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Uncertainty principle





Encyclopedia results for Uncertainty principle

  1. Uncertainty principle

    Werner Heisenberg formulated the uncertainty principle at Niels Bohr s institute in Copenhagen, while ... relation indicates by how much math X,P X P P X i hbar math see Uncertainty principle Mathematical derivations ... the uncertainty principle. This implication provided a clear physical interpretation for the non ... did not care to formulate the uncertainty principle as an exact limit, and preferred to use it as a heuristic .... Bohr Einstein debates Einstein and Bohr debated the uncertainty principle for many years. Einstein s slit The first of Einstein s thought experiment s challenging the uncertainty principle went as follows ... the time energy uncertainty principle. It is very similar to the slit experiment in space ... possible to adjust the parameters so that the uncertainty principle is violated. Bohr spent ... understanding of the principle, concluding that the uncertainty was not caused by a direct interaction ... possible allowed by the uncertainty principle. In 1964 John Stewart Bell John Bell showed that this assumption ... Karl Popper criticized Heisenberg s form of the uncertainty principle, that a measurement of position ... of these rare events as falsifiability falsification s of the uncertainty principle in Heisenberg ... The uncertainty principle can be restated in terms of other measurement processes, which involves wave ... then this means that the uncertainty principle is related to the Observer effect physics observer effect ... inequality but only for the latter inequality. Energy time uncertainty principle One well known uncertainty ... uncertainty principle. Since energy bears the same relation to time as momentum does to space in special ... states have a finite lifetime. By the time energy uncertainty principle, they do not have a definite ... formulation of the energy time uncertainty principle says that measuring the energy of a quantum ... misconception is that the energy time uncertainty principle says that the conservation of energy can ... widely used formulation of the time energy uncertainty principle was given in 1945 by Leonid Mandelshtam ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty principle (disambiguation)

    wiktionary uncertainty principle The uncertainty principle is fundamental concept in quantum physics. Uncertainty Principle may also refer to The Uncertainty Principle film The Uncertainty Principle film , a 2002 Portuguese drama Uncertainty Principle Numb3rs Uncertainty Principle Numb3rs , an episode of the TV series Numb3rs The Uncertainty Principle The Spectacular Spider Man The Uncertainty Principle The Spectacular Spider Man , an episode of the TV series The Spectacular Spider Man The Uncertainty Principle , an Holby City series 11 ep472 episode of the TV series Holby City The Uncertainty Principle , a novel by Dmitri Bilenkin Principio de incertidumbre Uncertainty principle , a novel by Gregorio Morales The French downtempo band Telepopmusik has a song titled L Incertitude D Heisenberg on their album Genetic World disambig ...   more details



  1. The Uncertainty Principle (film)

    Infobox Film name The Uncertainty Principle image image size caption director Manoel de Oliveira producer Paulo Branco writer Agustina Bessa Lu s br Manoel de Oliveira narrator starring Leonor Baldaque music cinematography Renato Berta editing Manoel de Oliveira br Catherine Krassovsky distributor released 17 May 2002 runtime 133 minutes country Film Portugal language Portuguese budget preceded by followed by The Uncertainty Principle lang pt O Princ pio da Incerteza is a 2002 in film 2002 cinema of Portugal Portuguese drama film directed by Manoel de Oliveira . It was entered into the 2002 Cannes Film Festival . ref name festival cannes.com cite web url http www.festival cannes.com en archives ficheFilm id 3102262 year 2002.html title Festival de Cannes The Uncertainty Principle accessdate 2009 10 25 work festival cannes.com ref Cast Leonor Baldaque Camila Leonor Silveira Vanessa Isabel Ruth Celsa Ricardo Tr pa Jose Feliciano Ivo Canelas Antonio Clara Lu s Miguel Cintra Daniel Roper Jos Manuel Mendes Torcato Roper Carmen Santos Joana Cec lia Guimar es Rute J lia Buisel Aunt Tofi ngela Marques Adora o Diogo D ria Policeman Antonio Fonseca Policeman Duarte de Almeida Mr. Ferreira P. Jo o Marques Priest Ant nio Costa actor Ant nio Costa Tiago David Cardoso Overman References reflist External links imdb title id 0303162 title The Uncertainty Principle CinemaofPortugal DEFAULTSORT Uncertainty Principle, The Category 2002 films Category Portuguese films Category Portuguese language films Category 2000s drama films Category Films directed by Manoel de Oliveira Portugal film stub fr Le Principe de l incertitude it Il principio dell incertezza pt O Princ pio da Incerteza filme ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty Principle (Numb3rs)

    Infobox Television episode Title Uncertainty Principle Series Numb3rs Image Caption Season 1 Episode ... Next Vector Uncertainty Principle is the second episode of the first season of the American television ... uncertainty principle , P NP P vs. NP , and Minesweeper. The episode was directed ... in the episode. After being moved from fourth to second, Uncertainty Principle first aired in the United ... problems. Production Writing Uncertainty Principle is based on a series of bank robberies, solved ... Uncertainty Principle , Heuton and Falacci wanted to show Charlie s reaction to the violent nature of Don ... shot shortly after their mother s death. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary cite video people ... W. Zucker co executive producer , David Krumholtz actor date 2006 title Uncertainty Principle Commentary ... and Falacci changed the title of the episode from Cause and Causality to Uncertainty Principle after including the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in the script. ref name Uncertainty Principle ... to leave the case than as an application to the case. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary ... using P vs. NP. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary P vs. NP describes the length of time needed .... ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary With regards to the series, the episode set the backstory ... a family. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary Production The cast and crew delayed production of Uncertainty Principle until director Davis Guggenheim could film the episode. Guggenheim decided ... technique that would be used in subsequent episodes of Numb3rs . ref name Uncertainty Principle .... ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary While filming at the house that series producers .... ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary David Grynkiewicz, a graduate student of Dr. Rick Wilson .... ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary During the production of the arrest scene, the production ... from the Los Angeles River as storms occurred before filming. ref name Uncertainty Principle ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty principle for the short-time Fourier transform

    constructed for the purpose of analysis. What does the uncertainty principle as applied to a small time interval have to do with the uncertainty principle of the original? Very often nothing and statements ... langle omega right rangle math 8 The uncertainty principle T and B are standard deviations defined by the previous ... B 2 sigma omega 2 int omega left langle omega right rangle 2 S omega 2 ,d omega math 10 The uncertainty principle is math TB ge dfrac 1 2 math 11 Therefore one cannot have or construct a signal for which both T and B are arbitrarily small. A more general uncertainty principle . A stronger version of the uncertainty principle is math sigma t sigma omega ge dfrac 1 2 sqrt 1 4 operatorname COV t omega 2 math 12 Proof of the uncertainty principle First, let us note that no loss of generality occurs ... t omega right 2 dfrac 1 4 COV t omega 2 math 21 Therefore the uncertainty principle is proved as given ... to obtain the more usual form, Eq. 11 . The uncertainty principle for the short time Fourier transform ... math 28 Time dependent and window dependent uncertainty principle Since a normalized signal have been ... down. This is the uncertainty principle for the short time Fourier transform. It is a function of time, the signal, and the window. It should not be confused with uncertainty principle applied to the signal. It is important to understand this uncertainty because it places limits on the technique ... in terms of resolutionis are limited and so forth. This is a limitation of the technique. The uncertainty principle of the original signal does not change because it has been decided to be modified ...   more details



  1. The Uncertainty Principle (The Spectacular Spider-Man)

    Infobox Television episode Title The Uncertainty Principle Series The Spectacular Spider Man TV series The Spectacular Spider Man Image File SSM Uncertainty Principle.jpg 230px Caption Green Goblin Goblin threatens Hammerhead comics Hammerhead in a steel mill . Season 1 Episode 9 Airdate Start date 2008 ... spider man episodes 182.the uncertainty principle title The Uncertainty Principle publisher Marvel.com ... list The Uncertainty Principle is the ninth episode of the animated television series The Spectacular ... Green Goblin in order to prepare his penning of the episode s teleplay. The Uncertainty Principle ... Curtain, which the writers had planned since the series began. The Uncertainty Principle is available .... Production The Uncertainty Principle was written by Kevin Hopps and directed by Dave Bullock. ref ... tv the spectacular spider man the uncertainty principle EP010323830009 title The Spectacular Spider Man The Uncertainty Principle publisher Zap2it accessdate 2009 12 28 ref It proceeded a repeat ... link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref The episode s title, The Uncertainty Principle, expands the series ... title The Uncertainty Principle Review publisher IGN author Goldman, Eric date 2008 05 12 accessdate ... Fan Web Site date 2008 06 18 accessdate 2009 12 28 ref The Uncertainty Principle became available ... date 2009 03 19 accessdate 2009 11 30 ref The Uncertainty Principle also became available on the full ..., br IGN reviewer ref name ign width 175px align right The Uncertainty Principle was critically ... spider man episodes 182.the uncertainty principle The Uncertainty Principle at Marvel.com http www.tv.com the spectacular spider man the uncertainty principle episode 1195706 summary.html?tag episode header summary The Uncertainty Principle at TV.com http www.imdb.com title tt1225150 The Uncertainty Principle at the Internet Movie Database Spectacular Spider Man TV series DEFAULTSORT Uncertainty Principle Category 2008 television episodes Category The Spectacular Spider Man episodes Category ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty

    dablink For the film of the same name, see Uncertainty film . Certainty Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields, including uncertainty principle physics , philosophy , statistics ... and unavoidable property of the universe. In quantum mechanics , the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ... than Heisenberg s uncertainty principle allows. Measurements Main Measurement uncertainty In metrology ... Uncertainty principle Uncertainty quantification Uncertainty tolerance Volatility, uncertainty .... Concepts main Knightian uncertainty Cquote You cannot be certain about uncertainty. In his seminal work Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit ref Knight, F.H. 1921 Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit ... Knight 1921 established the important distinction between risk and uncertainty Cquote Uncertainty ... is really present and operating.... It will appear that a measurable uncertainty, or risk proper ... an uncertainty at all. Although the terms are used in various ways among the general public, many specialists in decision theory , statistics and other quantitative fields have defined uncertainty and risk more specifically. Doug Hubbard defines uncertainty and risk as ref name ReferenceA Douglas Hubbard ... ref Uncertainty The lack of certainty, A state of having limited knowledge where it is impossible to exactly describe existing state or future outcome, more than one possible outcome. Measurement of Uncertainty ... Risk A state of uncertainty where some possible outcomes have an undesired effect or significant .... There are other taxonomies of uncertainties and decisions that include a broader sense of uncertainty ... C, Elvers HD, Jandrig B title The ethics of uncertainty. In the light of possible dangers, research ... 10.1038 sj.embor.7401072 pmc 2002561 ref Image Uncertainty.svg thumb center 550px A taxonomy of uncertainty .... Uncertainty is everywhere and you cannot escape from it. source Dennis Lindley , Understanding Uncertainty ... have a state of uncertainty. If you apply probabilities to the possible outcomes using weather ...   more details



  1. Multiplier uncertainty

    In macroeconomics , multiplier uncertainty is lack of perfect knowledge of the Multiplier economics multiplier ... uncertainty may surround the magnitude of effect of a change in the monetary base or its growth ... rate , or GDP. There are several policy implications of multiplier uncertainty 1 If the multiplier uncertainty is correlation uncorrelated with additive uncertainty, its presence causes greater cautiousness ... uncertainty, it is no longer redundant to have more policy tools than there are targeted economic ... policy is not equivalent to a policy of ignoring uncertainty. Effect of multiplier uncertainty on the optimal magnitude of policy For the simplest possible case, ref Brainard, William May 1967 , Uncertainty ... no uncertainty about the policy multiplier, math sigma 2 a math would be zero, and policy would ..., the optimal policy equation shows that, to the extent that there is multiplier uncertainty the extent ... the basic effect of multiplier uncertainty is to make policy actions more cautious, although this effect ... uncertainty and multiple tools, Journal of Macroeconomics 12, 137 145. ref In this case a key result is that, unlike in the absence of multiplier uncertainty, it is not superfluous to have more policy tools than targets with multiplier uncertainty, the more tools are available the lower expected ..., on the one hand, policy optimization with multiple policy tools having multiplier uncertainty, and on the other ... choices having rate of return uncertainty. ref name Mitchell The usages of the policy variables correspond ... of policy actions exist. In this dynamic stochastic control context with multiplier uncertainty, ref ... 64, 136 148. ref a key result is that the certainty equivalence principle does not apply while in the absence of multiplier uncertainty that is, with only additive uncertainty the optimal policy coincides with what would be decided if the uncertainty were ignored, this no longer holds in the presence of multiplier uncertainty. References reflist Category Economics Category Macroeconomics ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty quantification

    Uncertainty quantification UQ is the science of quantitative characterization and reduction of Uncertainty uncertainties in applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head on crash with another car even if we exactly knew the speed, small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars, how tightly every bolt has been tightened, etc, will lead to different results that can only be predicted in a statistical sense. Many problems in the natural sciences and engineering are also rife with sources of uncertainty. computer model Computer simulation modeling is the most commonly used approach to study problems in uncertainty quantification UQ . Reasons for uncertainties Uncertainty can enter numerical or mathematical models in various different contexts. For example 1. The model structure, i.e., how accurately a mathematical model describes the true system for a real life situation, may only be known approximately. Models are almost always only approximations to reality. For example, the Maxwell equations describe electromagnetic fields very well yet, it is known that quantum electrodynamics is the correct description if field strengths become large. 2. The numerical approximation, i.e., how appropriately a numerical method is used in approximating the operation of the system. Most models are too complicated to solve exactly. For example the finite element method may be used to approximate the solution of a partial differential equation ... in principle know but don t in practice. This may be either because we have not measured a quantity ..., both kinds of uncertainties are often present. Uncertainty quantification intends to work toward reducing type 2 uncertainties to type 1. The quantification for the type 1 uncertainty is relatively straightforward ... Publishers, Boston London. Category Applied mathematics Category Operations research Category Uncertainty ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty theory

    distinguish Uncertainty principle multiple issues onesource November 2009 jargon December 2009 howto December 2009 citationstyle December 2009 misleading date December 2009 Uncertainty theory is a branch ... measure axioms. Clarify date December 2009 It was founded by Baoding Liu ref Baoding Liu, Uncertainty ..., Uncertainty Theory, 3rd ed., http orsc.edu.cn liu ut.pdf. ref Mathematical measures of the likelihood ..., as well as uncertainty. Five axioms File Uncertainty Theory Axiom.jpg 700px center Uncertain variables An uncertain variable is a measurable function from an uncertainty space math Gamma ... math xi in B gamma in Gamma xi gamma in B math is an event. Uncertainty distribution Uncertainty distribution is inducted to describe uncertain variables. Definition The uncertainty distribution ... . Theorem Peng and Iwamura, Sufficient and Necessary Condition for Uncertainty Distribution A function ... 2 xi 2 , ldots,f m xi m math are independent uncertain variables. Theorem 3 Let math Phi i math be uncertainty ..., and math Phi math the joint uncertainty distribution of uncertain vector math xi 1, xi 2, ldots ... one of the two integrals is finite. Theorem 1 Let math xi math be an uncertain variable with uncertainty ... xi math be an uncertain variable with regular uncertainty distribution math Phi math . If the expected ... value to math xi math . Theorem 1 Let math xi math be an uncertain variable with regular uncertainty ... eta inf alpha math . Entropy Definition Let math xi math be an uncertain variable with uncertainty distribution ... variable with regular uncertainty distribution math Phi math . Then math H xi int 0 1 Phi 1 alpha ... b eta a E xi b E eta math . Theorem 3 Let math xi math be an uncertain variable whose uncertainty ... 1 Suppose that math xi, xi 1, xi 2, ldots math are uncertain variables defined on the uncertainty ... math are uncertainty distributions of uncertain variables math xi, xi 1, xi 2, ldots math , respectively ... in Distribution. Conditional uncertainty Definition 1 Let math Gamma,L,M math be an uncertainty ...   more details



  1. Hirschman uncertainty

    and it is in fact quite true that the entropic statement of the uncertainty principle is stronger .... See also Inequalities in information theory Uncertainty principle Riesz Thorin theorem References ...In quantum mechanics , information theory , and Fourier analysis , the Hirschman uncertainty is defined as the sum of the temporal and spectral Shannon entropy Shannon entropies . It turns out that Heisenberg s uncertainty principle can be expressed as a lower bound on the sum of these entropies. This is stronger than the usual statement of the uncertainty principle in terms of the product of standard deviations. In 1957, ref name Hirschman I.I. Hirschman, Jr., A note on entropy. American Journal of Mathematics 1957 pp. 152 156 ref Hirschman considered a function f and its Fourier transform g such that math g y approx int infty infty exp 2 pi ixy f x , dx, qquad f x approx int infty infty exp 2 pi ixy g y , dy, math where the math approx math indicates convergence in math L 2 math , and normalized so that by Plancherel theorem Plancherel s theorem math int infty infty f x 2 , dx int infty infty g y 2 ,dy 1. math He showed that for any such functions the sum of the Shannon entropies is non negative math H f 2 H g 2 int infty infty f x 2 log f x 2 , dx int infty infty g y 2 log g y 2 ,dy ge 0. math A tighter bound, math H f 2 H g 2 ge log frac e 2, math which is saturated in the case of Gaussian distribution s, was conjectured by Hirschman ref name Hirschman and Hugh Everett Everett ref Hugh Everett , III. The Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics the theory of the universal ... name Bialynicki Iwo Bialynicki Birula. Formulation of the uncertainty relations in terms of the Renyi .... math R nyi entropy inequality From this inequality, an expression of the uncertainty principal in terms ... in entropic uncertainty principles. http arxiv.org abs math 0605510v1 arXiv math 0605510v1 DEFAULTSORT Hirschman Uncertainty Category Quantum mechanical entropy Category Information theory ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty analysis

    For a much more detailed treatment, see Experimental uncertainty analysis In physical experiment s uncertainty analysis , or experimental uncertainty assessment , deals with assessing the uncertainty in a measurement . An experiment designed to determine an effect, demonstrate a law, or estimate the numerical value of a physical variable will be affected by errors due to instrumentation, methodology, presence of confounding effects and so on. Experimental uncertainty estimates are needed to assess the confidence in the results. ref http www.engineering.uiowa.edu cfd pdfs References uncert.pdf Summary of experimental uncertainty assessment methodology with example ref A related field is Design of experiments . Likewise in numerical experiments and Mathematical model modelling uncertainty analysis draws upon a number of techniques for determining the reliability of model predictions, accounting for various sources of uncertainty in model input and design. ref http www.floodrisknet.org.uk methods MethodologiesForUncertaintyAnalysis Methodologies for uncertainty analysis ref A related field is sensitivity analysis . See also Interval finite element method References Reflist Bibliography Etienne de Rocquigny, Nicolas , Devictor, Stefano, Tarantola Editors , Uncertainty in Industrial Practice A Guide to Quantitative Uncertainty Management , Wiley & Sons Publishers, 2008. J.C. Helton, J.D. Johnson, C.J. Salaberry, and C.B. Storlie, 2006, Survey of sampling based methods for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Reliability Engineering and System Safety , 91 1175&ndash 1209. Santner, T. J. Williams, B. J. Notz, W.I. Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments Springer Verlag, 2003. Category Uncertainty of numbers Category Measurement ...   more details



  1. Cone of Uncertainty

    Generalize date October 2009 In project management , the Cone of Uncertainty describes the evolution of the amount of uncertainty during a project. At the beginning of a project, comparatively little is known about the product or work results, and so estimates are subject to large uncertainty. As more research and development is done, more information is learned about the project, and the uncertainty ... maintenance group. The term Cone of Uncertainty is used in software development where the technical .... Well before any significant investments are made, the uncertainty is reduced to a level where the risk can be carried comfortably. In this kind of environment the uncertainty level decreases rapidly ... and there is an external pressure to increase the uncertainty level over time. The project must actively and continuously work to reduce the uncertainty level. The Cone of Uncertainty is narrowed ... later in the project then the cone will widen. Original research on the Cone of Uncertainty stated ... in general an uncertainty of factor 4 on both the high side and the low side Boehm 1981 . This means that the actual effort or scope can be 4 times or 1 4 of the first estimates. This uncertainty tends ..., p.  38 . Applications of the Cone of Uncertainty One way to account for the Cone of Uncertainty ... the high low range using predefined multipliers dependent on the level of uncertainty at that time ... a schedule that will include this level of uncertainty. The Cone of Uncertainty is also used extensively ..., and in the future the uncertainty decreases. In hurricane forecasting, the current location ... whether the term Cone of Uncertainty originated in software development or hurricane forecasting. History of the Cone of Uncertainty The original conceptual basis of the Cone of Uncertainty ... Engineering Lab NASA 1990 . The first time the name Cone of Uncertainty was used to describe this concept was in Software Project Survival Guide McConnell 1997 . Implications of the Cone of Uncertainty ...   more details



  1. Propagation of uncertainty

    In statistics , propagation of error or propagation of uncertainty is the effect of Variable mathematics variables uncertainty uncertainties or Errors and residuals in statistics errors on the uncertainty of a function mathematics function based on them. When the variables are the values of experimental measurements they have Observational error uncertainties due to measurement limitations e.g., instrument Accuracy and precision precision which propagate to the combination of variables in the function. The uncertainty is usually defined by the absolute error . Uncertainties can also be defined by the relative error x x , which is usually written as a percentage. Most commonly the error on a quantity, x , is given as the standard deviation , . Standard deviation is the positive square root of variance , sup 2 sup . The value of a quantity and its error are often expressed as nowrap ... The guiding principle in all cases is to consider the most pessimistic situation. ref Example calculation Inverse tangent function We can calculate the uncertainty propagation for the inverse tangent ... , math where math sigma x math is the absolute uncertainty on our measurement of math x math . The partial ... 1 1 x 2 . math Therefore, our propagated uncertainty is math sigma f frac sigma x 1 x 2 , math where math sigma f math is the absolute propagated uncertainty. Example application Resistance measurement ... Ohm s law , math R V I. math Given the measured variables with uncertainties, I I and V V , the uncertainty ... I right 2 left Delta I right 2 left frac V I 2 right 2 . math See also Experimental uncertainty analysis ... Automatic differentiation List of uncertainty propagation software Interval finite element Notes references ... of uncertainty explaining the benefits of using error propagation formulas and monte ... of Uncertainty in Measurement http infoscience.epfl.ch record 97374 files TR 98 01R3.pdf EPFL An Introduction ... analysis Category Statistical approximations Category Uncertainty of numbers de Fehlerfortpflanzung ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty (film)

    Infobox film name Uncertainty image Uncertainty film poster .jpg director Scott McGehee br David Siegel producer Becky Glupczynski br Scott McGehee br David Siegel writer Scott McGehee br David Siegel starring Lynn Collins br Joseph Gordon Levitt br Assumpta Serna br Olivia Thirlby br Nelson Landrieu br Manoel Felciano br Jenn Colella br Marin Gazzaniga br Gianna Luca br Sofia Luca distributor IFC Films , Myriad pictures Myriad Pictures International released start date 2008 9 8 small Toronto International Film Festival TIFF br dts 2009 11 13 runtime 105 minutes U.S. theatrical release 105 17 country United States language English music budget Uncertainty is a 2008 independent film indie drama film written, produced, and directed by American independent filmmakers Scott McGehee and David Siegel , and starring Lynn Collins and Joseph Gordon Levitt . It was first released at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival . Distribution rights were acquired by IFC Films and was limited released on November 13, 2009. It was simultaneously made available to cable viewers via Video on demand Video On Demand . The film was shot in HD on the Arriflex D 20 . Reception Uncertainty has an approval rating of 54 on Rotten Tomatoes , from 24 reviews counted. ref cite web url http www.rottentomatoes.com m uncertainty title Rotten Tomatoes accessdate 2010 09 08 ref External links imdb title id 1086216 title Uncertainty http www.ifcfilms.com films uncertainty Official IFC Films site http www.uncertaintyfilm.com production blog by filmmakers http www.filmmakermagazine.com news 2009 11 david siegel and scott mcgehee uncertainty FILMMAKER MAGAZINE article Reception reflist Category 2009 films Category American films Category English language films Category Independent films Category 2000s drama films indie film stub ...   more details



  1. Knightian uncertainty

    In economics , Knightian uncertainty is risk that is immeasurable, not possible to calculate. Knightian uncertainty is named after University of Chicago economist Frank Knight 1885&ndash 1972 , who distinguished risk and uncertainty in his work Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit ref Knight, F.H. 1921 http www.archive.org details riskuncertaintyp00knigrich Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit . Boston, MA Hart, Schaffner & Marx Houghton Mifflin Company ref Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it has never been properly separated.... The essential fact is that risk means in some cases a quantity susceptible of measurement, while at other times it is something distinctly not of this character and there are far reaching and crucial differences in the bearings of the phenomena depending on which of the two is really present and operating.... It will appear that a measurable uncertainty, or risk proper, as we shall use the term, is so far different from an unmeasurable one that it is not in effect an uncertainty at all. Related concepts Common cause and special cause see Common cause and special cause The difference between predictable variation and unpredictable variation is one of the fundamental issues in the philosophy of probability , and different probability interpretations treat predictable and unpredictable variation differently ... a ball from the urn. This poses both uncertainty whether the non red balls are all yellow or all ... where there is no distinction between any different kinds of uncertainty. In his book The Black Swan Taleb book The Black Swan , in the section subtitled The uncertainty of the nerd , he writes blockquote In real life you do not know the odds you need to discover them, and the sources of uncertainty ... an artificial distinction between Knightian risk which you can compute and Knightian uncertainty which you cannot compute , after one Frank Knight, who rediscovered the notion of unknown uncertainty ...   more details



  1. Objective Uncertainty

    Multiple issues confusing May 2009 notability May 2009 unreferenced May 2009 orphan December 2010 Objective Uncertainty is usually used when there is a dispute over claims, specifically with respect to the promise of surrender of an invalid claim or promise of forbearance to assert an invalid claim as constituting legal detriment to the claimant, and if bargained for, as constituting consideration for a legally Contract binding agreement . Under modern Contract Law, either good faith or objective uncertainty as to the validity of the claim is sufficient for the purpose of constituting. In simple English, it means, either the claimant has to assert the claim in good faith or a reasonable person could believe that the claim is well founded. So, an objective uncertainty as to the validity of a claim means that a reasonable person could believe that the claim is well founded. Category Contract law ...   more details



  1. Principle

    Distinguish principal Unreferenced date December 2009 Cleanup date September 2009 wiktionary principle A principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed ..., a law or fact of nature underlying the working of an artificial device. Principle as cause The principle ... the basic law governing that cause may acquire some distinction in its expression. Principle of Causality ... to explain what principle brought about the change effect. For this reason the principle ... as the principle of causality . It was formulated by Aristotle as Everything that moves is moved by another . This principle is used as a powerful argument for the potential existence of a creator god dues to the regressive nature of the principle, which inevitably requires a first cause. Principle as a final cause Final cause is the end, or goal, which guides one to take the necessary ... of the natural causes as a guiding principle of investigation. It is also understood therefore that the principle guides the action as a norm or rule of behavior, which produces two types of principles. Principle as law Principle as scientific law Laws Physics . Laws Statistic s. Laws biology ... and quantify them observing the results that they produce. Vague or unclear statement . Principle as moral ... external coercion, through a process of socialization . Principle as a juridic law It represents ... way it therefore acts as principle condition ing of the action that limits the liberty of the individuals. Principle as axiom or logical fundament Principle of Sufficient Reason This is based on the truth ... the being is intelligible, is called the reason or fundament of being. Here is the ontological principle ..., it wouldn t be intelligible, conceiving itself as an absurd unreal non being. Principle of Identity ... is the being , we realize the principle of identity that the being possesses. Principle of contradiction ... Principle of excluded middle The principle of the excluding third or principium tertium ...   more details



  1. Corridor of uncertainty

    The corridor of uncertainty is a phrase originating from the sport of cricket . It describes an area where a cricket ball can pitch during a Delivery cricket delivery a narrow line on and just outside a batsman s off stump. The name is derived from the opinion that this is the area in which a batsman struggles most to determine whether to play forward or back, or whether to leave the delivery. The first recorded use of the phrase is commonly credited to former Yorkshire County Cricket Club Yorkshire and English cricket team England batsman , now sports commentator commentator , Geoffrey Boycott whilst commentating on England s 1990 tour of the West Indies ref Citation last Greenslade first Nick author link Nick Greenslade title First and last Geoffrey Boycott newspaper The Observer year 2004 date July 4, 2004 url http observer.guardian.co.uk osm story 0,,1250944,00.html ref . There are other earlier claims to coinage, however, including a televised interview with Merv Hughes who says Allan Border instructed him to bowl in the corridor of uncertainty at one point in the 1988 1989 West Indies cricket team West Indies tour of Australia ref http www.youtube.com watch?v D21anTJi8ck The relevant comment is at 1.24 ref . The phrase has also been used in other sports commentary. In football soccer football it is commonly used to describe a cross football cross or pass which is delivered into the area in front of the Goalkeeper association football goalkeeper and behind the last line of Defense sport defence . The uncertainty in this case comes from the decision which both the last defender and the Goalkeeper association football goalkeeper must make whether to defend the ball, or leave it to the other player. Corridor of uncertainty is also the name, or part of the name, of several online cricket forums and at least two fanzine type cricket publications. The corridor of uncertainty is a phrase also used to describe the unknown wave forms and unpredictable movements of people ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty exponent

    In mathematics, the uncertainty exponent is a method of measuring the fractal dimension of a basin boundary . In a chaotic scattering system, the invariant mathematics Invariant set invariant set of the system is usually not directly accessible because it is non attracting and typically of measure mathematics measure zero. Therefore, the only way to infer the presence of members and to measure the properties of the invariant set is through the basin of attraction basins of attraction . Note that in a scattering system, basins of attraction are not limit cycles therefore do not constitute members of the invariant set. Suppose we start with a random trajectory and perturb it by a small amount, math epsilon math , in a random direction. If the new trajectory ends up in a different basin from the old one, then it is called epsilon uncertain . If we take a large number of such trajectories, then the fraction of them that are epsilon uncertain is the uncertainty fraction , math f epsilon math , and we expect it to scale exponentially with math varepsilon math math f varepsilon sim varepsilon gamma , math Thus the uncertainty exponent, math gamma math , is defined as follows math gamma lim varepsilon to 0 frac ln f varepsilon ln varepsilon math The uncertainty exponent can be shown to approximate the box counting dimension as follows math D 0 N gamma , math where N is the embedding dimension. Please refer to the article on chaotic mixing for an example of numerical computation of the uncertainty dimension compared with that of a box counting dimension. References Cite book author Edward Ott title Chaos in Dynamical Systems publisher Cambridge University Press year 1993 Category Chaos theory Category Fractals ...   more details



  1. Measurement uncertainty

    In metrology , measurement uncertainty is a non negative parameter characterizing the Statistical dispersion dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. The uncertainty has a probabilistic basis and reflects incomplete knowledge of the quantity. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measured value is only complete if it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty. Fractional uncertainty is the measurement uncertainty divided by the measured value. Background ... Good Practice Guide No. 11. A Beginner s Guide to Uncertainty of Measurement. Tech. rep., National ... The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement GUM ref name GUM http www.bipm.org ... to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. ref is a document published by the Measurement uncertainty Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM that establishes general rules for evaluating and expressing uncertainty in measurement. ref Kent J. Gregory ... uncertainty. One of the basic premises of the GUM approach is that it is possible to characterize ... uncertainty. Another basic premise of the GUM approach is that it is not possible to state how ... uncertainty can therefore be described as a measure of how well one believes one knows the true value of the measurand. This uncertainty reflects the incomplete knowledge of the measurand. The notion .... There will be an uncertainty associated with the estimate, even if the estimate is zero, as is often ... data Supplement 1 to the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement Propagation ... a so called standard uncertainty , given the symbol math u x i math , defined as the standard deviation ref name JCGM 101 of the input quantity math X i math . This standard uncertainty is said to be associated ... deviation of math Y math as the standard uncertainty associated with this estimate. Often ... standard uncertainty associated with the estimate of math Y math . ref Bernardo, J., and Smith ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty coefficient

    In statistics , the uncertainty coefficient , also called entropy coefficient or Theil s U , is a measure of nominal Association statistics association . It was first introduced by Henri Theil and is based on the concept of information entropy . Suppose we have samples of two normally discrete random variables, i and j . By constructing the joint distribution, P i ,  j , from which we can calculate the conditional distributions, P i j     P i ,  j P j and P j i     P i ,  j P i , and calculating the various entropies, we can determine the degree of association between the two variables. The entropy of a single distribution is given as ref name Shannon Weaver1963 cite book author1 Claude E. Shannon author2 Warren Weaver year 1963 title The Mathematical Theory of Communication publisher University of Illinois Press ref math H i sum i P i log P i math while the conditional entropy is given as ref name Shannon Weaver1963 math H i j sum i, j P i, j log P i j math The uncertainty coefficient is defined as ref name Press etal1992 cite book title Numerical Recipes in C the Art of Scientific Computing author1 William H. Press author2 Brian P. Flannery author3 Saul A. Teukolsky author4 William T. Vetterling year 1992 publisher Cambridge University Press edition 2nd ref math U i j frac H i H i j H i math and tells us given j , what fraction of the bits of i can we predict? In this case we can think of i as containing the true values. The measure can be inverted to return the reverse question and a symmetrical measure thus defined as a weighted average between the two ref name Press etal1992 math begin align U i, j & frac H i U i j H j U j i H i H j 8pt & 2 left frac H i H j H i, j H i H j right end align math The uncertainty coefficient is useful for measuring the validity of a statistical classification algorithm and has the advantage over simple accuracy ..., Tschuprow s T, Cramer s V, Lambda, Uncertainty Coefficient Course notes, 2008 by G. David ...   more details



  1. The Age of Uncertainty

    Infobox television show name The Age of Uncertainty image File TheAgeOfUncertainty.jpg 200px caption format runtime approx. 60 minutes per episode creator John Kenneth Galbraith starring John Kenneth Galbraith country UK , US , CAN network BBC , CBS , KCET , OECA first aired 1977 last aired 1977 num episodes 15 The Age of Uncertainty is a 1977 book and television series, co produced by the BBC , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC , KCET and OECA , and written and presented by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith . Background Galbraith fully acknowledged the successes of the market system in economics but associated it with instability, inefficiency and social inequity. He advocated government policies and interventions to remedy these perceived faults. ref Markets or Governments Choosing between imperfect alternatives , Charles Wolf, p. 2, MIT Press, 1993, ISBN 0262731045 ref In his book Economics and the Public Purpose 1973 he proposed the extension of the planning system used in the industrial core of the economy to the wider market economy. He argued for a new socialism, with more steeply progressive taxes, public housing, medical care and transportation, public support of the arts and the conversion of some corporations and military contractors into public corporations. ref John Kenneth Galbraith, Iconoclastic Economist and Diplomat, Dies at 97 , New York Times, 1 May 2006, retrieved 19 June 2009 http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 9C01E5DE113FF932A35756C0A9609C8B63 ... in The Age of Uncertainty , Hoover Press, 1999, ISBN 0817996222 ref In the midst of the Watergate ... on the title Age of Uncertainty to reflect the sharp contrast between the great certainty in 19th ... other works Economics and the Public Purse and Money , The Age of Uncertainty reinforced Galbraith ... Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 1843711311 ref References The Age of Uncertainty , John Kenneth Galbraith, BBC Andre Deutsch, 1977, ISBN 0 563 128879 Notes references DEFAULTSORT Age of Uncertainty, The Category ...   more details



  1. File:SSM Uncertainty Principle.jpg

    Summary Non free use rationale Description In a scene from The Uncertainty Principle , the ninth episode of the first season of The Spectacular Spider Man TV series The Spectacular Spider Man , Green Goblin threatens Hammerhead comics Hammerhead in a warehouse.. Kids WB originally aired the episode on May 10, 2008. Source cite web url http www.majorspoilers.com archives 3940.htm title Trick or Treat for The Spectacular Spider Man author Schleicher, Stephen publisher Major Spoilers date 2008 05 06 accessdate 2009 12 28 It is credited there to The CW Sony Pictures Entertainment Sony Pictures Television Animation . Article The Uncertainty Principle The Spectacular Spider Man Portion Single screenshot one frame of a half hour long episode. Low resolution Yes 297 156 pixels, or 46,332 pixels sup 2 sup , reduced from a 460 259 pixel image. The lower quality image would not be suitable for reproduction of the episode, and thus does not devalue the work of Major Spoilers, Sony Pictures, Marvel Comics, The CW, or The Walt Disney Company, or their subsidiaries. Purpose To show a key scene in the episode, in which Green Goblin threatens Hammerhead. It helps show Green Goblin s costume, which, in keeping with the show s color scheme, emphasized the color green to coincide with negative aspects in Spider Man Peter s life and was based on original designs by Alex Ross for the character in Spider Man film Spider Man . Replaceability No Wikipedia Non free content free content replacement for this image is known to have been released by the copyright owners or others as the image contains characters and designs under copyright, it cannot be replaced with a free image that does not violate the artists rights. Only other non free replacements would be available. other information Licensing Non free television screenshot ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty reduction theory

    Uncertainty Reduction Theory was introduced in 1975 in the paper Some Exploration in Initial Interaction ... how individuals seek to reduce uncertainty between each other during initial interaction s, based on self ... meeting, go through certain steps and checkpoints in order to reduce uncertainty about each other ... to studying how people seek to reduce uncertainty about others. Axioms & Theorems Berger and Calabrese used several studies as a guide to develop the foundations of Uncertainty Reduction Theory ... forth by Berger and Calabrese in their paper Axiom 1 Given the high level of uncertainty present at the onset ... of uncertainty for each interactant in the relationship will decrease. As uncertainty is further ... increases, uncertainty levels will decrease in an initial interaction situation. In addition, decreases in uncertainty level will cause increases in nonverbal affiliative expressiveness. Axiom 3 High levels of uncertainty cause increases in information seeking behavior. As uncertainty decline, information seeking behavior decreases. Axiom 4 High levels of uncertainty in a relationship cause decreases in the intimacy level of communication content. Low levels of uncertainty produce high levels of intimacy. Axiom 5 High levels of uncertainty produce high rates of reciprocity . Low levels of uncertainty produce low levels of reciprocity. Axiom 6 Similarities between persons reduce uncertainty, while dissimilarities produce increases in uncertainty. Axiom 7 Increases in uncertainty level produce decreases in liking decreases in uncertainty produce increases in liking. Axiom 8 Shared communication network s reduce uncertainty, while lack of shared networks increases uncertainty ... be predicted by examining the interactive phenomena through Uncertainty Reduction Theory s tenets Berger & Calabrese, 101 109 . Defense Eleven years after Uncertainty Reduction Theory was introduced, Berger published Uncertain Outcome Values in Predicted Relationships Uncertainty Reduction Theory ...   more details




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