Tsargrad Old Church Slavonic Church Slavonic language Church Slavonic , lang ru Bosnian language Bosnian , Bulgarian language Bulgarian , Croatian language Croatian , Macedonian language Macedonian , Montenegrin language Montenegrin , Serbian language Serbian and Slovene language Slovene Carigrad or , depending on their alphabets or Tsarigrad as an alternative Latin transliteration of cyrillic lang sk Carihrad lang ro arigrad lang ua also rendered as Czargrad and Tzargrad see Tsar is a historic Slavic languages Slavic name for the city of Constantinople , the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire , commonly known as the Byzantine Empire . Today the city is known as Istanbul , and is the largest city in Turkey . Other historic Slavonic names of the city were in Old Church Slavonic as well as Church Slavonic and only in Church Slavonic . Both are direct translation of the Greek name of the city and mean the city of Constantine I Constantine . Tsargrad is an Old Church Slavonic language Old Church Slavonic translation of the Greek language Greek Citation needed date November 2009 . Combining the Slavonic words tsar for Caesar title Caesar Emperor and grad for city , it stood for the City of the Caesar . According to Per Thomsen, the Old Russian form influenced an Old Norse appellation of Constantinople, Miklagard ikligar r . Bulgaria ns also applied the word to Veliko Tarnovo Tarnovgrad Tsarevgrad Tarnov , Imperial City of Tarnov , one of the capitals of the Bulgarian tsars, but after the Balkans fell under Ottoman Empire Ottoman rule, the Bulgarian word has been used exclusively as another name of Constantinople. ref . ... which spawned the term has faded, the word Tsargrad is now an archaic term in Russian ... mk nl Tsargrad zh ... more details
Nestor Iskander s Tale on the Taking of Tsargrad Russian o is a late 15th early 16th century Russian tale on the fall of Constantinople . It is Extant literature extant in two redaction s, both of which are thought to be derived from a single original now lost. The so called Iskanderian redaction, extant in a single copy, is part of an early 16th century manuscript from the Troitse Sergiev Monastery Troitse Sergiyeva Lavra collection no. 773 , and includes a reference to the supposed author , Nestor Iskander. The much more common chronicle redaction forms the final chapter of the Russian chronicle of 1512, and differs from the Iskanderian redaction chiefly in having no reference to the author. Historical Accuracy The tale s historical accuracy, as compared to other accounts of the fall of Constantinople, is fairly low. The massive cannons cast by the Hungarian master Orban for the Ottomans at Adrianople are said to be cast by the walls of Constantinople. The Ottoman attempts to storm the city walls, which took place at night to minimize casualties from defensive fire, take place during the day. Arguably the most impressive event of the campaign, the Ottomans launching of galley s into the Golden Horn by pulling them overland, is conspicuously ignored. The astronomical and meteorological events that were taken as portents of the city s fall are confounded. Contrary to the account of the tale, the Eastern Orthodox Church Orthodox Patriarch was not present in the city during the siege, and the Byzantine empress had deceased previously. Nestor Iskander claims to be a Russian Iskander being a Turkified form of Alexander who was captured at young age by the Ottomans, circumcised and forced to convert to Islam, though he remained a Christian at heart. He was supposedly in the Ottoman camp during the siege of Constantinople, and afterwards compiled more facts about the event from surviving Byzantine witnesses. The problem with this claim, apart from ... more details
Eugene Lanceray 1848 1886 , Sviatoslav I of Kiev Svyatoslav on the way to Tsargrad 1886 , Bronze , The State Russian Museum , Saint Petersburg Source http www.sgu.ru rus hist ?wid 699 Non free fair use in Sviatoslav I of Kiev Rationale for Grand Prince of Kiev , Sviatoslav I of Kiev In the context of the article the fact that the renewed interest to Sviatoslav in the 19th century prompted the artistic work of which the sculpture is the prime example is crucial to illustrate the content. The photography in State Russian Museum , Saint Petersburg , where the sculpture is displayed is strictly prohibited. This makes the image irreplaceable by a free one. User Irpen Irpen 21 23, 26 February 2007 UTC ... more details
For similar conflicts Sieges of Constantinople Rus Byzantine Wars disambiguation Infobox Military Conflict conflict Siege of Constantinople by the Rus image Image Oleg tsargrad.jpg right 300px caption Oleg leads a squadron of horse driven boats to the walls of Tsargrad. A medieval Rus illumination. partof Rus Byzantine Wars date 907 place Constantinople result Rus victory combatant1 Byzantine Empire combatant2 Image Mjollnir.png 15px alt link Kievan Rus Rus commander1 Leo the Wise commander2 Image Mjollnir.png 15px alt link Oleg of Novgorod Oleg of Kiev strength1 unknown strength2 2,000 ships Campaignbox Russo Byzantine Wars The Rus Byzantine War of 907 is associated in the Primary Chronicle with the name of Oleg of Novgorod . The chronicle implies that it was the most successful military operation of the Kievan Rus against the Byzantine Empire . Paradoxically, Greek sources do not mention it at all. Primary Chronicle The chronicle describes the raid of 907 in considerable detail. The memory of the campaign seems to have been transmitted orally among several generations of the Rus. This may account for the abundance of colorful facts that belong to folklore rather than to history. We are told at first that the Byzantine envoys attempted to poison Oleg before he could approach Constantinople . The Rus leader, renowned for his oracular powers, refused to drink from the poisoned cup. When his navy was within sight of Constantinople, he found the city gate closed and the entry into the Bosporus barred with iron chains. At this point, Oleg resorted to subterfuge he effected a landing on the shore and had some 2,000 monoxyla e equipped with wheels. After his boats were thus transformed into vehicles, he led them to the walls of Tsargrad and fixed his shield to the gates of the Imperial capital. The threat to Constantinople was relieved by peace negotiations which bore fruit in the Russo Byzantine Treaty of 907 . Pursuant to the treaty, the Byzantines paid a tribute of twe ... more details
Image Road junction Sitnyakovo blvd, Sofia.jpg right thumb 350px Tsarigrad Road crossing over Sitnyakovo Boulevard coord 42 39 43 N 23 22 39 E region BG display title Tsarigradsko shose lang bg , Tsarigradsko shos , literally meaning Tsarigrad Road is the largest boulevard in the capital of Bulgaria , Sofia . It begins from Orlov Most Eagle s Bridge , before which it is called Tsar Osvoboditel Boulevard , and in the end becomes part of the Trakiya motorway A1 . It runs from the north west to the south east. The maximum allowed speed on Tsarigrad Road is 80 km h between Orlov Most and Gorublyane neighbourhood. To the south the boulevard borders with Sofia s largest park, the Borisova Gradina , which hosts the National Stadium Vasil Levski and Bulgarian Army Stadium . A number of departments of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences are situated along the road in the area of the Forth Kilometer Square , as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Polygraphic plant and several hotels including the emblematic Pliska Hotel . In the outskirts of the city there are a lot of hypermarkets and office buildings constructed along the boulevard. The boulevard bears the old Bulgarian name of the city of Istanbul medieval Constantinople , Tsargrad Tsarigrad , as it leads southeastwards out of the city, towards Plovdiv and Istanbul. Gallery gallery Image Sofia Tzarigradsko shose.jpg Tsarigrad Road at the busy Pliska Hotel public transport stop Image Tzarigradsko shose.jpg Tsarigrad Road Image Tzarigradsko shose 1.jpg Tsarigrad Road at the Student Dormitories public transport stop Image Tzarigradsko shose and Poligrafitscheski kombinat Sofia 007.JPG The ex Printing factory gallery Category Streets in Sofia Bulgaria road stub bg ... more details
The ushkuiniks lang ru were medieval Novgorod Republic Novgorodian pirate s who led the Viking like life of fighting, killing, and robbery. Their name derives from ushkui , a type of flat bottom medieval Finnish ship Uisko literally swimming snake , which could be easily transported over portage s between the rivers. Although the Novgorod ians took part in the Tsargrad expeditions of the 10th century and mounted pillaging raids to Finland in the 12th century, the ushkuiniks first appear as an organized force in the 1320s. Arranged in squadrons which could number several thousand, the ushkuiniks enjoyed the patronage of influential boyar families of Novgorod , who used them to demonstrate Novgorod s military clout to its neighbours and to advance its trade interests in the Volga region. During the famous campaign of 1360, the ushkuiniks sailed from Novgorod by the portages to the Volga river. Under command of boyar Anfal Nikitin , they gained possession of Zhukotin , a trade emporium in Volga Bulgaria . A ruler of the Golden Horde , which controlled Zhukotin, was furious and ordered Grand Prince Dmitry of Nizhny Novgorod Dmitry Konstantinovich to capture the ushkuiniks and to bring them to the Horde for trial, but Dmitry s punitive expedition failed. In 1363 the pirates launched the first Novgorodian raid along the Ob River . Three years later, without consulting their superiors in Novgorod, they approached Nizhny Novgorod and, wishing to punish Dmitry for his hostile action, massacred Armenians Armenian and Tatars Tatar merchants trading there. This led to a diplomatic row, when Dmitry demanded apologies from Novgorod Republic . In 1371, the ushkuiniks sacked Yaroslavl , Kostroma and other Upper Volga cities. Three years later, they sailed with upwards of ninety ships to pillage the Kirov Oblast Vyatka region. In 1375, they defeated the militia of Kostroma and burnt the city to the ground. The destruction was so severe that Kostroma had to be rebuilt elsew ... more details
Image Zimnee.jpg thumb 300px General view of the monastery The Uspensky Svyatogorsky Monastery in English, the Assumption Monastery at the Holy Mountain is a stauropegial Ukrainian Orthodox cave monastery , located at the top of the Holy Mountain rising above the Luh River near the village of Zymne, five kilometers south of Volodymyr Volynskyi , Volyn Oblast , Ukraine . History The origin of the monastery is uncertain, but a monastic legend attributes its foundation to Vladimir the Great , who allegedly built there two churches and his winter palace, from which the village takes its name. It is also claimed that the first hegumen of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra died there on his way from Tsargrad to Kiev in the 11th century. The monastery was first mentioned in documents in 1458. ref http www.art.lutsk.ua art zymne tkt3.html Lutsk Art Gallery ref It remained in the hands of the Greek Orthodox Church until 1698, when it was taken over by the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . Within several decades, the monastic community ceased to exist, but its cathedral was revived as a Russian Orthodox parish church in 1857. In 1893, the monastery was reestablished as a Russian Orthodox nunnery, which was disbanded by the Soviets with the annexation of Volynia in 1939. The convent was revived during the period of the German occupation, reduced to a parish church in 1945, reopened again in 1990 and acquired stauropegic status in 1996. Architecture Image Zimnee3.jpg thumb 260px Entrance to the monastery Image Zimnee2.jpg thumb 260px Inside the monastery The monastery has a rectangular plan, articulated by defensive walls with towers, built in the 15th and 16th centuries. Each wall is pierced by a wide arch from the 17th century. One round tower in the southern wall was built up into a belltower in 1898 99. The style of this neo Muscovite building is out of harmony with the quaint beauty of the other towers. The four pillared Assumption Cathedral was built with funds provided by Prince Fy ... more details
that the Rus raided Tsargrad in 860, 866, 874. For a critique, see Tvorogov 54 59. ref Image Moscow ... to Moscow in the 17th century, it was said that it was this icon that had saved Tsargrad from the troops ... more details
Image Kievan Rus Kyivan Rus early formation 862 912.jpg thumb right 200px Early formation of Kievan Rus 862 912 Territory ruled by Prince Askold 9th Century . Askold Haskuldr in Old Norse Old East Norse Old East Norse and H skuldr in Old Norse Old West Norse Old West Norse and Dir Dyri in both dialects of Old Norse are semi legendary rulers of Kiev who, according to the Primary Chronicle , were two of Rurik s voivode s in 870s. That chronicle implies that they were neither his relatives nor of noble blood. Biography The Primary Chronicle relates that Askold and Dir were sanctioned by Rurik to go to Constantinople Old Norse Norse Miklagard Miklag rd , Slavic Tsargrad . When travelling on the Dnieper , they saw a settlement on a mountain and asked to whom it belonged. They were told that it was Kiev and had been built by three brothers named Kyi, Schek and Khoriv , who were the ancestors of the inhabitants, who were now paying tribute to the Khazars . Askold and Dir settled in the town and gathered a large number of fellow Varangians and began to rule the town and the land of the Polans eastern eastern Polans . According to the Saga of Ragnar and his Sons , Askold was the son of Hvitserk , and the grandson of Ragnar Lodbrok , a semi legendary king of Sweden ca. 770 785 . Hvitserk was a contemporary of Rurik, and was said to have waged a war of conquest in Eastern Europe. The only foreign source to mention one of the co rulers is the Arab historian Al Masudi . According to him, king al Dir Dayr was the first among the kings of the Saqaliba is arabic for Slavs . Although some scholars have tried to prove that al Dir refers to a Slavic ruler and Dir s contemporary, this speculation is questionable and it is at least equally probable that al Dir and Dir were the same person. ref name Rus Golden, P.B. 2006 Rus. Encyclopaedia of Islam Brill Online . Eds. P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill. ref It seems that in Old East Slavic it ... more details
Image Byzantine Empire map.gif thumb 250px Territorial development of the Roman Empire between the years AD 300 and 1453 Animated map . History of the Byzantine Empire This article continues the History of the Roman Empire , referring mainly to the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire . It begins with the division of the Roman Empire by Diocletian in 286 AD, and the founding of Constantinople officially called Second Rome ref http books.google.com books?id Q5Z evECb1UC&pg PA176&dq 22second rome 22&lr &as brr 0 The Eastern Orthodox Church ISBN 9780202362984 ref and later New Rome ref http books.google.com books?id fSvlaZYbcwUC&pg PA13&dq 22New Rome 22 OR 22Roma Nova 22 OR 22Nova Roma 22 OR 22Nea Roma 22 OR 22second Rome 22 OR 22Roma secunda 22 22official name 22 Constantinople History Fiction of Science? ISBN 9782913621060 ref as the capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine I in 330, while it concludes with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the Fall of Empire of Trebizond Trebizond in 1461. Tetrarchy main Tetrarchy Diocletian File Tetrarchy map3.jpg left thumb Map of the Roman Empire showing the four Tetrarchs zones of influence after Diocletian s reforms. During the 3rd century, three crises threatened the Roman Empire external invasions, internal civil wars and an economy riddled with weaknesses and problems. ref name BF Bury 1923 , http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Roman Texts secondary BURLAT 1 .html 1 1 br Fenner, http www.roman empire.net articles article 018.html Economic Factors ref The city of Rome gradually became less important as an administrative centre. The Crisis of the Third Century crisis of the 3rd century displayed the defects of the heterogeneous system of government that Augustus had established to administer his immense dominion. His successors had introduced some modifications, but events made it clearer that a new, more centralized and more uniform system was required. ref name B1 Bury 1923 , http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Roman Tex ... more details
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