About weathering of rocks and minerals weathering of polymers Polymer degradation and Weather testing of polymers Refimprove date April 2009 Weathering is the breaking down of Earth s Rock geology rocks , soil s and mineral s through direct contact with the planet s atmosphere . Weathering occurs in situ ... of weathering processes exist physical and chemical weathering. Mechanical or physical weathering ..., water, ice and pressure. The second classification, chemical weathering , involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals also known as biological weathering ... to most of the same weathering processes as rocks and minerals in situ . Physical weathering Image ... in Jebel Kharaz Jordan Physical weathering is the class of processes that causes the disintegration of rocks without chemical change. The primary process in physical weathering is Abrasion geology abrasion ... weathering often go hand in hand. For example, cracks exploited by physical weathering will increase ... can aid the disintegration process. Thermal stress Thermal stress weathering sometimes called insolation weathering ref Hall, K. http www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.its.uu.se science? ob ArticleURL ... stress weathering comprises two main types, thermal shock and thermal fatigue . Thermal stress weathering ... significant weathering of rocks and boulders exposed along the ground surface. Intense, localized heat can rapidly expand a boulder. Frost weathering image Abiskorock.JPG thumb 300px A rock in Abisko , Sweden fractured along existing joint geology joints possibly by frost weathering or thermal stress Expert subject Geology date May 2010 Main Frost weathering Frost weathering, ice wedging or cryofracturing ... frost shattering, frost wedging and freeze thaw weathering. This type of weathering is common in mountain ... series Landforms or the Development of Gemorphology volume 4 pages 129 164 chapter 5 Weathering Processses ... can place considerable stress on anything containing the water as it freezes. Freeze induced weathering ... more details
Differential weathering is the difference in degree of discoloration , disintegration , etc., of rocks of different kinds exposed to the same environment. Quartz deposits in basaltic flows will weather slower than the surrounding rock, while being exposed to the same forces of weathering. Differential weathering occurs when a some parts of a rock weathers at different rates than others. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse differential 20weathering ref References reflist Category Geomorphology weather stub ja ... more details
Image LarrabeeHoneycomb.JPG thumb Honeycomb weathering in Larrabee State Park , Washington Image HoneycombWeatheringCambrianIsrael.jpg thumb Honeycomb weathering in a Cambrian sandstone, Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel . Honeycomb weathering , also known as fretting, cavernous weathering, alveoli alveolar weathering, stone lattice, stone lace or miniature tafoni weathering Mustoe, 1982 is a type of salt weathering common on coastal and semi arid granite s, sandstone s and limestone s Mustoe 1982 . Honeycomb weathering is not limited to natural settings and can be seen to develop on buildings where a rate of development can be established. This rate can be as fast as several centimeters in 100 years Mustoe 1982 . Honeycomb weathering occurs throughout the world from the polar regions French and Guglielmin 1999 to the equator. There are two distinct types of coastal honeycomb weathering intertidal and supratidal. Cause For honeycomb weathering to occur, a source of salt is needed because the basic mechanism for this kind of weathering is salt heaving. Salt is deposited on the surface of the rock by Seawater saltwater spray or by wind . Moisture must be present to allow for the salt to settle on the rocks so that as the salt solution evaporates the salt begins to crystallize within ... forms of weathering. It takes prolonged periods for this weathering to become visible, as the rock goes through cycles of wetting and drying. Intertidal honeycomb weathering is found on horizontal planes in rock within the tidal zone. This type of honeycomb weathering is limited in its growth ... geologists believe that the side walls of the alveoli may be protected from salt weathering by microscopic ..., a combination of these factors produce these delicate structures. Research Honeycomb weathering has been studied using Scanning Electron Microscope SEM imaging, laboratory reconstruction of weathering ... Mustoe, G. E., 1982, The Origin of Honeycomb Weathering, Geological Society of America Bulletin ... more details
Merge Geoengineering date December 2009 Enhanced weathering refers to chemical approach to geoengineering involving land or ocean based techniques. Examples of land based enhanced weathering techniques are in situ carbonation of silicates. Ultramafic rocks, for example, have the potential to store 500 years worth of CO2 production according to one estimate. Ocean based techniques involve alkalinity enhancement, such as, grinding, dispersing and dissolving limestone, silicates, or calcium hydroxide to address ocean acidification and CO2 sequestration. Enhanced weathering is considered as one of the least expensive of geoengineering options. Category Geoengineering ... more details
form of weathering that also creates domes. Granite dome References Geology Underfoot in Death Valley ... 362 1 DEFAULTSORT Spheroidal Weathering Category Geological processes an Berrocal es Berrocal uk ... more details
Space weathering is a blanket term used for a number of processes that act on any body exposed to the harsh ... , comets , and some of the moons of other planets incur many weathering processes collisions of galactic ... particles, and bombardment by different sizes of meteorites and micrometeorites . Space weathering ... planetary bodies. Therefore, it is critical to understand the effects of space weathering in order ... of space weathering s different components. History Much of our knowledge of the space weathering ... soil, as well as to garden or overturn it. The first products of space weathering that were ... thumb right 350px TEM image of space weathered rim on a grain of lunar soil 10084 Space weathering ... Acta volume 61 issue 11 pages 2331 2341 doi 10.1016 S0016 7037 97 00085 9 ref These weathering ... Vis NIR wavelengths . Effects on spectral properties The spectral effects of space weathering are threefold ... A. year 1993 title Optical Effects of Space Weathering The Role of the Finest Fraction journal Journal ... the agglutinates and in the accreted rims on individual grains. The darkening effects of space weathering ... they have exposed fresh, unweathered material, but over time those rays disappear as the weathering process darkens the material. Space weathering on asteroids Space weathering is also thought to occur on asteroids, ref For a thorough review of the current state of understanding of space weathering on Asteroids, see cite journal last Chapman first Clark R. year 2004 month May title Space Weathering ... should be younger than the lunar surface . Therefore, space weathering should occur more slowly and to a lesser degree on the surfaces of asteroids. However, we do see evidence for asteroidal space weathering ... process has altered the optical properties of the surface. Space weathering on Mercury The environment ... at night, which may alter the products of space weathering. In addition, because of its location in the solar ... Bruce year 2001 month Feb title Space Weathering from Mercury to the asteroid belt journal Journal ... more details
ref Tsytovich 1975 The Mechanics of Frozen Ground pp. 78 79. ref For frost weathering to occur by volumetric ... it can migrate, pressure may rise, fracturing the rock. Since research in physical weathering begun ... frost weathering. ref name WH Walder, Joseph S. and Hallet Bernard 1986 . http www.jstor.org pss 1551211 The Physical Weathering of Frost Weathering Towards a More Fundamental and Unified Perspective ... necessary for frost weathering by volumetric expansion as unusual. ref name MM Matsuoka and Murton 2008 http www3.interscience.wiley.com cgi bin fulltext 119427059 PDFSTART Frost Weathering Recent ... Weathering Processses and Forms isbn 1862392498, 9781862392496 url http books.google.co.uk books?id ... by one. This process is often termed frost spalling. In fact, this is often the most important weathering ...&status 4 format doi accessdate ref See also Weathering Water Ice References Reflist Weathering Periglacial environment DEFAULTSORT Frost Weathering Category Water ice Category Weathering ca Criocl stia ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2008 Infobox animanga Header name The Weathering Continent image File Kaze no Tairiku Part14.jpg 230px caption Cover of Part 24, illustrated by Mutsumi Inomata. ja kanji ja romaji Kaze no Tairiku genre Infobox animanga Print type serial novel author Sei Takekawa illustrator Mutsumi Inomata publisher Fujimi Shobo demographic Seinen manga Seinen magazine Monthly Dragon Magazine first October 1990 last April 2006 volumes 28 volume list Infobox animanga Video type film director K ichi Mashimo producer Shin Unozawa br Akira Takano br Atsushi Sugita br Hideaki Kaneko br Takeshi Tamiya br Toshio Azami writer K ichi Mashimo music Michiru Oshima studio Production I.G small as I.G Tatsunoko small licensor Media Blasters released July 28, 1992 runtime 60 minutes Infobox animanga Footer nihongo The Weathering Continent Kaze no Tairiku is the title of a Japanese language Japanese fantasy light novel series by author Sei Takekawa and illustrated by Mutsumi Inomata . Its first installment was published in Monthly Dragon Magazine in 1988, with the first collected novel released in October 1990. It has 28 volumes the final one was released in April 2006 , and there are also a number of gaiden novels. An anime feature film based on the novels was also released. It is available in the U.S. courtesy of Media Blasters . The Weathering Continent centers on three travelers the delicately handsome sorcerer Tieh, the burly and reticent warrior Bois, and the spritely young Lakshi as they trek though the shattered wastelands of the ancient continent of Atlantis . Anime The hour long Weathering Continent theatrical was produced by Production I.G in 1992. It was written and directed by K ichi Mashimo and features character designs by Nobuteru Y ki . It was released on DVD ... 0875155 DEFAULTSORT Weathering Continent, The Category Adventure anime and manga Category Fantasy anime ... Category Anime films Category Japanese serial novels anime stub de Weathering Continent ja ... more details
Weathering nodules of ear is a cutaneous condition seen on the helices of the ears of Caucasian men who have a history of significant cumulative sun exposure. ref name Bolognia cite book author Rapini, Ronald P. Bolognia, Jean L. Jorizzo, Joseph L. title Dermatology 2 Volume Set publisher Mosby location St. Louis year 2007 pages 1369 70 isbn 1 4160 2999 0 oclc doi accessdate ref ref http dermatology.jwatch.org cgi content citation 1997 201 5 ref See also Zirconium granuloma List of cutaneous conditions Skin lesion References reflist Cutaneous condition stub Category Skin conditions resulting from physical factors ... more details
with solar radiation to significantly influence the weathering processes. All weather factors ... to observable or measurable physical changes. Other weather factors mainly promote weathering ... beam and diffuse sky radiation are important factors in the design and evaluation of weathering .... Moisture, in combination with solar radiation, contributes significantly to the weathering ... of wetness are more important in the weathering of materials than the total amount of precipitation ... effect results in an auto acceleration of the weathering process, and may partially account for the general non linearity of the weathering response to radiant exposure . In addition to the reactions ... automobile exhaust s is another source. Ozone plays a dual role in weathering. The concentrated ... et al, in Proceedings of the 3rd European Weathering Symposium, Reichert T ed. , CEEES Publication ... thought of as weathering factors. References reflist See also Photo oxidation of polymers Category ... more details
Summary Comparison of unweathered left and weathering weathered Ordovician limestone at a roadcut on the State College, Pennsylvania State College Bypass, U.S. Route 322 . Licensing PD self date August 2009 ... more details
Attrition is a form of coastal or river erosion , when the bed load is eroded by itself. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed, the regular impacts between them cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments. Pebbles are more affected by attrition further upstream, as the rivers velocity tends to be higher, and therefore its competence ability to carry sediment is increased. This means that the load rubs against itself more and with more force when suspended in the river, thus increasing erosion by attrition, though there is a point after transport over a certain distance that pebbles reach a size that is relatively immune to further attrition. Grain size distribution of sediments produced by attrition will also be controlled by the lithology of the rock from which they are derived. The effects of attrition can be mistaken for the effects of Sorting sediment sorting , in which the grain size of sediments is affected by sediment transport mechanisms e.g. suspension v. bed load. this effects pebble beaches the most as the pebbles smash into each other and causes it to smooth. in most cases attrition is helpful on pebble beaches because it will make sure the pebbles do not cut people and harm others. Sources Strasbourg, Universite, Institut de Geographie, Laboratoire, Etudes de geomorphologie dynamique sur le Var inferieur , Geologische Rundschau, vol.43, no.2, pp.371 383, 1955 Bird, Eric C F, Lateral grading of beach sediments a commentary , Journal of Coastal Research, vol.12, no.3, pp.774 785, 1996 geology stub Category Geological processes ... more details
PD self date April 2008 Information Description Two samples from weathering lab. The sample on the left has been subjected to 70 months natural weather testing, while the sample on the right has undergone no weathering. Note the change in colour. Source self made Date 21 04 08 Author other versions ... more details
Summary Information Description Weathering Wall by Tery Fugate Wilcox, at the Holland Tunnel, NYC, showing 3 years of weathering. Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date 1982 Author User Fvlcrvm Fvlcrvm User talk Fvlcrvm talk other versions Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL ... more details
Summary Rounded, brown weathering boulders of granite give the Boulder Batholith its name. Photo by R.I. Gibson Licensing GFDL self no disclaimers migration relicense ... more details
Summary book cover fur Article The Weathering Continent Use Infobox OPTIONAL FIELDS Title The Weathering Continent Author Sei Takekawa Publisher Fujimi Shobo Cover artist Website Owner Commentary Year OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Source Portion Low resolution Purpose Replaceability Other information Cover of Weathering Continent, part 24, written by Takegawa Hijiri and illustrated by Inomata Mutsumi. Licensing Non free book cover ... more details
Image YehliuTaiwan HoneycombWeathering.jpg thumb The surface pattern on this pedestal rock is honeycomb weathering, caused by salt crystallisation. This example is at Yehliu, Taiwan. Haloclasty is a type of weathering Physical mechanical weathering physical weathering caused by the growth of salt crystals . The process is first started when salinity saline water seeps into cracks and evaporates depositing salt crystals, when the rocks are then heated up the crystals will expand putting pressure on the surrounding rock which will over time splinter the stone in to fragments. Salt crystallization may also take place when solutions decompose rocks for example, limestone and chalk to form salt solutions of sodium sulfate or sodium carbonate, of which the moisture evaporates to form their respective salt crystals. The salts which have proved most effective in disintegrating rocks are sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium chloride. Some of these salts can expand up to three times or even more. It is normally associated with arid climates where strong heating causes strong evaporation and therefore salt crystallization. It is also common along coasts. An example of salt weathering can be seen in the honeycombed stones in sea walls. References F.J.P.M. Kwaad 1970 . http home.tiscali.nl wr2777 Kwaad Salt.pdf Experiments of the granular disintegration of granite by salt action . Accessed October 12, 2007. category Weathering Weathering fr Haloclastie it Aloclastismo eu Haloklastismo ... more details
File HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg thumb Heavy mineral concentrated in a beach sand near Chennai, India The ZTR index is a method of determining how weathering weathered , ref Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology, pg. 460, ISBN 0 7167 2726 9 ref both weathering Chemical weathering chemically and Weathering Physical weathering mechanically , a sediment or a corresponding sedimentary rock is. The letters in ZTR stand for 3 common mineral s found in ultra weathered sediments zircon , tourmaline , and rutile . Other minerals that can be used along the ZTR index are garnet , magnetite , sphene , and other minerals from local provenance sources. The ZTR index is commonly high in beach or littoral zone depositional environment s due to the long transport distances from the source and the high energy of the environment. These minerals are found in abundance due to their high specific gravity and resistance to weathering. References references http jsedres.geoscienceworld.org cgi content abstract 32 3 440 Hubert, John F., A zircon tourmaline rutile maturity index and the interdependence of the composition of heavy mineral assemblages with the gross composition and texture of sandstones, Journal of Sedimentary Research September 1962 v. 32 no. 3 p. 440 450 Category Petrology Category Sedimentology petrology stub ... more details
Summary Nod 1972 by John Raimondi is a 20 ft high sculpture constructed in Weathering steel Cor Ten steel . The piece is permanently installed on the campus of Bridgewater State College . Licensing PD self date May 2007 ... more details
A detail of the Sydenham Hill Wood folly , possibly built by the firm of James Pulham and Son , showing the artificial weathering and brick core. Licensing PD self date March 2008 ... more details
Summary Honeycomb weathering in the Coldwater Sandstone near Painted Cave State Park, Santa Barbara, CA. Photo by self. GFDL equiv. Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL migration redundant ... more details
Dissolved load is the term for material, especially ion s from Weathering Chemical weathering chemical weathering , that are carried in solution by a stream . The dissolved load contributes to the total amount of material removed from a Drainage basin catchment . The amount of material carried as dissolved load is typically much smaller than the suspended load , though this is not always the case. Dissolved load comprises a significant portion of the total material flux out of a landscape, and its composition is important in regulating the chemistry and biology of the stream. See also Sediment Sediment transport Rouse number Bed load Suspended load Wash load References http walrus.wr.usgs.gov infobank programs html school moviepage 18.01.13.html USGS CMG InfoBank Suspended and Dissolved Loads DEFAULTSORT Dissolved Load Category Geology Category Hydrology geol stub ... more details
weathering shale at a road cut in southeastern Kentucky Image copyleft Image taken by me, released under GFDL, User Pollinator Pollinator 06 32, 23 February 2006 UTC GFDL with disclaimers migration relicense Category Images of Kentucky ... more details
In sailing, lying ahull is a controversial method of weathering a storm, by downing all sails, battening the hatches and locking the tiller to leeward . Unlike heaving to , a sea anchor is not used, allowing the boat to drift freely, completely at the mercy of the storm. Sources http boats.com content boat articles.jsp?contentid 1284 Category Nautical terms sv Ahull ... more details
The term terra rosa a misspell of terra rossa , italian language italian for red soil can refer to Terra rosa soil , a red clay soil produced by the weathering of limestone Terra rosa colour , a red colour Terra Rosa band , a Japanese Hard Rock band Disambig ... more details
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