Refimprove date December 2010 Image KKP Auslauf.jpg thumb 180px Cooling tower and water discharge of a nuclear power plant Watercooling is a method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment. As opposed to air cooling , water is used as the heat conductor. Watercooling is commonly used ... personal computers . The main mechanism for watercooling is convective heat transfer . Citation needed date February 2011 Advantages The advantages of using watercooling over air cooling include ... and flows down the screen to the tank. An open watercooling system makes use of evaporative cooling , lowering the temperature of the remaining unevaporated water. This method was common in early ... deposits forming in the cooling system, due to the water evaporating and leaving behind dissolved ... The use of watercooling carries the risk of damage from freezing. Automotive and many other engine cooling applications require the use of a water and antifreeze mixture to lower the freezing ... metals and can increase the boiling point, allowing a wider range of watercooling temperatures ... in a water only cooling system. The heated water can also be used to warm the air conditioning ... as far back as the development of Cray 2 in 1982, using Fluorinert . Through the 1990s, watercooling ... needed date May 2011 As of 2011, there are several manufacturers of watercooling components and kits, and some custom computer retailers include various setups of watercooling for their high performance systems. Watercooling can be used to cool many computer components, but especially the CPU cooling CPU . Watercooling usually uses a Central processing unit CPU water block , a pump water pump , and a heat exchanger usually a radiator with a fan attached . Watercooling can allow quieter potentially ... . More recently a growing number of companies are manufacturing watercooling components ..., has greatly increased the popularity of watercooling, although only a very small minority of computers ... more details
Merge to Deep water source cooling date August 2009 Deep lake watercooling uses cold water pumped from ... efficiency improves as the heat sink gets colder, deep lake watercooling can reduce the electrical demands of large cooling systems where it is available. It is similar in concept to modern geothermal sinks, but generally simpler to construct given a suitable water source. Basic concept Water is most dense at convert 3.98 C F at standard atmospheric pressure. Thus as water cools below 3.98 C ... cooling , where the temperature of the coolingwater is lowered close to the wet bulb temperature by evaporation in a cooling tower . This cooled water then acts as the heat sink for the heat pump. Deep lake watercooling allows an even higher thermodynamic efficiency by utilizing the deep lake ... to circulate the lake water and building air. One added attraction of deep lake watercooling is that it saves ... s Lake Source Cooling System uses Cayuga Lake as a heat sink to operate the central chilled water ... of convert 83 m ft . The deep lake watercooling system is part of an integrated district cooling .... ref http www.enwave.com enwave view.asp? dlwc benefits Benefits of the Deep Lake WaterCooling ... system does not pollute the lake with a plume of waste heat. Ocean watercooling The InterContinental .... Icehouse cooling Looking back to the past, watercooling recalls well insulated icehouse building ... lake watercooling taps a permanent store of cold water. OTEC power generation Looking towards the future, watercooling uses cold deep water just as ocean thermal energy conversion OTEC does. However ... difference between the ocean bottom and the ocean surface. Deep lake watercooling bypasses the need ... watercooling system. http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2005 08 28 AR2005082800715 ... DEFAULTSORT Deep Lake WaterCooling Category Ocean energy Category Cooling technology Category Lakes Category Cornell University de Deep Lake WaterCooling ... more details
Mergefrom Deep lake watercooling discuss Talk Deep water source cooling Merge from Deep lake watercooling date August 2009 Image DeepWaterSourceCooling.svg thumb right 180px Schematic of a deep water heat sink Image Heat pump system.jpg thumb right 150px Schematic of the system on which a deep water cold source can be mounted Deep water source cooling DWCS or deep water air cooling is a form of air cooling for process and comfort space cooling which uses a renewable, large body of naturally cold water as a heat sink . It uses water at a constant 277 to 283 kelvin s 4 to 10 degrees Celsius or less which it withdraws from deep areas within lakes, oceans, aquifers and rivers and is pumped through the primary side of a heat exchanger. On the secondary side of the heat exchanger, cooled water is produced. ref http www.energy.rochester.edu idea cooling 1995 dwsc Deep water source cooling description ref Advantages Deep water source cooling has several advantages It is very energy efficient, requiring only 1 10 of the average energy required by conventional cooler systems. ref http www.energy.rochester.edu idea cooling 1995 dwsc Deep water source cooling using one tenth of conventional cooling systems ref It does not use any ozone depleting refrigerant. This is still an important feature, despite the fact that smaller less expensive Refrigerator Types of domestic refrigerators ecologic cooling devices also exist. Disadvantages Several disadvantages are also present It requires the presence of a fairly large and deep water quantity in the surroundings. To obtain water in the 3 to 6 C 37 to 43 F range, a depth of convert 66 m ft sp us is required. ref http www.energy.rochester.edu idea cooling 1995 dwsc concept.htm Depth of lake DWSC ref The set up of a system is expensive and labor ... http honoluluswac.com Honolulu Seawater Air Conditioning DEFAULTSORT Deep Water Source Cooling ... Sudick authorlink coauthors title New seawater cooling plant in the works url http starbulletin.com ... more details
Wiktionary Cooling is the Heat transfer transfer of Internal energy thermal energy via thermal radiation , Conduction heat heat conduction or convection . It may also refer to Techniques Air conditioning Air cooling Computer cooling Cryogenics Conduction heat Solar cell Infrared solar cells Infrared solar cells Laser cooling Liquid cooling disambiguation Particle beam cooling Refrigeration Thermal management of electronic devices and systems Thermoelectric cooling Devices Heat exchanger Radiator s in automobiles Inter cooler Charge air cooler Coolant Cooling tower s, as used in large industrial plants and power station s HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Heat pipe Heat sink Vortex tube , as used in industrial spot cooling Pumpable ice technology Other A song written and performed by Tori Amos which appears on her 1999 live album To Venus and Back A Chinese food therapy Cantonese classification of food Cantonese food classification Places Cooling, Kent , a village in Kent, England disambig bg de Cooling fr Refroidissement hr Hla enje it Raffreddamento ru scn Arrifriddatura rifriddamentu fi J hdytys uk ... more details
Oil cooling refers to a process whereby heat is displaced from a hotter object, into a cooler oil and is the principle behind Cooler oil oil cooler devices. The oil carrying the displaced heat usually passes through a cooling unit such as a radiator or less commonly a gas decompresser. The cooled oil repeats this cycle, to continuously remove heat from the object. For and against Advantages Oil has a higher boiling point than water, so it can be used to cool items 100 C or higher. Oil is an electrical insulator thus, it can be used inside of or in direct contact with electrical components. Disadvantages Coolant oil may be limited to cooling objects under approximately 200 C 300 C. Parts are hard to take out and put in after the oil is put in. Gas cooling For the instance where an object to be cooled is greater in temperature than the range a cooling oil can remain stable, a compressed cooled gas would be used. As compressed gas is decompressed, heat is absorbed from surroundings of the gas, in particular, the hot object. See also Air coolingWatercooling Full immersion cooling Category Cooling technology fr Refroidissement huile ja de lk hlung tr Ya so utucusu ... more details
refimprove date August 2011 Cooling capacity is the measure of a cooling system s ability to remove heat . Common units include tons , and tonnes , which describe the amount of water at a given temperature that can be frozen in a given amount of time. ref cite web title Cooling Capacity url http www.furnacecompare.com faq definitions cooling capacity.html publisher Furnace Compare furnacecompare.com accessdate 30 October 2011 ref Alternatively, it can be given in units of power such a kilowatt or BTU h . ref cite web title What Is Cooling Capacity? url http www.wisegeek.com what is cooling capacity.htm publisher wiseGEEK wisegeek.com accessdate 30 October 2011 ref The basic SI units equation for deriving cooling capacity is of the form math dot Q dot m C p Delta T math Where math dot Q math is the cooling capacity kW math dot m math is the mass rate kg s math C p math is the specific heat capacity kJ kg K math Delta T math is the temperature change C References reflist Category Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning Engineering stub Chemistry stub ... more details
Free cooling is an economical method of using low external air temperatures to assist in chilling water ... of the chilled water to by pass an existing chiller and run through the Free Cooling system, which uses less power and uses the lower ambient air temperature to cool the water in the system. This can .... Hoboken John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. ref . Free cooling is the production of chilled water without ... Hemisphere ref Kelly, David W. Free Cooling Considerations. Heating, Piping, Air Conditioning 1996 51 57. ref . Free cooling is not entirely free since the chiller is still operational. Methods of Free Cooling Assuming that the system can utilize free cooling, there are three ways to use free cooling Strainer Cycle The cooling tower water can be directly linked into the flow through the chilled water circuit. If the cooling tower is open then a strainer is required to eliminate any ... of the water chiller energy There is an increased risk of corrosion using this method. Plate and Frame Heat exchanger A heat exchanger , will transfer heat directly from the chilled water loop to the cooling tower loop. The exchanger keeps the cooling tower water separate from the coolant flowing through the cooling coils. The chiller water is thus pre cooled. An energy savings is due reduced chiller ..., where it is cooled and condensed by the water from the cooling tower. ref McQuiston, Faye ... unrealistic. The economics of the heat exchanger allow for a minimum free coolingwater temperature ... cooling requirements. ref cite web last Posladek first Gina title MSc Energy Systems and the Environment ... accessdate 5 October 2010 ref Free Cooling in HVAC In HVAC in winter months, large commercial buildings interior spaces may need cooling, even while perimeter spaces may need heating ref ... the water chiller opens a direct path between the condenser and the evaporator . The relatively warm ... free cooling.asp . ref Limitations Freezing can be difficult to avoid once the cooling tower ... more details
. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working ... dry bulb air temperature . Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil ... than HVAC towers. HVAC use of a cooling tower pairs the cooling tower with a water cooled chiller or water ... use of large, industrial cooling towers is to remove the heat absorbed in the circulating coolingwater ... 007. p. 79. ref The circulation rate of coolingwater in a typical 700 MW coal fired power plant with a cooling ... on CoolingWater Intake Technologies, John Maulbetsch, Maulbetsch Consulting, May 2003 ref and the circulating ... an hour . If that same plant had no cooling tower and used once through coolingwater, it would require ... metres of water per hour through its cooling tower system. The world s tallest cooling tower is the 200 ... fluid and the evaporated fluid usually water are one and the same. Dry cooling towers operate by heat ... or open circuit cooling tower , the warm water can be cooled to a temperature lower than the ambient ..., instead cooling their heat exchangers with lake, river or ocean water. Categorization by air to water ... with water vapor, is discharged from the cooling tower. A collection or cold water basin is used ... may occur. Image KKP Wasser.jpg thumb Base of a cooling tower with falling water 123 Wet ... from the tower basin is the coolingwater routed through the process coolers and condenser steam ... water returns to the top of the cooling tower and trickles downward over the fill material inside ... concentration in the circulating coolingwater. To prevent the salt concentration of the water from ... coolingwater. Draw off or blowdown is used principally to control the buildup of these minerals. The chemistry ... water treatment consultant will evaluate the makeup water and the operating conditions of the cooling ... coolingwater in large industrial cooling tower systems to minimize scaling and fouling , the water ... Cooling tower and water discharge of a nuclear power plant further Legionellosis and Legionella Another ... more details
direct air cooling and it would follow that such direct cooling for computers and their components will become obsolete. Watercooling is somewhat popular in very high power situations, such as large ...File Cooler Master V8.jpg thumb 200px right A Cooler Master V8 has a lot of heatpipe s. Air cooling is a method ... in cooling. In all cases, the air has to be cooler than the object or surface from which it is expected ... temperature to be used efficiently. While many such ICE are called liquid cooled the cooling liquid is usually cooled by air passing through a radiator or heat exchanger. Examples of direct air cooling ... Its use is widespread in computers and CPU cooling , where the computer central processing unit processor ... processes use air as a cooling medium, either directly or indirectly. Air conditioning is a very ... environment for its occupants. Often the air has been cooled by chilled water or brine and the heat ... water to air heat exchanger heat exchanging is again effected to reject the heat into the atmosphere ... steam more or less constantly. These are, in part, using air cooling on a grand scale. Derating at high ... cabins. The cooling capacity has to be derated compared to that of sea level. A rule of thumb formula ... that should be multiplied with the cooling capacity in W to get the cooling capacity at the specified ... EN LZT146231&Lang EN&HighestFree Y ericsson.net Forced air cooling of DC DC power modules at high altitude, Design Note 025 table Cooling efficiency ref Using linear equation formula and points 100 ... 3500 height 1.00 derating 1 1 17500 height derating References references See also Computer cooling Computer fan Evaporative coolingWatercooling Oil cooling Heat pipe cooling Peltier Seebeck effect Peltier cooling Heater core External links http www.heatsinkfactory.com air cooling faq sp 5.html A basic Air Cooling FAQ Category Engine cooling systems Category Cooling technology Category Computer hardware cooling de Luftk hlung es Refrigeraci n por aire eo Peraera malvarmigo et hkjahutus fr ... more details
Economic Study of Cooling Pond Performance. Document no. 16130DFX0570. Water Pollution Control Research ... See also Pond Solar pond thermal energy collector Deep lake watercooling References Reflist energy stub pond Category Cooling technology Category Ponds Category Water pollution de K hlteich lb Killweier ... location New York isbn 9780716700791 page 722 pages url accessdate ref Cooling ponds are also sometimes used with HVAC air conditioning systems in large buildings as an alternative to cooling towers. ref ... ref The pond receives thermal energy in the water from the plant s Condenser heat transfer condensers ... 64576.aspx Steam Power Plant Condenser Cooling Part 1 Introduction to Alternatives. brighthub.com. ref Once the water has cooled in the pond, it is reused by the plant. New water is added to the system make up water to replace the water lost through evaporation. Many such ponds have secondary outdoor ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE H sub 2 sub Ceramic cooling H sub 2 sub Ceramic cooling also called H sub 2 sub C or Hot to Cold is a computer cooling product offered as an option in Dell s XPS gaming systems, advertised specifically as facilitating Cpu CPU overclocking . H sub 2 sub C is a two stage Liquid TEC hybrid cooling system that combines a liquid to air heat exchanger much like a liquid radiator , a Thermoelectric cooling thermoelectric fluid chiller , and control circuitry to optimize CPU cooling with minimal power. According to Dell, the cooling efficiency of H sub 2 sub C contributes to PC systems that are cooler in over clocked mode and potentially quieter in normal operating mode. By cooling the CPU below what is possible with traditional forced air convection or watercooling systems, but preventing the temperature from falling below ambient room temperature , H sub 2 sub C is advertised as extending CPU life while eliminating the risk of humidity condensation . See also Front side bus Front Side Bus Overvolting Benchmark computing External links External links date August 2009 http www.dell.com downloads global vectors h2c.pdf Technical Paper on H sub 2 sub C Technology PDF http direct2dell.com one2one archive 2007 03 25 9487.aspx Technical video featuring Chuck Hood, one of the inventors of H sub 2 sub C Technology 17 minutes http www.dell.com content products productdetails.aspx xpsdt 720h2c?c us&cs 19&l en&s dhs XPS H sub 2 sub C Product Details http dell.com gaming Official Dell Gaming Website http reviews.cnet.com Dell XPS 710 H2C 4505 3118 7 32305739.html?tag box CNET Editor s Choice http reviews.cnet.com 8301 12760 7 9673970 5.html?tag txt CNET Best of CES 2007 Finalist http direct2dell.com one2one archive 2007 03 25 9487.aspx 17 07 video A lead engineer involved in designing H sub 2 sub C explains how it works in detail. Overclocking Benchmark databases http www.hwbot.org ... DEFAULTSORT H2ceramic Cooling Category Computer hardware cooling ... more details
for cooled water. While this makes sense in some cases, delivering cooling from the ceiling has several ... for the New Bangkok International Airport, NBIA. Olesen, B.W. Radiant Heating and Cooling by Water ...A radiant cooling system refers to a temperature controlled surface that cools indoor temperatures by removing ... and Cooling Design year 2008 publisher ASHRAE ref Heat will flow from objects, occupants, equipment ... temperature will be lowered when air comes in contact with the cooled surface. Radiant cooling systems ... a heated surface to objects and occupants. System design Radiant cooling systems are usually hydronic , cooling using circulating water running in pipes in thermal contact with the surface. Typically the circulating water only needs to be 2 4 C below the desired indoor air temperature. ref name Olesen2008 cite journal last Olesen first Bjarne W. title Hydronic Floor Cooling Systems journal ASHRAE ... is removed by water flowing through a hydronic circuit, replacing the warmed water with cooler water. Since the majority of the cooling process results from removing sensible heat through radiant exchange ... air temperatures than with air based cooling systems. As a result of the high cooling capacity of water, and the delivery of a cooled surface close to the desired indoor air temperature, radiant cooling systems potentially offer reductions in cooling energy consumption. ref name stetiu cite journal last Stetiu first Corina title Energy and peak power savings potential of radiant cooling systems ... and processes generally need to be managed by an independent system. Radiant cooling may also ... cooling , or ground source heat pumps as it requires a small difference in temperature between desired ... range of system technologies, there are two primary types of radiant cooling systems. The first type is systems that deliver cooling through the building structure, usually slabs, this systems ... j.apenergy.2007.08.001 ref The second type is systems that deliver cooling through specialized panels ... more details
Liquid cooling may refer to The cooling of a liquid. The cooling of machinery or devices by convection or circulation of coolant s Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment , a garment worn by astronauts. Liquid metal cooled reactor Radiator engine cooling Computer cooling fr Refroidissement liquide disambig ... more details
orphan date March 2010 A cooling board is a board used to present a dead body. In winter months it would be difficult to bury the dead due to the earth being frozen, so the body is wrapped and propped in a barn until the ground thaws out. Referred to in a number of Blues songs, for example by Blind Willie McTell http www.harptab.com lyrics ly2736.shtml . Son House also makes a reference to a cooling board in his well known song Death Letter . So, I grabbed up my suitcase, and took off down the road. When I got there she was layin on a coolin board. Also found in a song by the late Donnie Hathaway http www.lyricsbox.com donny hathaway lyrics thank you master for my soul dmwlvqr.html cause the walls of my room was not the walls of my grave my bed was not my cooling board y all don t know what i m talkin bout Benjamin B. French witnessed Abraham Lincoln s remains, after transfer from the Peterson House to the White House, being taken from the box in which they were enclosed, all limp and warm, and laid upon the floor, and then stretched upon the cooling board. ref Marling 2008 Ice Great Moments in the History of Hard, Cold Water ISBN 978 0873516280. Minnesota Historical Society, p. 62. ref References references DEFAULTSORT Cooling Board Category Death customs death stub Culture stub ... more details
A cooling center is a temporary air conditioning air conditioned public space set up by local authorities to deal with the health effects of a heat wave . Usually sited at several locations throughout a city, cooling centers are meant to prevent hyperthermia , especially among the elderly without air conditioning at home. Cooling centers provide shade, water, and sometimes medical attention, along with referrals to social services, as many of the people who need assistance from these centers are homelessness homeless . They are increasingly used in cities such as New York City , Chicago, Illinois Chicago , Boston , and Toronto as the danger of heat waves has risen in the public consciousness, or in places like Seattle where home air conditioning is rare but 90 F 32 C temperatures occur every summer, though typically do not last for more than a few days. Another health measure sometimes taken during heat waves is to extend the hours of operation of public swimming pool s. External links http keepcool.illinois.gov Keep Cool Illinois Listing cooling centers throughout Illinois. http gis.nyc.gov oem cc index.htm New York City Office of Emergency Management Information about New York City cooling centers See also Warming center Category Heat waves Category Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning Category Public health health stub climate stub ar ... more details
by actively exhausting hot air. There are also more exotic and extreme techniques, such as watercooling ... below ambient, impossible with passive heatsinks, radiator cooled watercooling , and heatpipe HSFs. Watercooling Main Watercooling Image PC watercooling T Line 2009 12 03.jpg right 200px thumb DIY Watercooling setup showing 12v pump, CPU Waterblock and the typical application of a T Line While originally limited to Mainframe computer mainframe computers, watercooling has become a practice ... of watercooling include the fact that a system is not limited to cooling one component, but can ... at the same time with the same system. As opposed to air cooling, watercooling is also influenced less by the ambient temperature. Watercooling s comparatively low noise level compares favorably to that of active cooling, which can become quite noisy. One disadvantage to watercooling is the potential ... into contact. Another drawback to watercooling is the complexity of the system an active heat sink is much simpler to build, install, and maintain than a watercooling solution. ref name murphy cite journal last Murphy first Dave title Maintain Your WaterCooling Setup journal Maximum PC Magazine ... 8 October 2010 ref The IBM Aquasar system uses hot watercooling to achieve energy efficiency, the water ... clipped onto a microprocessor, with a smaller heatsink without fan in the background. Computer cooling ... still be produced than can be removed without attention to cooling. Use of heatsinks cooled by airflow ... exceed a specified limit. Cooling may be designed to reduce the ambient temperature within the case of a computer e.g. by exhausting hot air, or to cool a single component or small area spot cooling .... Cooling can be hindered by Dust acting as a thermal insulator and impeding airflow, thereby ... of equipment with bad thermal design, cooling air can easily flow out through cooling holes before passing over hot components cooling in such cases can often be improved by blocking of selected holes ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation . Radiative cooling of the Earth Earth s energy budget further Earth s energy budget In the case of the earth atmosphere system it refers to the process by which long wave Infrared radiation infrared radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short wave visible energy from the sun. The exact process by which the earth loses heat is rather more complex than often portrayed. In particular, convective transport of heat, and evaporative transport of latent heat are both important in removing heat from the surface and redistributing it in the atmosphere. Pure radiative transport is more important higher up. Diurnal and geographical variation further complicate the picture. The large scale circulation of the Earth s atmosphere is driven by the difference in absorbed solar radiation per square meter, as the sun heats the Earth more in the Tropics , mostly because of geometrical ... radiate more however in absolute terms the tropics radiate more energy to space. Radiative cooling on Earth s surface at night Radiative cooling is commonly experienced on cloudless nights, when heat ... technology, ice making by nocturnal cooling was common. The apparatus consisted of a shallow ceramic tray with a thin layer of water, placed outdoors with a clear exposure to the night sky. The bottom and sides were insulated with a thick layer of hay. On a clear night the water would lose heat ... the water to freeze by dawn. ref name icemaking radiative Cite web url http nptel.iitm.ac.in ... archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 6300EDKJi archivedate 2011 11 06 ref The same radiative cooling ... further Age of the Earth The term radiative cooling is generally used for contemporary processes, though the same general principles apply to the cooling of the planet over geological time, which ... law Urban heat island Urban thermal plume References reflist DEFAULTSORT Radiative Cooling Category ... more details
refimprove date March 2010 Thermoelectric effect cTopic Applications Thermoelectric cooling uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between the junction of two different types of materials. A Peltier cooler, heater, or thermoelectric heat pump is a solid state active heat pump which transfers heat from one side of the device to the other side against the temperature gradient from cold to hot , with consumption of electrical energy . Such an instrument is also called a Peltier device, Peltier heat pump, solid state refrigerator, or thermoelectric cooler TEC . The Peltier device is a heat pump when direct current runs through it, heat is moved from one side to the other. Therefore it can be used either for heating or for cooling refrigeration , although in practice the main application is cooling. It can also be used as a temperature controller that either heats or cools. ref http www.tec ... expansion . Due to the relatively low efficiency, thermoelectric cooling is generally only used in environments ... and portable coolers and for cooling electronic components and small instruments. Some electronic equipment intended for military use in the field is thermoelectrically cooled. The cooling effect of Peltier heat pumps can also be used to extract water from the air in dehumidifier s. Peltier elements ... reaction PCR , a common molecular biological technique which requires the rapid heating and cooling ... cooling cool computer components to keep temperatures within design limits, or to maintain stable ... normally, necessitating a very large and noisy fan or a liquid cooling system. In fiber optic applications ... telluride , an efficient thermoelectric material Freezer H2Ceramic cooling H sub 2 sub Ceramic cooling a hybrid combination of thermoelectric and liquid cooling Heat transfer Joule s law Pyroelectric ... cooling Thermoacoustics competitor technology to thermoelectric cooling References http sctbnord.com ... Cooling Category Cooling technology bg cs Peltier v l nek de Peltier ... more details
Ionization cooling is a process by which the beam emittance of a beam of particles may be reduced . ref G.I. Budker, in Proceedings of 15th International Conference on High Energy Physics, Kiev, 1970 A.N. Skrinsky, Intersecting storage rings at Novosibirsk, in Proceedings of Morges Seminar, 1971 Report CERN D.PH II YGC mng ref In ionization cooling, particles are passed through some material. The momentum of the particles is reduced as they ionize atomic electrons in the material. Thus the normalised beam emittance is reduced. By re accelerating the beam, for example in an RF cavity, the longitudinal momentum may be restored without replacing transverse momentum. Thus overall the angular spread and hence the geometric emittance in the beam will be reduced. Ionization cooling can be spoiled ... in protons and ions can reduce the cooling or even lead to net heating transverse to the direction .... Muon cooling The primary use of ionization cooling is envisaged to be for cooling of muon beams. This is because ionization cooling is the only technique that works on the timescale of the muon lifetime. Ionization cooling channels have been designed for use in a Neutrino Factory and a Muon Collider . Muon ionization cooling is expected to be demonstrated for the first time by the Proof of Principle International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment . Other PoP muon ionization cooling experiments have been devised. Other particles Ionization cooling has also been proposed for use in low energy ion beams and proton beams. Longitudinal cooling The technique can be adapted to provide longitudinal as well as transverse cooling by using a dipole magnet as a dispersive prism to divide the particles by energy, and then passing the resultant rainbow beam though a tapered wedge of cooling material ... the dipole itself with cooling material, so that more energetic particles following a larger orbit pass are cooled more. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Ionization Cooling Category Particle accelerators ... more details
and cheapest cooling bath is an ice water mixture, which maintains a temperature of 0 C. For lower temperatures, three main types of cooling baths are typical Ice A slurry of ice and an inorganic ... none 196 div Water and Ice Baths A bath of ice and water will maintain a temperature 0 C since the freezing point of water is 0 C. However, adding a salt such as sodium chloride will lower the temperature ... will begin cooling. Once the temperature reaches 41 C the acetonitrile will freeze. Therefore ... url http www.chemistry.oregonstate.edu carter Baths.html title Cooling Baths author Carter Research ... of Siegen Category Laboratory techniques Category Cryogenics Category Cooling technology de K ltemischung ... more details
other uses Image Global Cooling Map.png thumb right Mean temperature anomalies during the period 1965 ... at the time. Global cooling was a conjecture during the 1970s of imminent cooling of the Earth s surface ... to the global cooling conjecture, the current scientific opinion on climate change is that the Earth ... that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945. Of those scientific papers considering climate trends over the 21st century, only 10 inclined towards future cooling, while most papers ... cooling reached the public press in the mid 1970s temperatures had stopped falling, and there was concern ... concerns about the possible regional cooling effects of a slowdown or shutdown of thermohaline circulation , which might be provoked by an increase of fresh water mixing into the North Atlantic due to glacier ... tar wg1 357.htm accessdate November 17, 2005 ref Physical mechanisms The cooling period is well ... 20th century cooling. However, at the time there were two physical mechanisms that were most frequently advanced to cause cooling aerosols and orbital forcing. Aerosols Human activity &mdash mostly ... the planetary albedo , thus cooling the planet by reducing the solar radiation reaching the surface ... 138 41 ref In the early 1970s some speculated that this cooling effect might dominate over the warming ... warming, aerosols are believed to have contributed a cooling tendency outweighted by increases in greenhouse ... years followed by a relatively rapid cooling . As an objection, the future orbital variations will not closely ... as early as 1963 a multidecadal cooling since about 1940. ref name The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus cite journal title The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus ... Society url http scienceblogs.com stoat Myth 1970 Global Cooling BAMS 2008.pdf date September 2008 ... name The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 Image Cooling curve.png thumb A cooling curve of naphthalene from liquid to solid. A cooling curve is a line graphics graph that represents the change of Phase matter phase of matter , typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. The independent variable X axis is time and the dependent variable Y axis is temperature. ref Garland, Nibler, and Shoemaker. Experiments in Physical Chemistry 7th ed. ref Below is an example of a cooling curve used in casting s. File Cooling curve pure metal.svg 500px The initial point of the graph is the starting temperature of the matter, here noted as the pouring temperature . When the phase change occurs there is a thermal arrest , that is the temperature stays constant. This is because the matter has more internal energy as a liquid or gas than in the state that it is cooling to. The amount of energy required for a phase change is known as latent heat . The cooling rate is the slope of the cooling curve at any point. In the part of the curve where the temperature decreases, the kinetic energy also decreases while the potential energy stays the same. However, at the phase transition, where the curve is flat, the kinetic energy stays the same while the potential energy decreases. fact date January 2009 References Reflist Phase of matter Category Condensed matter physics Category Thermodynamics ar it Curva di raffreddamento pl Krzywa ch odzenia ... more details
Laser cooling refers to the number of techniques in which atomic and molecular samples are cooled through the interaction with one or more laser light fields. The first example of laser cooling, and also still the most common method of laser cooling so much so that it is still often referred to simply as laser cooling is Doppler cooling . Other methods of laser cooling include Sisyphus cooling Resolved sideband cooling Velocity selective coherent population trapping VSCPT Anti Stokes inelastic light scattering typically in the form of fluorescence or Raman scattering Cavity mediated cooling Sympathetic cooling Use of a Zeeman slower Doppler cooling main Doppler cooling Doppler cooling, which ... common method of laser cooling. It is used to cool low density gasses down to the Doppler cooling limit , which for Rubidium 85 is around 150 wikt microkelvin microkelvin . As Doppler cooling requires ... to a small handful of elements. In Doppler cooling, the frequency of light is tuned slightly below ... of atoms is a measure of the random internal kinetic energy, this is equivalent to cooling the atoms. Other methods of laser cooling Several somewhat similar processes are also referred to as laser cooling , in which photons are used to pump heat away from a material and thus cool it. The wikt phenomenon ... . Uses Laser cooling is primarily used for experiments in Quantum Physics to achieve temperatures ... only occur at this heat level. Generally, laser cooling has been only used on the atomic level ..., April 8 . Laser cooling Brings Large Object Near Absolute Zero. ScienceDaily. Retrieved January 14 ... cooling optical tweezers Sympathetic cooling M ssbauer effect M ssbauer spectroscopy Magneto optical ... D.J. Wineland, R.E. Drullinger and F.L. Walls title Radiation pressure cooling of bound resonant ..., M. Hohenstatt, P. Toschek and H. Dehmelt title Optical sideband cooling of visible atom cloud confined ... Category Atomic physics Category Cooling technology Category Laser applications da Laserk ling de Laserk hlung ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 expert subject date March 2011 Sorption cooling is a technology that uses heat to produce Heat transfer cooling , by taking advantage of material properties . One substance will Heating heat or Refrigeration refrigerate depending on whether it is absorbed or released by another substance. There may be a third substance that is displaced when the first substance is absorbed and re absorbed when the first substance is released. The absorption and release are dependent on ambient temperature . ref Placeholder ref External links Here are some links with more explanation of sorption cooling in diverse applications. Nasa http planck.caltech.edu coolers.html Energy research center of The Netherlands http www.ecn.nl nl nieuws newsletter en archive 2008 march 2008 topmacs Solarservers http www.solarserver.com solarmagazin anlage 0308 e.html US Patent No. 6,907,797 applied to cooling downhole equipment http www.freepatentsonline.com 6907797.html Sustec http www.sustec.nl EN technology sorption cooling.html References references Category Cooling technology ... more details
Sympathetic cooling is a process in which particles of one type cool particles of another type. Typically, atomic ions that can be directly Laser cooling laser cooled are used to cool nearby ions or atoms, by way of their mutual Coulomb barrier Coulomb interaction . This technique allows cooling of ions and atoms that can t be cooled directly by laser cooling. This includes most molecular ion species, especially large organic molecules. ref cite web url http www.exphy.uni duesseldorf.de ResearchInst complexmolecules.htm title Sympathetic Cooling of Complex M accessdate 2008 01 30 ref However, sympathetic cooling is most efficient when the mass charge ratios of the sympathetic and laser cooled ions are similar. ref cite journal author Schiller, S. L mmerzahl, C. year 2003 title Molecular dynamics simulation of sympathetic crystallization of molecular ions journal Phys. Rev. A volume 68 issue 5 pages 053406 doi 10.1103 PhysRevA.68.053406 arxiv quant ph 0309117 bibcode 2003PhRvA..68e3406S ref The cooling of neutral atoms in this manner was first demonstrated by Christopher Myatt et al. in 1997. ref cite journal author Myatt, C. J. Burt, E. A. Ghrist, R. W. Cornell, E. A. Wieman, C. E. year 1997 title Production of Two Overlapping Bose Einstein Condensates by Sympathetic Cooling journal Phys. Rev. Lett. volume 78 issue 4 pages 586 9 laysummary http www.aip.org pnu 1997 split pnu302 1.htm doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.78.586 bibcode 1997PhRvL..78..586M ref Here, a technique with electric and magnetic fields were used, where atoms with spin in one direction were more weakly confined than those with spin in the opposite direction. The weakly confined atoms with a high kinetic energy were allowed to more easily escape, lowering the total kinetic energy, resulting in a cooling of the strongly confined atoms. Myatt et al. also showed the utility of their version of sympathetic cooling ... physics Category Cooling technology Category Thermodynamics nuclear stub pl Sympatyczne ch odzenie ... more details
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