mergefrom electrophotography discuss talk xerography Merge Electrophotography into Xerography date January 2011 Xerography or electrophotography is a dry Photocopier photocopying technique invention invented by Chester Carlson in 1938 , for which he was awarded US patent 2297691 on October 6, 1942. Carlson originally called his invention electrophotography . It was later renamed xerography from the Greek language Greek Root linguistics roots wikt xeros dry and wikt graphia writing to emphasize that, unlike reproduction techniques then in use such as cyanotype , this process used no liquid chemical s. Although Georg Christoph Lichtenberg invented a dry electrostatic printing process in 1778, ref cite book author Schiffer, Michael B. Hollenback, Kacy L. Bell, Carrie L. year 2003 title Draw the Lightning Down Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment publisher University of California Press location Berkeley url http books.google.com books?id 9TuH6Lg8IasC&dq electrophorus volta isbn 0 520 23802 8 pages 242 44 ref Carlson s innovation combined electrostatic printing with photography . Carlson s original process was cumbersome, requiring several ... than a dozen companies, but they all were not interested in it. Xerography is now used in most ... suppressed pending review revision by knowledgeable editors note that the term xerography implies ... Basalla in The Evolution of Technology Xerography was originally the Chinese process of printing ... the use of the word Xerography to describe it is logical. End text recently added Xerographic process ... unit for re use. The development of xerography has led to new technologies that some Who date November ... that print in full CMYK color, such as Xeikon , use xerography but provide nearly the quality of traditional ..., Fusing, Cleaning and Discharging . Uses in animation Ub Iwerks adapted xerography to eliminate ... of Xerography Category 1938 introductions Category Non impact printing Category Electrostatics ... more details
one source date January 2012 Introduction Photo conductive polymers conduct electricity only in the presence of light. They are insulators or partially conductive in darkness. ref cite book last Haarer first D i e t r i c h title PHOTOCONDUCTIVE POLYMERS STRUCTURE, MECHANISMS AND PROPERTIES year 1990 ref Applications Xerography Laser printers See also Photoconductivity Refreence Reflist Category Polymers ... more details
Summary Front cover of Deceit album Deceit by This Heat br Fair use rationale The uploader believes that the inclusion of this image in the Deceit album article qualifies as fair use, because the article as of this writing contains specific commentary about the themes presented, and techniques employed, in this artwork. Credits Relevant credits as they appear on the album Director of photography Nicholas Goodall ref This may refer to band photographs, which do not appear in this image ref Original design Studio 54 Colour xerography Laurie Rae Chamberlain This is reissue design Tim Schwartz at http www.onionproductions.com onionproductions.com Licensing Non free album cover Notes references ... more details
Summary Applicable topics electrophotography electrophotographic printing, xerography , laser printer , photocopier This is an example of how a negative charge is applied from a high voltage corona wire to the photoreceptive drum. Created by mailto dmahalko gmail.com Dale Mahalko , using Microsoft PowerPoint at 200 size since PowerPoint is not meant to be used as a drawing program but it s all I have available , then screenshotted and saved as a JPEG using Corel PhotoPaint. tlp Vector version available Corona charging.svg Licensing self GFDL cc by sa 2.5,2.0,1.0 migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot ... more details
Summary Applicable topics electrophotography electrophotographic printing, xerography , laser printer , photocopier vva RIP Data Flow.svg This is an example of how page description languages are converted into a raw binary raster image using a raster image processor. Created by mailto dmahalko gmail.com Dale Mahalko , using Microsoft PowerPoint at 200 size since PowerPoint is not meant to be used as a drawing program but it s all I have available , then screenshotted and saved as a JPEG using Corel PhotoPaint. Licensing self GFDL cc by sa 2.5,2.0,1.0 migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot ... more details
Summary Vector version available Laser printer fusing.svg Applicable topics electrophotography electrophotographic printing, xerography , laser printer , photocopier This drawing shows how toner is melted into paper using heat and pressure in the fuser assembly. Created by mailto dmahalko gmail.com Dale Mahalko , using Microsoft Word mostly to demonstrate what can be done, since Word was never intended for this purpose, and because I don t have a formal drawing program available. Page zoom set to 200 in Word, then screenshotted and saved as a JPEG using Corel PhotoPaint. Licensing cc by sa 2.5 ... more details
unreferenced date December 2010 Orphan date February 2009 Carlson Science and Engineering Library is part of the http www.library.rochester.edu River Campus Library System serving the University of Rochester . The Carlson Library serves the research needs of students and faculty in the fields of Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Engineering, Physics, and Statistics. The Carlson Science Library was established in 1972 and merged the Chemistry and Life Sciences Libraries along with the core Mathematics and Statistics collections. In 1987 the current Carlson Library was completed merging the Engineering Library with the Carlson Science Library to create the Carlson Science and Engineering Library. The library was named for Chester Carlson the inventor of xerography . coord 43 7 29.7 N 77 37 48.6 W display title type edu region US NY Category University of Rochester Category University and college academic libraries in the United States Category Libraries in New York ... more details
vva Laser printer Writing.svg Summary Applicable topics electrophotography electrophotographic printing, xerography , laser printer , photocopier This is an example of how an image is written onto the photoreceptive drum in a laser printer. In real life, the electrons are far smaller than the beam and lose their charge in clusters, but have been enlarged here to one electron per pixel for clarity of operation. Created by mailto dmahalko gmail.com Dale Mahalko , using Microsoft Word mostly to demonstrate what can be done, since Word was never intended for this purpose, and because I don t have a formal drawing program available. Page zoom set to 150 in Word, then screenshotted and saved as a PNG using Windows XP Paint. JPG re uploaded as a PNG to make wikipedians happy. User DMahalko DMahalko 08 18, 23 October 2007 UTC Licensing self GFDL cc by 3.0 migration redundant Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot ... more details
Xerox art sometimes, more generically, called electrostatic art or copy art is created by putting objects on the glass , or image area, of a photocopier copying machine and by pressing start to making an image. If the object is not flat, or the cover does not totally cover the object, the image is distorted in some way. The curvature of the object, the amount of light that reaches the image surface, the distance of the cover from the glass all affect the final image. Often, with proper manipulation, rather ghostly images can be made. Xerox art appeared shortly after the first Xerox copying machines were made. There are exhibits now in Los Angeles, California Los Angeles and New York City museums of more controlled examples of the form. It is akin to photography . Color copiers added to the form, as can be seen by surrealism surrealist Jan Hathaway s combining color xerography with other media, or Carol Heifetz Neiman s layering prismacolor pencil through successive runs of a color photocopy process 1988 1990 . The San Francisco Bay Area had an active Color Xerox arts scene starting in 1978 many local artists worked in the medium. From post card stores to gallery exhibits, to Barbara Cushman s Color Xerox Calendar this was a busy time for copy art. Xerox art is often used in mail art . References http www.jhathaway.com pages images1990s.html Examples of Jan Hathaway s work using color xerography http www.comm.uqam.ca GRAM C term cop copt240.html x rographie http pwp.detritus.net in 1999 OP oftener1.html Xerox is Dead http findarticles.com p articles mi m1510 is ai 6203589 Xerox art photocopies as art Whole Earth Review Further reading Creative Photocopying 1997 , Walton, S. and Walton, S. Aurum Press . ISBN 1 85410 476 4. http leonardo.info isast spec.projects electrobib.html Copy Art Bibliography compiled by Reed Altemus for Leonardo ISAST printmaking stub Category Art genres de Copy Art id Xerox art tr Kopya sanat ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Engineer P l Sel nyi 1884 1954 ref name HunInvent2 Fizikai Szemle 1999 5 Zsolt Bor OPTICS BY HUNGARIANS with P l Sel nyi , J zsef Attila University, Szeged , Hungary , 1999, webpage http www.kfki.hu fszemle archivum fsz9905 bor.html KFKI Hungary Bor . ref was known as the father of xerography at Tungsram corporation. ref name GEmillner GE Lighting 2 including P l Sel nyi , R vid T rt net, GE Lighting Tungsram , 1996, webpage http www.tungsram.hu tungsram downloads tungsram tu short history 1896 1996.pdf Tungsram History . ref He is also known as Paul Selenyi. Chester Carlson read one of Selenyi s papers in the 1930s and was very greatly impressed subsequently, he invested in a big effort to develop xerography . That may be the reason why Selenyi was known as the father of xerography by some people. Reference Please read the book Copies in seconds by David Owen. In this book, P l Sel nyi is known as Paul Selenyi. P l Sel nyi studied physics and mathematics at the Budapest University . ref name HunInvent2 After finishing his studies, Sel nyi started to work for the newly created Applied Physics Department of the University. From his early works, Sel nyi was engaged in studying the nature of light. ref name HunInvent2 One well known result of this period is Sel nyi s wide angle interference experiment whose foundations go back to the discovery of the photoeffect photo electric effect , by Albert Einstein , and Hertz s experiments on the reflection of radio waves. ref name HunInvent2 Einstein s hypothesis was elementary light sources emit electromagnetic waves along small solid angles, which had been supported by the fact that interference is simplest to achieve with lightwaves intersecting one another under small angles. ref name HunInvent2 The Young experiment is an example light passing through a pair of neighboring holes in close proximity results in the appearance of interference patterns on a screen behind the holes, but only if the angle ... more details
wiktionary imaging Imaging is the representation or reproduction of an object s outward form especially a visual representation i.e., the formation of an image . Imaging methodologies and technologies Chemical imaging , the simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures Digital imaging , creating digital images, generally by scanning, or through digital photography Disk image , a file which contains the exact content of a data storage medium Document imaging , replicating documents commonly used in business Geophysical imaging Medical imaging , creating images of the human body or parts of it, to diagnose or examine disease Magnetic resonance imaging Molecular imaging Optical imaging Personal imaging , real time sharing of personal experience through images Radar imaging , or imaging radar, for obtaining an image of an object, not just its location and speed Reprography , reproduction of graphics through electrical and mechanical means Cinematography Photography , the process of creating still images Xerography , the method of photocopying Speckle imaging , a method of shift and add for astronomical imaging Stereo imaging , an aspect of sound recording and reproduction concerning spatial locations of the performers Thermography , infrared imaging Proper names Imaging for Windows , a software product for scanning paper documents See also Image development disambiguation Image processing Imaging technology disambiguation Imaging science , which includes many fields of science Remote sensing , imaging the Earth or a planet from space or aircraft disambig pl Obrazowanie ... more details
BLP sources date December 2010 Arnold Skemer , born in 1946, is an United States American novel ist and publisher . ref cite web url http www.pw.org content arnold skemer 3 title Directory of Writers Arnold Skemer publisher Poets & Writers accessdate 6 December 2010 ref Skemer has operated Phrygian Press since 1985. ref cite web url http www.poetshouse.org publisher.asp?publisher Phrygian Press title Phrygian Press publisher Poets House accessdate 6 December 2010 ref He also publishes ZYX magazine ZYX begun in 1990 , a small Xerography xerographic magazine that publishes poetry, short fictions, commentary on innovative fiction and small press matters, and reviews. It appears 2 3 times a year. Biography He was born in the Bronx , New York on the Grand Concourse Bronx Grand Concourse , moved to Queens , New York in 1957, and graduated from Queens College in 1968. References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Skemer, Arnold ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1946 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Skemer, Arnold Category American writers Category American novelists Category Postmodern writers Category 1946 births Category Living people Category Queens College, City University of New York alumni ... more details
The APT process is a photographic transfer system that can photographically transfer lines or solid blocks of colors onto acetate sheets cels . A very similar process is used in silk screen printing. The process relies on UV sensitive inks that cure when exposed to light and stick to the plastic sheet, while the ink in the non exposed areas are chemically removed from the sheet. Its main advantage is that coloring normally done via back painting after xerox scanning can be controlled better and multiple versions made quickly. To put it simply the drawings are photographed and the negatives then processed onto the cels instead of the typical photography. It also meant that a line on an animated character could be in color instead of just black although xerography at this point could be done in colors too this is known as self colored lines. This process was used on Disney s animated features such as The Black Cauldron , The Great Mouse Detective , Oliver & Company and Little Mermaid movie The Little Mermaid . External links http experts.about.com q Animation 3158 APT process 1.htm The APT Process on the AllExperts forum See also The Black Cauldron Timeline of CGI in film and television Traditional animation Category Visual effects Category Animation techniques fr Animation Photo Transfer ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale Article Chester Carlson Description The first xerographic copy ever made, as created by Chester Carlson and his assistant. Source http news.xerox.com pr xerox photo.aspx?fid 93941&id E0C18647 Portion Whole photo Low resolution Yes this is not the high resolution version offered by the copyright holder Purpose This image is the defining moment of Chester Carlson s life the instant in which he invented xerography. Replaceability Cannot be replaced. It is a depiction of a specific historical event, and therefore cannot be recreated. other information Xerox Corporation grants recognized news organizations, partners and vendors permission to reproduce provided images according to the following guidelines. Photographs may be used to illustrate articles, graphics, editorials or videos that pertain to Xerox Corporation. Other commercial uses and use of photos that would be detrimental to the interest of the company and or its people and products are prohibited. Photo manipulation, other than standard resizing, is prohibited. Each use should be accompanied by the credit line, Courtesy of Xerox Corporation. Licensing Non free historic image ... more details
improvereference date January 2010 Photoconductivity is an optical phenomenon optical and electrical phenomenon in which a material becomes more electric conductance electrically conductive due to the absorption of electromagnetic radiation such as Visible spectrum visible light , ultraviolet light, infrared light, or gamma rays gamma radiation . ref name radioconductivity cite journal doi 10.1118 1.594505 first L. A. last DeWerd coauthors P. R. Moran pmid 634229 title Solid state electrophotography with Al sub 2 sub O sub 3 sub journal Medical Physics volume 5 issue 1 pages 23 26 year 1978 bibcode 1978MedPh...5...23D unused data DUPLICATE DATA doi 10.1118 1.594505 ref When light is absorbed by a material such as a semiconductor , the number of free electrons and electron hole s changes and raises its electrical conductivity. To cause excitation, the light that strikes the semiconductor must have enough energy to raise electrons across the band gap , or to excite the impurities within the band gap. When a Biasing bias voltage and a load resistor are used in series with the semiconductor, a voltage drop across the load resistors can be measured when the change in electrical conductivity of the material varies the current flowing through the circuit. Classic examples of photoconductive materials include the conductive polymer poly N Vinylcarbazole vinylcarbazole , ref name OrganicPhotoconductors cite journal doi 10.1021 cr00017a020 url http pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 cr00017a020 first Kock Yee last Law title Organic photoconductive materials recent trends and developments journal Chemical Reviews, American Chemical Society volume 93 pages 449 486 year 1993 ref used extensively in photocopy ing xerography Lead II sulfide lead sulfide , used in infrared detection applications, such as the U.S. Sidewinder missile Sidewinder and Russian Vympel K 13 Atoll Infrared homing heat seeking missile s and selenium , employed in early television and xerography . Applications main ... more details
joined the company, xerography was good at copying thin lines and characters, but could not successfully ... in the field of xerography, developing a process that allowed many copies to be produced ... copier. Small businesses could lease it on a monthly basis, making xerography affordable ... company history.html . ref Xerography accounted for most of the company s profits, and photography ... 15 year exclusive patent rights to xerography. These rights, along with millions of dollars spent ... was appointed Senior Research Fellow. One of his most significant inventions was tri level xerography ... more details
refimprove date July 2011 For the First Department of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, see New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division Jurisdiction of the Four Departments Image No chat.jpg 200px right thumb Soviet poster small Be vigilant. Even walls are listening nowadays. Chat and gossip are not far from high treason. small DO NOT CHAT The First Department , Pervyj Otdel was in charge of secrecy and political security of the workplace of every enterprise or institution of the Soviet Union that dealt with any kind of technical or scientific information factory plant s, R&D institutions, etc. or had printing capabilities e.g., publishing house s . Every branch of the Central Statistical Administration and its successor the State Statistics Committee Goskomstat also had a First Department to control access, distribution, and publication of official economic, population, and social statistics. Copies of especially sensitive documents were numbered and labeled or stamped as secret or For official use only . In some cases, the official use version of documents mimicked the public use versions in format but provided much more detailed information. ref A description of the operations of the First Department within statistical offices can be found in Barbara A. Anderson, Kalev Katus, and Brian D. Silver, Developments and Prospects for Population Statistics in Countries of the Former Soviet Union, Population Index 60, No. 1 Spring 1994 4 20. ref The first departments reported to KGB and were not subordinated to the management of the enterprise or institution. Among its functions was control of access to information considered state secret, of foreign travel, and of publications. The First Department also kept account of the usage of copying devices xerography xerographer s, printing press es, typewriter s, etc. to prevent unsanctioned copying, including samizdat . See also Censorship References references russia hist stu ... more details
No footnotes date February 2011 Infobox film name Aquamania image image size alt caption director Wolfgang Reitherman producer Walt Disney writer Vance Gerry br Ralph Wright narrator starring music Buddy Baker composer Buddy Baker cinematography editing studio distributor released start date 1961 12 20 runtime 8 minutes country United States language English budget gross preceded by followed by Aquamania is a cartoon produced by The Walt Disney Company in 1961. This cartoon was the last from Disney s Golden Era which featured Goofy as a solo star, and the first time the xerography animation technique was used in a Goofy cartoon. Aquamania basically combined Goofy s three familiar areas in his career sports, fatherhood, and documentary subject. Plot The story begins with a narrator explaining a case study of aquamania obsession with boats and boating , with Goofy called Mr. X in this short as the subject. Then the story switches to Goofy and his son on a boating trip, inadvertently entering a water skiing race. In the process, Goofy meets up with an unfortunate octopus that joins him in the race, and they accidentally take an unwanted spin on a roller coaster at a waterside amusement park. Goofy wins the race. Voice cast Pinto Colvig as Goofy External links imdb title id 0054634 title Aquamania Category 1961 films Category American films Category Disney animated short films, 1960s disney stub Category Goofy Disney short films de Der Freizeitkapit n fr Dingo fait de la natation ja ... more details
Merge to Non photo blue discuss Talk Non photo blue Merger proposal date March 2011 File Colored pencil red and blue .jpg right 44px A red and blue pencil. A blue pencil is a pencil traditionally used by an editing editor or sub editor to show corrections to copy written written copy . The colour is used specifically because it will not show in some lithography lithographic or phototypesetting photographic reproduction processes these are known as non photo blue pencils. For similar reasons, sometimes red pencils are used since their pigment will not reproduce by xerography . With the introduction of electronic editing using word processor s or desktop publishing , literal blue pencils are seen more rarely, but still exist in metaphor. The blue pencil test is used by courts of tort law as a method for deciding whether contractual obligations can be partially enforced. It is also used pejoratively to mean censorship . ref cite title Blue pencil for sex and violence in BBC code url http www.independent.co.uk news blue pencil for sex and violence in bbc code 1352234.html newspaper The Independent date 14 November 1996 last Macdonald first Marrianne accessdate 2009 05 04 ref ref cite title Business diary By Gum It s eyes down for a full house in the cinema url http www.telegraph.co.uk finance comment citydiary 2806101 B.html newspaper The Daily Telegraph date 24 March 2007 editor last Goodley editor first Simon accessdate 2009 05 04 ref ref cite url http www.highbeam.com doc 1G1 8965882.html publisher The Economist US date October 1990 title The Lord Chamberlain s Blue Pencil accessdate 2009 05 04 ref References reflist External links wiktionary blue pencil cite title The Lord Chamberlain s Blue Pencil last Johnston first John date 30 August 1990 publisher Hodder & Stoughton isbn 978 0340525296 Category Editing typography stub ... more details
Refimprove date July 2011 Notability date July 2011 Special fine paper is a classification of paper used for xerography copying and digital printing . ref name WFC cite book last1 Paulapuro first1 Hannu authorlink1 last2 first2 editor1 first editor1 last editor1 link others title Paper and Board grades url format accessdate edition series Papermaking Science and Technology volume 18 date year 2000 month origyear publisher Fapet Oy location Finland isbn 952 5216 18 7 oclc doi id pages 39 40 chapter 1 chapterurl quote ref bibcode laysummary laydate separator postscript lastauthoramp ref Copy paper Copy paper is used for copying and laser printer s. The grammage basis weight is 70 90 g m and ISO brightness 80 96 . It is made of 90 100 virgin chemical pulp paper pulp or 100 deinked pulp with total pigment content of 10 15 . The most important quality is smooth run in a copying machine printer and good dimensional stability. It must not show curling or cockling and retain dust. Digital printing paper Digital printing paper is also called electronic printing paper . The basis weight is 40 400 g m . Citation needed date July 2011 This paper quality can be both coated paper coated and uncoated. The demands of the paper can vary a lot depending on printing method electrical charge , thermal printing thermal , magnetic and ink jet . All require good dimensional stability, no curling nor cockling, good surface strength and surface smoothness. For ink jet paper it is also important with sufficient and even porosity to counteract spreading of the ink . See also Coated fine paper Inkjet paper Thermal paper References Reflist Category Paper material stub ... more details
mergeto xerography discuss Talk xerography Merge Electrophotography into Xerography date January 2011 Electrophotography or xerography is a dry Photocopier photocopying technique invention invented by Chester Carlson in 1938 , for which he was awarded US patent 2297691 on October 6, 1942. ref This statement may be incorrect, as his earlier 1940 patent US patent 2221776 , also filed in 1938, would appear to describe the same process. ref The invention was initially called electrophotography and was later called xerography from the Greek language Greek Root linguistics roots wikt xeros dry and wikt graphia writing to emphasize that, unlike reproduction techniques then in use such as cyanotype , this process used no liquid chemical s. Although Georg Christoph Lichtenberg invented a dry electrostatic printing process in 1778, ref cite book author Schiffer, Michael B. Hollenback, Kacy L. Bell, Carrie L. year 2003 title Draw the Lightning Down Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment publisher University of California Press location Berkeley url http books.google.com books?id 9TuH6Lg8IasC&dq electrophorus volta isbn 0 520 23802 8 pages 242 44 ref Carlson s innovation combined electrostatic printing with photography . Carlson s original process was cumbersome, requiring several manual processing steps with flat plates. It was almost 18 years before a fully automated process was developed, the key breakthrough being use of a Cylinder geometry cylindrical drum coated with selenium instead of a flat plate. This resulted in the first commercial automatic copier, The Xerox 914, being released by Xerox Haloid Xerox in 1960. Electrophotography is used in most photocopying machines and in laser printer laser and LED printer s. Electrophotographic process The first commercial use was hand processing of a flat photosensor with a copy camera and a separate processing unit to produce offset lithographic plates. Today this technology ... more details
with the design, engaging Balmer to consult on the final design of the 914. Xerography, a process ... of xerography in collaboration with Battelle Development Corporation, of Columbus, OH. Manually operated ... more details
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