy. In a constitutional republic , executive government executive ... exists that limits the government s power makes the state constitutional . That the head s of state ... Adams defined a republic as a government of laws, and not of men. ref Levinson, Sanford. Constitutional Faith . Princeton University Press , 1989, p. 60 ref Constitutional republics attempt to weaken ... is limited to electing representatives who legislate within the limits of an overarching constitutional ... into distinct branches that serve as a check and balance on each other. In a constitutional republic ... in Policing , American Enterprise Institute , 2002, p. 16. ref The notion of the constitutional republic ... in the interests of the whole community and not just the majority. Constitutional republics were first ... by France in 1769. Since the beginning of the 20th century, constitutional republics have entered .... According to James Woodburn, in The American Republic and Its Government , the constitutional ... would require the proposal of a Constitutional amendment by a two thirds majority of United ... abuses thereof. Though a constitutional republic is not a pure democracy it necessarily has some ... but has a parliament with elected representatives that govern according to constitutional law protecting individual rights are called constitutional monarchy constitutional, democratic monarchies . Both ... may or may not be a constitutional republic. For example, the United States relies on representative ... democracy, but a constitutional republic in which majority rule is tempered by minority ... Freedom A Legal History says, to him, a constitutional republic means a representative polity ... that a constitutional republic is a protective legal framework for what he considered to be capitalist ... more details
Globalize USA date December 2010 Constitutional theory is an area of constitutional law that focuses on the underpinnings of constitutional government. It overlaps with legal theory , constitutionalism , philosophy of law and democratic theory. It is not limited by country or jurisdiction. Overview of Constitutional Theory in the United States Constitutional theory in the United States is an academic ... . Much of constitutional theory is concerned with theories of judicial review . This is in part because ... the judiciary near final authority on constitutional meaning. Aside from judicial review, constitutional ... to further? How does constitutional meaning shift with other changes in the political structure? How does constitutional meaning shift with changes in cultural norms? What is the proper relationship ... between the federal government and the states? History of Constitutional Theory in the United States Although constitutional theory as a discipline has its precursors in The Federalist and Justice Story s Commentaries on the Constitution , modern constitutional theory began with the publication ... Seeking Certainty The Misguided Quest for Constitutional Foundations and Beyond All Reason The Radical ... 1921 1930 27th President of the United States 1909 1913 Kent Professor of Constitutional Law and Legal ... University Law School William Van Alstyne , Professor of Law, College of William & Mary Constitutional ... State The Rechtsstaat doctrine Legal state, State of Right, Constitutional state, constitutional government ... and their prosperity. Kant was basing his doctrine on none other but constitutionalism and constitutional ... on the goodness of this constitution. Kant s idea is the foundation for the constitutional ... of rights , constitutional state in which the exercise of governmental power is constrained by the law ... to give meaning to definition Legal State is anything but theoretical. President of the Constitutional ..., Justitsinform, Moscow 2007 . ref Russian concept of Legal state adopted many segments of the constitutional ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 COI date January 2008 Daily Constitutional, A Publication for the Artist s Voice is a submission based, artist run publication featuring artist s writing, art criticism , dialogue and projects. Daily Constitutional was founded in 2005 by artist John Henry Blatter in Richmond, Virginia as an outlet and forum for tha individual artist s voice. History The first issue was debuted at Scope Miami International Art Fair, December 2005. Mission blockquote The mission of this publication is to provide an outlet and forum for the individual Artist s voice, rather than the cacophony that is the art world at large galleries, critics, curators, museums, patrons and finally the artists themselves . To provide a place to express, exchange and discuss, without interpretation, the artist s opinions, ideas and discoveries within one s practice. This publication can only be made possible, through a collaboration of individual Artists. ref http www.dailyconstitutional.org mission statement.html Daily Constitutional s Mission Statement ref blockquote References references Primary sources date January 2008 1 article External links http www.dailyconstitutional.org Daily Constitutional website Category Publications established in 2005 Category Media in Richmond, Virginia art mag stub Virginia stub ... more details
Advice , in constitutional law , is formal, usually binding, instruction given by one constitutional officer of state to another. Especially in parliamentary government parliamentary systems of government , Head of state Heads of state often act on the basis of advice ref Some constitutional writers, though not all, capitalise the word to indicate that it refers not merely to an informal suggestion but to a formal constitutional instruction, which, in most cases, must be followed. Citation needed date April 2008 ref issued by Prime Minister prime ministers or other government ministers. For example, Elizabeth II formally appoints her British Minister of the Crown ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom British Prime Minister . Among the most prominent forms of advice offered are Advice to appoint and remove individual ministers. Advice to dissolve parliament . Advice to deliver formal statements, such as a Speech from the throne . In some states, the duty to accept advice is legally enforceable, having been created by a constitution or statute. For example, the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany Basic Law of Germany requires the President of Germany President to appoint federal ministers on the advice of the Chancellor of Germany Chancellor . In others, especially under the Westminster system , advice may legally be rejected for example, in several Commonwealth realm s, Elizabeth II the Queen is not legally obliged to accept the advice of her ministers this lack of obligation forms part of the basis for the reserve powers . Nevertheless, in ordinary circumstances, refusal to accept ministerial advice would almost certainly provoke a constitutional crisis . Although most advice is binding, in comparatively rare instances, it is not. For example ... Constitutionalism Constitutional economics Rule according to higher law Notes references Category Constitutional law ja simple Advice constitutional ... more details
The phrase constitutional theocracy describes a form of elected government in which one single religion is granted an authoritative central role in the legal and political system. In contrast to a pure theocracy , power resides in lay political figures operating within the bounds of a constitution, rather than in the religious leadership. It was used in connection with the Iranian government of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1987 by Olivier Roy professor Olivier Roy , ref Translated summary of Roy s article La Th ocratie Constitutionnelle cited in International Bibliography of the Social Sciences 1987 ref ... at Columbia University ref has spoken of a constitutional theocracy in the context of a state wide ... until Ayatollah Khomeini created a constitutional theocracy in Iran as Guardianship of the Islamic ... than one article discussing constitutional theocracies for example considering modern states formally ... of courts in constitutional theocracies such as Egypt in determining the nature of public life in modern states formally governed by principles of Islamic Shari a laws ref The concept of constitutional ... s only constitutional theocracy ref or about the process of developing a constitution in Iraq, ref Time magazine Time 24 November 2003, Vol. 162 Issue 21, p36 44 an Iranian style constitutional theocracy ... s views Professor Hirschl has expanded on the distinction between constitutional theocracies and ordinary democracies in his article, http papers.ssrn.com sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 557601 Constitutional .... The result of this amendment effectively transformed Egypt into a constitutional theocracy ... of official, government established Shari a courts in both Egypt and Iran as evidence that these are constitutional theocracies. Though his definition seems generally compatible with other views that a constitutional ... needed date February 2007 to mean that Iraq is not a constitutional theocracy, at least according to Hirschl s definition. References references DEFAULTSORT Constitutional Theocracy Category Forms of government ... more details
refimprove date April 2011 A constitutional crisis is a situation that the legal system s constitution ... operation of government . Often, generally speaking, a constitutional crisis is a situation ... hold sovereignty . Most commonly, constitutional crises involve some degree of conflict between ... and federal governments . A constitutional crisis may occur because one or more parties to the dispute willfully chooses to violate a provision of a constitution or an unwritten Constitutional convention political custom constitutional convention , or it may occur when the disputants disagree over ... leave the Union. A constitutional crisis is distinct from a rebellion , which is defined as when factions ... by the military or civilian protesters. A constitutional crisis can lead to government paralysis, collapse, or civil war . Incomplete list of constitutional crises by country Australia The 1975 Australian constitutional crisis saw the Prime Minister of Australia Prime Minister Gough Whitlam dismissed ... of constitutional principles, including surrender to Germany against advice constitutional ministerial ... what exactly the procedure was whereby Canada could request a constitutional amendment from the United ... Magazine. December 5, 2008. Accessed 8 March 2011. ref as a constitutional crisis. Democratic Republic ... to the Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 . Fiji In the Fiji constitutional crisis of 1977 ... of two homosexuals persons, which is in opposition to the 2009 decision of the Federal Constitutional ... Honduran constitutional crisis saw President Manuel Zelaya attempting to hold a non binding referendum ... s subsequent refusal to quit the office Malaysia The 1983 Malaysian constitutional crisis saw Prime ... to the amendments. The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis was a series of events that began ... a constitutional crisis involved the limitation of monarchs power in Malaysia. Prime Minister ... to their actions. The 2009 Perak constitutional crisis occurred in the Malaysian state of Perak when ... more details
In political science , Constitutional autochthony is the process of asserting constitutional nationalism from an external legal or political power. The source of wiktionary autochthony autochthony is the Greek language Greek word translated as springing from the land . ref http www.questia.com PM.qst?a o&d 1534972 ref It usually means the assertion of not just the concept of autonomy , but also the concept that the constitution derives from their own native traditions. ref cite book title The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth authorlink Kenneth Wheare last Wheare first Kenneth year 1960 publisher Clarendon Press location Oxford page pages 89 ref The autochthony, or home grown nature of constitutions, give them authenticity and effectiveness. ref http www.nou.edu.ng noun NOUN OCL pdf Law 20243.pdf page 7 ref It was important in the making and revising of the constitutions of India , Pakistan , Ghana ref cite book title Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 1 last Weare first Kenneth year 1961 pages 41 55 chapter Constitutional autochthony in Ghana ref , South Africa , Sierra Leone ref cite book title The Constitutional History and Law of Sierra Leone 1961 1995 last Thompson first Bankole year 1986 publisher University Press of America isbn 9780761804734 pages 107 145 chapter The Republican Constitution of 1971 The Quest for Constitutional Autochthony ref ... 1963 publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford pages 249 288 chapter Constitutional autochthony and the transfer of power ref . Irish Free State A famous process of constitutional autochthony ... John M. Kelly politician John M. Kelly and others as constitutional autochthony . Citation needed ...&lpg PA57&dq Constitutional Autochthony&source bl&ots 28ttRZT7Ze&sig IrAW3NtxK6p1rj4rM4aq7drspSs ... Constitutional 20Autochthony&f false Reflections on the Australian Constitution http www.ucl.ac.uk ... of the White Paper on Devolution for Wales by Alan Trench PDF DEFAULTSORT Constitutional Autochthony ... more details
unreferenced date August 2010 Constitutional colorblindness is an aspect of Supreme Court of the United States United States Supreme Court case evaluation that began with John Marshall Harlan Justice Harlan s dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. Prior to this and for a good while afterwards , the Supreme Court considered color as a determining factor in many landmark cases. Constitutional colorblindness holds that skin color or race is virtually never a legitimate ground for legal or political distinctions, and thus, any law that is color conscious is presumptively unconstitutional regardless of whether its intent is to subordinate a group, or remedy discrimination. The concept, therefore, has been brought to bear both against vestiges of Jim Crow oppression, as well as remedial efforts aimed at overcoming such discrimination, such as affirmative action . Category African American history Category History of African American civil rights US law stub ... more details
During the French Revolution , a constitutional bishop was a Roman Catholic bishop elected from among the clergy who had sworn to uphold the Civil Constitution of the Clergy between 1791 and 1801. Constitutional bishops were often priests with less or more moderate Gallicanism Gallican and partisan ideas, of a less or moderate nature. They were elected locally by the same body of electors that elected the d put s of the future Legislative Assembly France Legislative Assembly . They organised national councils in 1797 and 1801 to mark their independence from the pope , who usually called such councils. On the signature of the 1801 concordat , pope Pius VII and Napoleon I of France both demanded that the constitutional bishops and the remaining Ancien R gime bishops who had not sworn to uphold the Civil Constitution all resign their episcopal seats so that new holders could be appointed to the sees. 15 constitutional bishops refused to resign, feeling that their election to their episcopal seats were still valid one such bishop, Henri Gr goire , signed himself as bishop of Loir et Cher right up until his death . Selected constitutional bishops It is notable that a constitutional bishop s diocese was not named after his cathedra or episcopal seat as was previous practise but after the departments of France department corresponding to his diocese, following the re drawing of the diocesan boundaries according to the department boundaries created in 1790. Yves Marie Audrein , bishop of Finist re Jean Baptiste Luc Bailly , bishop of Poitiers Louis Belmas , bishop of Aude Claude Debertier , bishop of Aveyron d partement Aveyron Jean Baptiste Demandre , bishop of Doubs d partement Doubs Charles Fran ois Dorlodot , bishop of Mayenne d partement Mayenne Louis Alexandre Expilly de la Poipe , bishop of Finist re , the first constitutional bishop to be elected Claude Fauchet 1744 1793 .... Gamber, 1929, 578 p. Category Constitutional bishops Category Religion and the French Revolution Category ... more details
The Constitutional Club was a London gentlemen s club , now dissolved, which was established in 1883 and was disbanded in 1979. Between 1886 and 1959 it had a distinctive red and yellow Victorian architecture Victorian Neo Gothic terracotta building at 28 Northumberland Avenue , off Trafalgar Square . The Club was closely aligned to the Conservative Party UK Conservative party , with members having to pledge support. The club was founded in anticipation of imminent franchise reform then being debated in parliament, which was eventually realised as the Representation of the People Act 1884 . It was anticipated that as many more Conservative supporters would be given the vote, many would want to belong to a Conservative club. Existing Conservative clubs like the Carlton Club Carlton and the Junior Carlton Club Junior Carlton feared that they would become inundated with membership applications from the new voters, so the Constitutional Club was founded with these new electors in mind. The National Liberal Club , just around the corner from the Constitutional Club, was founded in 1882 with the same purpose in mind for the Liberal Party UK Liberal party , as the existing Liberal clubs, the Reform Club Reform and the Devonshire Club Devonshire , had been similarly oversubscribed. The Constitutional Club s membership was originally limited to 6,500. Despite being avowedly non political, P.G. Wodehouse was a member of the Constitutional Club, and was reputed to have considered it his favourite London club. Seven of his stories describe a fictitious Senior Conservative Club in Northumberland Avenue, with a similar d cor to the Constitutional, and which also features a Turkish bath , just like the Turkish bath found next door to the Constitutional. These books are Psmith in the City , Something Fresh , Leave it to Psmith where the club is said to have 6,111 members , Pig hoo o o ... establishes its Northumberland Avenue address . Like many other London clubs, the Constitutional experienced ... more details
The term Constitutional arch was conceived and used in the Italy Italian political debate during the first fifty years of the Italian Republic. This expression linked the Italian political parties which had been actors in the drafting and approval of the Italian Constitution of 1948. The arch therefore included the Christian Democracy Italy Christian Democracy DC , the Italian Communist Party PCI , the Italian Socialist Party , the Italian Democratic Socialist Party , the Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Republican Party , then practically all major parties except the Monarchist National Party and, particularly, the Italian Social Movement MSI , which had no Members of Parliament MPs in the Constituent Assembly ref The first MSI s MPs were elected by the Italian general election, 1948 election of 1948 , held after the constitutional approval. ref and did not share the anti fascism anti fascist values contained in the Constitution itself. ref The Action Party Italy Action Party , which had contributed the wording of the constitution, disbanded well before the political debate to formulate this expression. ref According to Claudio Pavone ref Claude Peacock, The legacy of civil war and the new institutional framework by P. Bevilacqua. ref the arch was the heir of the constitutional system of government led by the National Liberation Committee , maintaining the structure for a long time even after the ouster of the center left government in 1947. The Constitutional arch was also one of the support points used as motivation, during the years of lead , from politicians who demanded a government of national unity including the PCI fully into the leadership of the country. The Constitutional ... of political life. One of the last acts of political expression in the constitutional election ... majority in presidential vote in Italian history. The theory of the constitutional arch, during ... as his new secretary, who began to introduce political discourse in the demand for constitutional ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove April 2009 orphan April 2009 A Constitutional dictatorship is a form of government in which dictatorial powers are exercised during an emergency. The dictator is not absolute and the dictator s authority remains limited by the constitution. The early Roman Republic made provision for a dictator who could govern for a period of time but whose actions remained subject to review at the conclusion of the dictator s term. ref http www.utexas.edu depts classics documents RepGov.html The Roman Republican Constitution , Executive Branch ref The United States Constitution has a similar dictator clause stating that the President may adjourn congress to such Time as he shall think proper . ref http www.archives.gov exhibits charters constitution transcript.html Constitution of the United States , Article II, Section 3 ref Abraham Lincoln , President of the United States during the American Civil War, exercised extraordinary powers to preserve the Union. Lincoln s dictatorial actions included directly ordering the arrest and detention of dissenters and the suspension of the right to writs of Habeas Corpus. Yet Lincoln remained subject to Congressional oversight, judicial review and periodic elections. The German Republic that succeeded the Imperial German government at the close of the First World War, otherwise known as the Weimar Republic , adopted a constitutional provision expressly enabling the President to rule by decree and without consultation with the legislative branch. This provision was used by Adolf Hitler to consolidate his powers upon his selection as Chancellor by President Hindenburg. Franklin D. Roosevelt , President of the United States during ..., the idea of a Constitutional dictatorship remains viable. References reflist See Unitary executive theory Sources Rossiter, Clinton, Constitutional Dictatorship Crisis Government in Modern Democracies ... Constitutional Dictatorship Category Government Category Forms of government Category Dictatorship ... more details
, case law and Constitutional convention political custom convention . A case named Entick v. Carrington ref Entick v. Carrington 1765 19 Howell s State Trials 1030 ref is a constitutional principle ... category constitution law Constitutional Law stated that, blockquote The great end, for which men ... on Government 1690 ref the fundamental constitutional principle is that the individual can do anything ... by law. The commonwealth and the civil law jurisdictions do not share the same constitutional law underpinnings ... an election . Study of constitutional law Globalize date December 2010 Constitutional law is a major ... to take a class in Constitutional Law during their first year, and several law journals are devoted to the discussion of constitutional issues. The Rule of Law The doctrine of the rule of law dictates ... America See also Constitutionalism Constitution Constitutional economics Rechtsstaat Rule of law References Reflist law DEFAULTSORT Constitutional Law Category Constitutional law Category Law ar ... more details
Monarchism expanded Varieties Forms of government Constitutional monarchy or limited monarchy is a form ... government. Most constitutional monarchies employ a parliamentary system in which the monarch ... most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power. Contemporary constitutional monarchies include the United ... exist today several federal constitutional monarchies . In these countries, each subdivision ... an absolute monarchy to a constitutional democratic monarchy is Bhutan . Constitutional and absolute monarchy Constitutional monarchy in the European tradition In Britain, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 led to a constitutional monarchy restricted by laws such as the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act ... What is constitutional monarchy? publisher Official website of the British Monarchy ref Instead ... 01 116 ref Constitutional monarchy occurred first in continental Europe, briefly in the early years ... ruler this interpretation of monarchy is germane to continental constitutional monarchies. G.W.F. ... law. Hegel s forecast of a constitutional monarch with very limited powers whose function is to embody the national character and provide constitutional continuity in times of emergency was reflected in the development of constitutional monarchies in Europe and Japan. His forecast of the form of government ... or appointed versions of Hegel s constitutional monarch the Russian and French presidents, with their stronger ... of the national will. Modern constitutional monarchy As originally conceived, a constitutional ... may have conceived of the president as being an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was understood ... of constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where it was the democratically elected ... rejected the British model. In the kind of constitutional monarchy established under the Constitution ... by the imperial mandate. However, this model of constitutional monarchy was discredited and abolished ... more details
A constitutional amendment is a formal change to the text of the constitution written constitution of a nation or state. Most constitutions require that amendments cannot be enacted unless they have passed ... must be ratified by 75 of the state legislatures or of constitutional convention political meeting constitutional convention s specially elected in each of the states , before it can come into effect ... of formal differences, from one jurisdiction to another, in the manner in which constitutional amendments ... of Ireland, Estonia and Australia, constitutional amendments originate as bill ... in which constitutional amendments are finally recorded takes two main forms. In most jurisdictions ... of constitutional amendments. Any piece of parliamentary legislation can be designated as constitutional ... , the centerpiece of the constitution, a change to another constitutional act, a new constitutional act, or of a section of constitutional law in a non constitutional act. Furthermore, international treaty international treaties can be enacted as constitutional law, as it happened in the case ... of constitutional garbage consisting of hundreds of constitutional provisions spread all over the legal ... constitutional law to de facto abolish the constitution. The final article of the Constitution of Italy ... trade was outlawed by an act of Congress rather than by a constitutional amendment shortly after ... under any circumstances to propose the amendment of the constitutional monarchy and the principle ... Bharati v. State of Kerala Kesavananda Bharati case held that no constitutional amendment ... Constitutional referendums in Australia Informal amendment List of methods of constitutional ... in American Constitutional Law , Stanford Literature Review , 7, 1 2 Spring Fall 1990 53 78. http www.earlham.edu peters writing acessay.htm Population Changes and Constitutional Amendments Federalism ... on Constitutional Amendment , Venice Commission 2009 Category Constitutional amendments de Verfassungs nderung ... more details
constitutional right to grand jury proceedings. Whether an individual has a right to a grand ... constitution, the state document may be held to provide more to the citizen. State constitutional ... a constitutional bill of rights, although the Human Rights Act 1998 fulfills a similar role. The European ... of Rights Natural rights Civil rights Inalienable rights Human rights DEFAULTSORT Constitutional Right Category Constitutional law Category Rights Category United States Constitution Right es Derechos ... more details
Constitutional symptoms refers to a group of symptoms that can affect many different systems of the body. Examples include Weight loss , fever s, fatigue medical fatigue , and malaise . ref http vasculitis.med.jhu.edu typesof polyangiitis.html ref Other examples include chills , night sweats , and decreased appetite . ref http bearspace.baylor.edu Charles Kemp www respiratory.htm ref Generally, they are very sensitivity and specificity unspecific , with a vast number of diseases and conditions as potential cause, thereby requiring further evaluation for any diagnosis. See also B symptoms References reflist General symptoms and signs disease stub Category Symptoms and signs General ... more details
The Constitutional Coup refers to the dismissal of Prime Minister of Pakistan Pakistani Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin s government in 1953 by Ghulam Mohamad despite the Prime Minister enjoying the support of the Constituent Assembly. It also refers to the subsequent dismissal of Pakistan s first constituent Assembly by the Governor General of Pakistan Governor General in 1954. ref http www.country data.com cgi bin query r 9772.html Pakistan Constitutional Beginnings PAKISTAN A Country Study ref Governor General, Malik Ghulam Muhammad Ghulam Mohammad , dismissed the Nazimuddin government with General Ayub Khan Field Marshal Ayub Khan s backing in April 1953 although his government had won the confidence of the House only a fortnight earlier. General Ayub himself admitted at a news conference at the Governor s House in Karachi in October 1964, that when there was a conflict between him Khawaja Nazimuddin and Governor General, I decided to side with the Governor General. On 21 September 1954, the Constituent Assembly amended the Government of India Act. The amendments precluded the Governor General from acting except on the advice of his ministers. In retaliation Ghulam Mohammad dissolved the Constituent Assembly itself, at a time when it had almost finalized the draft of the constitution, only because the members of the Assembly s sub committee had decided to curtail his powers. And this he did with the active support of General Ayub Khan ref http www.icdc.com paulwolf pakistan pakintrigue.htm 1953coup declassified US Intelligence . ref His action was condoned by the federal judiciary in particular by Justice Munir . Justice Munir, ruled in favour of the dismissal in the Molvi Tamizuddin Khan s case, declared that the Assembly was not a sovereign body. Munir declared that the Constitutional ... destroyed Pakistan s existing constitutional basis. He did further harm when he did not indicate where ... Ghulam Mohammad s use of non constitutional emergency powers, Munir found it necessary to move ... more details
In relation to Juristic person artificial persons , the constitutional documents sometimes referred to as the charter documents of the entity are the documents which define the existence of the entity and regulate the structure and control of the entity and its members. The precise form of the constitutional documents depends upon the type of entity. Companies By convention, most common law jurisdictions divide the constitutional documents of company law companies into two separate documents ref Although, for example, in Australia, a company has a single consolidated corporate constitution. ref the Memorandum of Association in some countries referred to as the Articles of Incorporation is the primary document, and will generally regulate the company s activities with the outside world, such as the company s objects and powers. the Articles of Association law Articles of Association in some countries referred to as the bylaw by laws is the secondary document, and will generally regulate the company s internal affairs and management, such as procedures for Board of directors board meetings , dividend entitlements etc. ref In the event of any inconsistency, the Memorandum usually prevails, see Ashbury v Watson 1885 30 Ch D 376 ref In many countries, only the primary document is filed, and the secondary document remains private. In other countries, both documents are filed. In civil law legal system civil law jurisdictions, the company s constitution is normally consolidated into a single document, often called the charter . It is quite common for members of a company to supplement the corporate constitution with additional arrangements, such as shareholders agreement s , whereby they agree to exercise their membership rights in a certain way. Conceptually a shareholders agreement ... Centre offshore jurisdictions . Partnerships Many partnership s also have constitutional documents in the form ... personality, this aspect of the constitutional documents is not applicable. In most legal systems ... more details
Image 1799 ConstitutionalTelegraph Boston Nov30.png thumb right The Constitutional Telegraph, November 1799 The Constitutional Telegraphe 1799 1802 was a newspaper produced in Boston , Massachusetts , at the turn of the 19th century. The paper sympathized with the Democratic Republican Party Republican party , and supported Thomas Jefferson . Publishers included Samuel S. Parker, ref Published every Wednesday and Saturday at Parker s printing office, south side State Street, east corner Kilby Street cf. Constitutional Telegraph Date 10 05 1799 ref Jonathan S. Copp, ref Jonathan S. Copp, for the proprietor, at his printing office, south side State Street, and corner Kilby Street, Boston cf. Constitutional Telegraphe Date 07 19 1800 ref John S. Lillie, and John Mosely Dunham. ref http www.loc.gov rr news 18th 161.html ref In February, 1802, Lillie was indicted for libel on Francis Dana Judge Dana , and on conviction was fined 100, and sentenced to three months imprisonment. He bade farewell to the readers of the Telegraphe in a long article dated Boston Gaol Massachusetts Boston Gaol , March 30 19th day of Imprisonment. On April 14, 1802, the paper was issued in the name of J.M. Dunham as printer and editor, who, a few weeks later, changed the title to Republican Gazetteer . ref Nelson, 1918 p.412 ref ref From J. M. Dunham, the Republican Gazetteer passed into the possession of Benjamin True, and Benjamin Parks, who gave it another new name, The Democrat . These gentlemen employed as editor, an Englishman, by the name of John Williams, an author by profession, better known by his assumed signature, Anthony Pasquin . ... The Democrat was discontinued in 1808. cf. Buckingham. ref Some historians dismiss the Telegraphe as relatively insignificant. Justin Winsor , for instance, writes the ultra Republican organ ... was unable to show any reason for its existence, lasted but about ... Further reading commonscat Constitutional Telegraphe Joseph Tinker Buckingham. Specimens of newspaper ... more details
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