Infobox protein family Symbol Activator LAG 3 Name Activator LAG 3 image PDB 2fo1 EBI.jpg width caption crystal structure of the csl notch mastermind ternary complex bound to dna Pfam PF11498 Pfam clan InterPro IPR021587 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, the transcriptionalactivator LAG 3 is a transcription transcriptionalActivator genetics activator protein. The Caenorhabditis elegans C. elegans Notch signaling Notch pathway, involved in the control of growth, differentiation cellular differentiation and patterning in animal development, relies on either of the receptor biochemistry receptor s GLP 1 or LIN 12. ref name pmid10830967 cite journal author Petcherski AG, Kimble J title LAG 3 is a putative transcriptionalactivator in the C. elegans Notch pathway journal Nature volume 405 issue 6784 pages 364 8 year 2000 month May pmid 10830967 doi 10.1038 35012645 url ref Both these Receptor biochemistry receptors promote cell signalling signalling by the recruitment of LAG 3 to target Promoter biology promoters , where it then acts as a Transcription genetics transcriptionalactivator. LAG 3 works as a ternary Protein complex complex together with the DNA Binding molecular binding protein, LAG 1. ref name pmid10830967 cite journal author Petcherski AG, Kimble J title LAG 3 is a putative transcriptionalactivator in the C. elegans Notch pathway journal Nature volume 405 issue 6784 pages 364 8 year 2000 month May pmid 10830967 doi 10.1038 35012645 url ref References reflist InterPro content IPR021587 Category Protein families ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Beta globin cotranscriptional cleavage ribozyme image RF00621.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of CoTC ribozyme Symbol CoTC ribozyme AltSymbols Rfam RF00621 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene ribozyme Tax domain Eukaryota GO SO SO 0000374 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The Beta globin cotranscriptional cleavage ribozyme CotC ribozyme is an RNA enzyme known as a ribozyme . Transcription genetics Transcription termination of RNA polymerase II transcripts is proposed to occur by a two stage process. ref cite journal author Dye MJ, Proudfoot NJ title Multiple transcript cleavage precedes polymerase release intermination by RNA polymerase II. journal Cell volume 105 issue 5 pages 669 681 year 2001 pmid 11389836 doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 01 00372 5 ref The first stage involves pre termination cleavage PTC of the nascent transcript downstream of the polyadenylation poly A site . This process is also referred to as cotranscriptional cleavage CoTC . The CoTC process in the human beta globin gene has been shown to involve an RNA self cleaving activity located in the 3 flanking region of the beta globin gene. The CoTC core is highly conserved in the 3 UTR of other primate beta globin genes . ref cite journal author Teixeira A, Tahiri Alaoui A, West S, Thomas B, Ramadass A, MartianovI, Dye M, James W, Proudfoot NJ, Akoulitchev A title Autocatalytic RNA cleavage in the human beta globin pre mRNA promotestranscription termination. journal Nature volume 432 issue 7016 pages 526 530 year 2004 pmid 15565159 doi 10.1038 nature03032 ref Functionally, this CoTC ribozyme resembles the 3 processive, self cleaving ribozymes described for the protein encoding genes from the myxomycetes Didymium iridis and Physarum polycephalum . There has been no independent confirmation of these findings. References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00621 name Beta globin cotranscriptional ... more details
Activator may mean Activator genetics , a DNA binding protein that regulates one or more genes by increasing the rate of transcription Activator proteomics , a type of effector that increases the rate of enzyme mediated reactions Activator phosphor , a type of dopant used in phosphor s and scintillator s Sega Activator , a motion sensing controller for the Sega Mega Drive Genesis Activator technique , a method of spinal adjustment disambig nl Activator sv Aktivator ... more details
Transcriptional regulation is the change in gene expression levels by altering transcription rates. ref name CareySmale2001 cite book author1 Michael Carey author2 Stephen T. Smale title Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes Concepts, Strategies, and Techniques url http books.google.com books?id 7C lCqvkackC accessdate 25 December 2010 date 15 June 2001 publisher CSHL Press isbn 9780879696351 ref Regulation of transcription Regulation of transcription controls when transcription occurs and how much RNA is created. Transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase can be regulated by at least five mechanisms Specificity factor s alter the specificity of RNA polymerase for a given promotor biology promoter or set of promoters, making it more or less likely to bind to them i.e. sigma factor s used in prokaryotic transcription . Repressor s bind to non coding sequences on the DNA strand that are close to or overlapping the promoter region, impeding RNA polymerase s progress along the strand, thus impeding the expression of the gene. General transcription factor s These transcription factors position RNA polymerase at the start of a protein coding sequence and then release the polymerase to transcribe the mRNA. Activator genetics Activator s enhance the interaction between RNA polymerase and a particular promotor biology promoter , encouraging the expression of the gene. Activators do this by increasing the attraction of RNA polymerase for the promoter, through interactions with subunits of the RNA polymerase or indirectly by changing the structure of the DNA. Enhancer genetics Enhancer s are sites on the DNA helix that are bound to by activators in order to loop the DNA bringing a specific promoter to the initiation complex. Regulatory protein Regulatory protein is a term used in genetics ... a gene on activator or to shut off a gene repressor . Generally, as the organism grows more sophisticated ... doi 10.1080 15376520590890686 ref In eukaryotes , transcriptional regulation tends to involve combinatorial ... more details
A primary cause of the variability noise in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations ref cite journal pmid 18957198 year 2008 last1 Raj first1 A last2 Van Oudenaarden first2 A title Nature, nurture, or chance stochastic gene expression and its consequences volume 135 issue 2 pages 216 26 doi 10.1016 j.cell.2008.09.050 journal Cell pmc 3118044 ref . A major source of transcriptional noise is likely to be transcriptional bursting ref cite journal pmid 16360033 year 2005 last1 Golding first1 I last2 Paulsson first2 J last3 Zawilski first3 SM last4 Cox first4 EC title Real time kinetics of gene activity in individual bacteria volume 123 issue 6 pages 1025 36 doi 10.1016 j.cell.2005.09.031 journal Cell ref ref cite journal pmid 16713960 year 2006 last1 Chubb first1 JR last2 Trcek first2 T last3 Shenoy first3 SM last4 Singer first4 RH title Transcriptional pulsing of a developmental gene volume 16 issue 10 pages 1018 25 doi 10.1016 j.cub.2006.03.092 journal Current biology CB ref ref cite journal pmid 17048983 year 2006 last1 Raj first1 A last2 Peskin first2 CS last3 Tranchina first3 D last4 Vargas first4 DY last5 Tyagi first5 S title Stochastic mRNA synthesis in mammalian cells volume 4 issue 10 pages e309 doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0040309 pmc 1563489 journal PLoS biology ref although other sources of heterogeneity, such as unequal separation of cell contents at mitosis are also likely to contribute considerably ref cite pmid 21186354 ref . Bursting transcription, as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription, reflects multiple states of gene activity, with fluctuations between states separated by irregular intervals, generating uneven protein expression between cells. Noise in gene expression can have tremendous consequences on cell behaviour, and must be mitigated or integrated. In certain contexts, such as the survival of microbes in rapidly changing stressful environments, or several types of scattered differentiation, the variabili ... more details
Transcriptional bursting , also known as transcriptional pulsing, is a fundamental property of genes from bacteria to humans. ref cite journal pmid 16360033 year 2005 last1 Golding first1 I last2 Paulsson first2 J last3 Zawilski first3 SM last4 Cox first4 EC title Real time kinetics of gene activity in individual bacteria volume 123 issue 6 pages 1025 36 doi 10.1016 j.cell.2005.09.031 journal Cell ref ref cite journal pmid 16713960 year 2006 last1 Chubb first1 JR last2 Trcek first2 T last3 Shenoy first3 SM last4 Singer first4 RH title Transcriptional pulsing of a developmental gene volume 16 issue 10 pages 1018 25 doi 10.1016 j.cub.2006.03.092 journal Current biology CB ref ref cite journal pmid 17048983 year 2006 last1 Raj first1 A last2 Peskin first2 CS last3 Tranchina first3 D last4 Vargas first4 DY last5 Tyagi first5 S title Stochastic mRNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells volume 4 issue 10 pages e309 doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0040309 pmc 1563489 journal PLoS biology ref Transcription genetics Transcription of genes, the process which transforms the stable code written in DNA into the mobile RNA message can occur in bursts or pulses . This phenomenon has recently come to light with the advent of new technologies, such as MS2 tagging , to detect RNA production in single cells, allowing precise measurements of RNA number, or RNA appearance at the gene. Other, more widespread techniques, such as Northern Blotting , Microarrays , RT PCR and RNA Seq , measure bulk RNA levels from homogenous population extracts. These techniques lose dynamic information from individual cells, and give the impression transcription is a continuous smooth process. The reality is that transcription is irregular, with strong periods of activity, interspersed by long periods of inactivity. Averaged over millions of cells, this appears continuous. But at the individual cell level, there is considerable ... to simple probabilistic models of transcription, can account for the high variability see transcriptional ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An activator is a DNA binding protein that regulates one or more gene s by increasing the rate of transcription genetics transcription . The activator may increase transcription by virtue of a connected domain which assists in the formation of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme , or may operate through a Coactivator genetics coactivator . A coactivator binds the DNA binding activator and contains the domain assisting holoenzyme formation. A particular activator may bind one or more specific coactivators. Role in transcriptional regulation RNA polymerase RNAP is usually bound to the Promoter biology promoter region on the gene which creates a complex that sometimes undergoes a transition that allows Transcription genetics transcription to take place. An activator essentially recruits the RNAP to its promoter region, by binding to the activator binding site itself which serves as a liaison between the RNA polymers and the DNA. Sometimes, the activator is required for the RNA polymerase to change DNA conformation through allostery to initiate transcription. RNAP does not spontaneously transform into the open complex and requires the activator. Examples In the lac operon of the bacteria Escherichia coli , the Lac repressor is constitutively expressed and always bound to the Operon Operator operator region of the promoter, interfering with the ability of RNAP to bind to the promoter and transcribe the lac operon. In the presence of lactose , the repressor changes conformation and falls off the operator and RNAP is able to bind to the promoter. The catabolite activator protein CAP is an example of an activator for this operon, present in prokaryotic systems. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP is present in low levels of glucose, and binds to CAP which changes to an active conformation. Only then, can CAP act as an activator and help recruit RNAP to its ... terms DEFAULTSORT Activator Genetics Category Gene expression Category Proteins de Aktivator Genetik ... more details
orphan date November 2009 Image SB activator front.jpg thumb Splint activator type K3F , frontal view... Image SB activator back.jpg thumb ...and back view The splint activator of Soulet Besombes is a removable appliance for the treatment of dental and jaw anomalies. It is basically a stylized activator , which is however not fitted individually, but is mass produced in various shapes and sizes. The device is also known as Position Trainer or Kaukraft Kiefer Former bite force jaw former, K3F . Design and operation The device is made from flexible material as one single piece. At its center, it is completely even and approximates the shape of an ideal dental arch. This flat part is surrounded by ramp shaped walls. The teeth of the upper and lower jaw bite into the space between these walls accordingly. Normally, there are no individual tooth slots, with the prominent exception of the Australian Myobrace design. The appliance sits passively between the upper and lower jaw, and does not exercise any force by itself to the teeth. When the patient bites together, the teeth standing out of line collide with ramp shaped walls and are moved into their correct position over time. This works due to the principle of the inclined plane and the spring force of the elastic deformation of the device. By biting more or less intensively, the patient can determine by himself how much force is applied. When the appliance is worn, the lower jaw is positioned into Angle class 1 relation towards the upper jaw. This is supposed to get the jaw muscles used to this position, and to let the patient learn ... today The splint activator is a rather exotic appliance, albeit in recent times, the Trainer for Kids ... patients of any age using the splint activator. External links http sodis apf.fr Societ por la distribution des activators pluri foctionals http myoresearch.com Myofunctional Research Co. http sanfte zahnklammern.de IzZ Info Basis und Initiative f r zwanglose Zahnspangen DEFAULTSORT Splint Activator ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Fibrinolysis.png thumb 400px Fibrinolysis A plasminogen activator is a serine protease which converts plasminogen to plasmin, thus promoting fibrinolysis . Types include Tissue plasminogen activator Urokinase It is inhibited by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 . Serine endopeptidases Antithrombotics Category Hematology DEFAULTSORT Plasminogen Activator blood drug stub pt Ativador do plasminog nio ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 File Chiropractic Activator device.jpg thumb right Activator device The Activator Method Chiropractic Technique is a chiropractic treatment method and device created by Arlan Fuhr as an alternative to manual spinal manipulation manipulation of the spine or extremity joint manipulation joints . The device is categorized as a mechanical force manual assisted MFMA instrument which is generally regarded as a softer chiropractic treatment technique . Physical characteristics of the activator device The activator is a small handheld spring loaded instrument which delivers a small impulse to the spine. It was found to give off no more than 0.3 J of kinetic energy in a 3 millisecond pulse. The aim is to produce enough force to move the vertebrae but not enough to cause injury. ref name Fuhr2005 cite journal last Fuhr first Arlan W. authorlink coauthors J. Michael Menke year 2005 month February title Status of Activator Methods Chiropractic Technique, Theory, and Practice journal Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics volume 28 issue 2 pages e1&ndash e20 id url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0161475405000023 accessdate 2008 08 18 quote doi 10.1016 j.jmpt.2005.01.001 pmid 15800504 ref Activator method chiropractic technique The activator method chiropractic technique AMCT involves having the patient lie in a prone position and comparing the functional leg lengths. Often one leg will seem to be slightly shorter than the other. The chiropractor then carries out a series of muscle tests such as having the patient move their arms in a certain ... name PBS activator http www.pbs.org saf 1210 features spine.htm Keeping Your Spine In Line , http ... . Video discusses Activator and leg length ref Fuhr claims that properly trained doctors show good interexaminer ..., CO publisher National Board of Chiropractic Examiners chapterurl http nbce.org pdfs job analysis ... trials, but there are still unanswered questions. A few studies suggest that the activator may be as effective ... more details
unreferenced date March 2010 In phosphor s and scintillator s, the activator is the element added as dopant to the crystal of the material to create desired type of nonhomogeneities. In luminescence , only a small fraction of atoms, called emission centers or luminescence centers , emit light. In inorganic phosphors, these inhomogeneities in the crystal structure are created usually by addition of a trace amount of dopant s, impurities called activators . In rare cases dislocation s or other crystal defect s can play the role of the impurity. The wavelength emitted by the emission center is dependent on the atom itself, its electronic configuration , and on the surrounding crystal structure. The activators prolong the emission time afterglow . In turn, other materials such as nickel can be used to quench the afterglow and shorten the decay part of the phosphor emission characteristics. The electronic configuration of the activator is depending on its oxidation state and is crucial for the light emission. Oxidation of the activator is one of the common mechanisms of phosphor degradation. The distribution of the activator in the crystal is also of high importance. Diffusion of the ions can cause depletion of the crystal from the activators with resulting loss of efficiency. This is another mechanism of phosphor degradation. The scintillation process in inorganic materials is due to the electronic band structure found in the crystal s. An incoming particle can excite an electron from the valence band to either the conduction band or the exciton band located just below the conduction band and separated from the valence band by an energy gap see picture . This leaves an associated electron hole hole behind, in the valence band. Impurities create electronic levels in the forbidden ... scintillation light fast component . In case of inorganic scintillator s, the activator impurities ... , again results in light emission slow component . The activator is the main factor determining ... more details
Image Phosphofructokinase 6PFK wpmp.png thumb right Bacillus stearothermophilus phosphofructokinase . PDB 6PFK . Enzyme activators are molecules that bind to enzyme s and increase their activity. These molecules are often involved in the allosteric regulation of enzymes in the control of metabolism . In opposition to coenzymes , enzyme activators are inorganic compound s, while both coenzyms and activators are Cofactor biochemistry cofactors . ref http www.elmhurst.edu chm vchembook 570enzymes.html ref An example of an enzyme activator working in this way is fructose 2,6 bisphosphate , which activates phosphofructokinase 1 and increases the rate of glycolysis in response to the hormone glucagon . ref cite journal author Kurland IJ, Pilkis SJ title Covalent control of 6 phosphofructo 2 kinase fructose 2,6 bisphosphatase insights into autoregulation of a bifunctional enzyme url http www.proteinscience.org cgi reprint 4 6 1023 journal Protein Sci. volume 4 issue 6 pages 1023 37 year 1995 pmid 7549867 date 06 01 1995 pmc 2143155 doi 10.1002 pro.5560040601 ref ref cite journal author Okar DA, Lange AJ title Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate and control of carbohydrate metabolism in eukaryotes journal Biofactors volume 10 issue 1 pages 1 14 year 1999 pmid 10475585 doi 10.1002 biof.5520100101 ref References reflist enzyme stub Category Enzyme kinetics nl Activator biochemie pt Ativador enzim tico sr Enzimski aktivator sv Enzymaktivator zh ... more details
Tetracycline Controlled Transcriptional Activation is a method of inducible gene expression expression where Transcription genetics transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of the antibiotic tetracycline or one of its derivatives e.g. doxycycline . In nature, the P sub tet sub promoter expresses TetR, the repressor, and TetA, the protein that pumps tetracycline antibiotic out of the cell. ref cite web url http www.bactregulators.org entry.php?ProteinId 124 title TetR family id 124 work BacTregulators ref Exploiting bacterial TetR for studies requiring controllable expression in eukaryotic cells The two most commonly used inducible expression systems for research of eukaryote cell biology are named Tet Off and Tet On. ref Tet On and Tet Off are registered trademarks of Clontech Laboratories, Inc. in the United States. ref They consist of a fusion of the Tet repressor and a Vp16 VP16 activation domain to create a transcriptionalactivator protein transactivator rather than a repressor . Gene expression is activated as a result of binding of the Tet Off or Tet On protein to tetracycline response elements TREs located within an inducible promoter. The difference between Tet On and Tet Off is not whether the transactivator turns a gene on or off as the name might suggest rather, both proteins activate expression. The difference relates to their respective response to doxycycline Dox, a more stable tetracycline analogue Tet Off activates expression in the absence of Dox, whereas Tet On activates in the presence of Dox. Tet Off The Tet Off system for controlling expression of genes of interest in mammalian cells was developed by Professors Hermann Bujard and Manfred ... transcriptional activation domains. It was discovered in 2000 as one of two improved mutants by H ... 2000 title Exploring the sequence space for tetracycline dependent transcriptional activators Novel ... Controlled Transcriptional Activation Category Genetics experiments da Tetracyklinkontrolleret ... more details
complexes stably bind the methylated histones of a heterochromatin region and induce cotranscriptional ...RNA induced transcriptional silencing RITS is a form of RNA interference by which short RNA molecules such as small interfering RNA siRNA trigger the downregulation of transcription genetics transcription of a particular gene or genome genomic region. This is usually accomplished by posttranslational modification of histone tails e.g. methylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 which target the genomic region for heterochromatin formation. The protein complex that binds to siRNAs and interacts with the methylated lysine 9 residue of histones H3 is the RITS complex. RITS was discovered in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe , and has been shown to be involved in the initiation and spreading of heterochromatin in the mating type region and in centromere formation. The RITS complex in S. pombe contains at least a piwi domain containing RNase H like argonaute , a chromodomain protein Chp1, and an argonaute interacting protein Tas3 which can also bind to Chp1, ref name Verdel cite journal author Verdel A, Jia S, Gerber S, Sugiyama T, Gygi S, Grewal S, Moazed D title RNAi mediated targeting of heterochromatin by the RITS complex journal Science volume 303 issue 5658 pages 672 6 year 2004 pmid 14704433 doi 10.1126 science.1093686 ref while heterochromatin formation has been shown to require at least argonaute and an RNA dependent RNA polymerase . ref name Irvine cite journal author Irvine D, Zaratiegui M, Tolia N, Goto D, Chitwood D, Vaughn M, Joshua Tor L, Martienssen R title Argonaute slicing is required for heterochromatic silencing and spreading journal Science volume 313 issue 5790 pages 1134 7 year 2006 pmid 16931764 doi 10.1126 science.1128813 ref Loss of these genes in S. pombe results in abnormal heterochromatin organization and formation of the chromosome centromere ... S title RITS acts in cis to promote RNA interference mediated transcriptional and post transcriptional ... more details
for Differential post transcriptional changes Post transcriptional regulation Post transcriptional modification is a process in cell biology by which, in eukaryotic cells , primary transcript RNA is converted into RNA mature RNA . A notable example is the conversion of precursor messenger RNA into mature messenger RNA mature messenger RNA mRNA , which includes splicing genetics splicing and occurs prior to protein synthesis . This process is vital for the correct translation of the genome s of eukaryotes as the human primary RNA transcript that is produced as a result of transcription biology transcription contains both exons , which are coding sections of the primary RNA transcript and introns , which are the non coding sections of the primary RNA transcript. ref name Stryer836 Harvnb Berg Tymoczko Stryer 2007 Ref CITEREFBergTymoczkoStryer2008 p 836 ref mRNA processing The pre mRNA molecule undergoes three main modifications. These modifications are 5 cap ping, 3 polyadenylation , and RNA splicing , which occur in the cell nucleus before the RNA is translation biology translated . ref name Stryer841 Harvnb Berg Tymoczko Stryer 2007 Ref CITEREFBergTymoczkoStryer2008 p 841 ref 5 Processing main 5 cap Capping Capping of the pre mRNA involves the addition of 7 methylguanosine m sup 7 sup G to the 5 end. To achieve this, the terminal 5 phosphate requires removal, which is done with the aid of a phosphatase enzyme. The enzyme guanosyl transferase then catalyses the reaction, which produces the diphosphate 5 end. The diphosphate 5 prime end then attacks the gamma phosphorus atom of a Guanosine ... mRNA, transcripts with many exons can be spliced co transcriptionally. ref name Lodish 2007 cite book ... 7601 4 oclc doi chapter Chapter 8 Post transcriptional Gene Control ref The splicing reaction is catalyzed ... Lubert Stryer title Biochemistry year 2007 place New York edition 6 publisher WH Freeman & Co ... 36778 6 External links MeshName Post Transcriptional RNA Modification MolBioGeneExp Post transcriptional ... more details
Post transcriptional regulation is the control of gene expression at the RNA level, therefore between the Transcription genetics transcription and the Translation genetics translation of the gene . ref name isbn0 8153 4105 9 cite book author Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter title Molecular Biology of the Cell publisher Garland Science location year 2007 edition Fifth pages 1268 pages isbn 0 8153 4105 9 oclc doi ref ref name isbn0 07 110216 7 cite book author Weaver, Robert J. title Molecular Biology publisher McGraw Hill Higher Education location Boston year 2007 pages isbn 0 07 110216 7 oclc doi chapter Part V Post transcriptional events ref Mechanism The first instance of regulation is at transcription genetics transcription transcriptional regulation where due to the chromatin arrangement and due to the activity of transcription factors , genes are differentially transcribed. After being produced, the stability and distribution of the different transcripts is regulated post transcriptional regulation by means of RNA binding protein RBP that control the various steps and rates of the transcripts events such as alternative splicing , nuclear degradation Exosome complex exosome , processing, nuclear export three alternative pathways , sequestration in DCP2 bodies for storage or degradation, and ultimately Translation biology translation . These proteins achieve these events thanks to a RNA recognition motif RRM that binds a specific sequence or secondary structure of the transcripts, typically at the Five prime untranslated region 5 and Three prime untranslated region 3 UTR of the transcript. Modulating the capping, splicing ... that post transcriptional regulation plays a larger role than previously expected. Even though protein ... state level had no corresponding changes at the transcriptional level, meaning they were a result ... post transcriptional regulation several techniques are used, such as RIP Chip RNA immunoprecipitation ... more details
Image Lac operon.png thumb 400px Lac operon. Catabolite Activator Protein is labeled cAMP activator protein. Catabolite Activator Protein or CAP is a transcriptionalactivator that exists as a homodimer in solution, with each subunit comprising a Ligand biochemistry ligand binding domain at the N terminus CAP sup N sup , residues 1 138 , which is also responsible for the dimerization of the protein, and a DNA binding domain at the C terminus DBD, residues 139 209 . Two cAMP cyclic AMP molecules bind dimeric CAP with negative cooperativity and function as allosteric effectors by increasing the protein s Affinity pharmacology affinity for DNA . Cytosol ic cAMP levels rise when the amount of glucose transported into the cell is low, but lactose is readily available. CAP has a characteristic helix turn helix structure which allows it to bind to successive major groove s on DNA. The two helices are reinforcing each causing a 43 turn in the structure so overall causing a 94 degree turn in the DNA. ref cite pmid 1653449 ref This opens the DNA molecule up, allowing RNA polymerase to bind and Transcription genetics transcribe the genes involved in lactose catabolism . CAP thus enhances the expression of the lac operon when lactose is present but not glucose. This requirement reflects the greater simplicity with which glucose may be metabolized in comparison to lactose. The cell prefers glucose, and if it is available, the lac operon is not activated, even when lactose is present. This is an effective way of integrating the two different signals. CAP is responsible for catabolite repression , a well known example of a modulon . External links MeshName Catabolite Activator Protein References Reflist Transcription factors g0 Category DNA Cell biology stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2008 HP Service Activator HPSA is a service provisioning and activation software platform from Hewlett Packard . Once installed and integrated with a Customer Service Provider s CSP environment, HPSA automates the processes inherent in the creation and activation of new telecommunications services. It is not specific to any network or service type and can apply across fixed, mobile, or internet environments. HPSA software is activation centric, but engages the entire fulfillment stack as defined by the TeleManagement Forum s eTOM framework, including order management, resource inventory and service activation. The core of the platform is a highly scalable workflow engine that executes activation oriented workflows, and is designed to support various plug ins that control activation targets in a CSP s network and IT service infrastructure irrespective of the protocol used ... partner activation systems and other OSS BSS software. History HP Service Activator was originally ... solution from HP Software . In 2007, it transitioned to HP Service Activator under the purview .... The 5th generation product, HP Service Activator 5.0, was released in January 2008. HP Service Activator software was formerly branded HP OpenView Service Activator OVSA , but HP has since retired ... HP Service Activator Solution for VPN Services HPSA VPN Layer 2 and Layer 3 Virtual Private Network VPN services HP Service Activator Solution for Metro Ethernet HPSA ME Layer 2 Virtual Private LAN Services HP Service Activator Solution for Residential IP Services HPSA RIPS Multi play residential services delivered over an IP infrastructure HP Service Activator Solution for Managed Services HPSA MSS Managed Services for VoIP, Wireless LAN and Security Technical data HP Service Activator Software ... and XML SOAP. External links HP Service Activator and Suite of Solutions http www.hp.com go activation Category Hewlett Packard products Service Activator ... more details
For the drugs cinaciguat riociguat Wikify date December 2011 A guanylate cyclase activator or GUCA is one of group of proteins which upregulates guanylate cyclase . It is also known as guanylate cyclase activating protein , with the abbreviation GCAP . Mutations can be associated with vision defects. ref name pmid9425234 cite journal author Payne AM, Downes SM, Bessant DA, et al. title A mutation in guanylate cyclase activator 1A GUCA1A in an autosomal dominant cone dystrophy pedigree mapping to a new locus on chromosome 6p21.1 journal Hum. Mol. Genet. volume 7 issue 2 pages 273 7 year 1998 pmid 9425234 doi 10.1093 hmg 7.2.273 ref There are five genes involved Gene GUCA1A , Gene GUCA1B , Gene GUCA1C Gene GUCA2A , Gene GUCA2B References references External links MeshName Guanylate Cyclase Activating Proteins Eye proteins Category Proteins biochemistry stub ... more details
PBB geneid 5055 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 placental PAI is a coagulation factor that inactivates Tissue plasminogen activator tPA and urokinase . It is present in most cells, especially monocytes ... internal signal peptide. Interactions Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 SerpinB2 has been ... in immunity. Crit Rev Immunol. 2011 31 1 15 30. PMID 21395508. See also Plasminogen activator ..., Wun TC, Behrendt N, et al. title Inhibition of receptor bound urokinase by plasminogen activator inhibitors ... plasminogen activator polarizes expression of the protease to the leading edge of migrating monocytes ... BS, Monroe MC, Bradshaw JD title Endotoxin induced production of plasminogen activator inhibitor by human ... Structure of the gene for human plasminogen activator inhibitor 2. The nearest mammalian homologue of chicken ... activator inhibitors from vascular smooth muscle cells. journal Thromb. Haemost. volume ... activator inhibitor 2. Isolation and characterization of the promoter region of the gene ... in Escherichia coli of a plasminogen activator inhibitor from human placenta. journal J. Biol ... plasminogen activator inhibitor. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 85 issue 4 pages 985 ... RL, Hession C, et al. title Plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 regulation of gene transcription ... assignment, and homology to plasminogen activator inhibitor. journal J. Exp. Med. volume 166 issue ... JL, Bates EJ, Ferrante A, Antalis TM title Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 inhibits tumor ... cite journal author Mikus P, Urano T, Liljestr m P, Ny T title Plasminogen activator inhibitor type ... P, et al. title Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 an intracellular keratinocyte differentiation ... K, Kondo H, et al. title Microglia express the type 2 plasminogen activator inhibitor in the brain ... TM title DNase I hypersensitive sites in the 5 flanking region of the human plasminogen activator ... H title Expression and localization of the urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor uPAR in the human ... more details
PBB geneid 5054 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 PAI 1 also known as endothelial plasminogen activator ... protease inhibitor serpin that functions as the principal inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator ... PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 PAI 2 is secreted by the placenta and only present in significant ... activator inhibitor 1, so it accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. Pharmacology Tiplaxtinin ... 14 title Tiplaxtinin, a novel, orally efficacious inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 design ... 4 author Elokdah H, Abou Gharbia M, Hennan JK, et al. ref Interactions Plasminogen activator inhibitor ... activator inhibitor type 1 and stabilizes its inhibitory activity journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... Mimuro J title Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor its role in biological reactions journal ... BR title Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 physiological and pathophysiological roles journal News Physiol ... M last7 Mihaly first7 J last8 Prager first8 GW cite journal author Eddy AA title Plasminogen activator ... of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 PAI 1 with vitronectin Vn mapping the binding sites ... 2004 pmid 14983217 doi 10.1160 TH03 12 0764 cite journal author Durand MK title Plasminogen activator ... Katrine E. cite journal author Harbeck N title Urokinase type plasminogen activator uPA and its ... journal author Hertig A, Rondeau E title Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 the two faces of the same ..., Kluft C title Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 its plasma determinants and relation with cardiovascular ... 10.1267 THRO04050861 cite journal author Lijnen HR title Pleiotropic functions of plasminogen activator ... activator inhibitor 1 a common denominator in obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease journal ... journal author Hermans PW, Hazelzet JA title Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene polymorphism ... doi 10.1086 431996 cite journal author Alessi MC, Poggi M, Juhan Vague I title Plasminogen activator ... cgi bin merops.cgi?id I04.020 I04.020 MeshName Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Coagulation Serpins ... more details
PBB geneid 5327 Tissue plasminogen activator abbreviated tPA or PLAT is a protein involved in the breakdown of blood clot s. It is a serine protease EC number 3.4.21.68 found on endothelial cell s, the cells that line the blood vessel s. As an enzyme , it catalysis catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen ... to as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator rtPA . Function Image Fibrinolysis.png left thumb ... or embolism . Tissue plasminogen activator also plays a role in cell migration and tissue remodeling . Genetics Tissue plasminogen activator is a protein encoded by the PLAT gene , which is located ... tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke in patients aged 90 years or older journal .... Interactions Tissue plasminogen activator has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact ... Localization of the binding site of tissue type plasminogen activator to fibrin journal J. Clin ... activator receptor LRP in hippocampal long term potentiation journal J. Neurosci. volume 20 ... Complexes of tissue type plasminogen activator and its serpin inhibitor plasminogen activator ... structure and function of tissue type plasminogen activator journal Klin. Wochenschr. volume 66 Suppl ... type plasminogen activator variants and crystal solution structures demarcate structural determinants ... function relationship at the lysine binding site and plasminogen activator cleavage site journal ... role of the plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase systems journal Mol. Cell. Endocrinol ... cite journal doi 10.1042 BST0300183 author Teesalu T title Tissue plasminogen activator as a key effector ... presenter.jhtml?identifier 4751 Tissue Plasminogen Activator from the American Heart ... no update citations yes DEFAULTSORT Tissue Plasminogen Activator Category Antithrombotic enzymes ... fa fr Activateur tissulaire du plasminog ne id Tissue plasminogen activator nl Tissue plasminogen activator ja pl Tkankowy aktywator plazminogenu pt Ativador ... more details
Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator CERA is the generic term for drugs in a new class of third generation erythropoietic stimulating agent s ESAs . In the media, these agents are commonly referred to as EPO , short for erythropoietin . CERAs have an extended half life and a mechanism of action that promotes increased stimulation of erythropoietin receptors compared with other ESAs. Under the trade name Mircera , Roche Pharmaceuticals received approval from the U.S. FDA in January 2008 to market a continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator methoxy polyethylene glycol epoetin beta for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease , including in those undergoing dialysis ref http www.medscape.com viewarticle 568576 FDA approval ref . Patent disputes between Amgen, which owns several patents relating to recombinant Erythropoietin EPO variants, and Roche are blocking distribution of Mircera in the U.S. Methoxy polyethylene glycol epoetin beta previously was approved by the European Commission in August 2007, and was made available in Europe at the start of 2008. citation needed date November 2011 In terms of its structure, Micera is similar to the previous synthetic EPO drugs, except that it is connected to a chemical called polyethylene glycol PEG , which makes it last longer in the body. According to Roche, the product has the longest half life of all FDA approved erythropoiesis stimulating agents ESAs up to 6 times longer than darbepoetin alfa and up to 20 times longer than epoetin. CERAs thus promise both lower dosing significant owing to the high inherent cost of manufacturing recombinant protein drugs and less frequent injections for patients. ESAs are administered via subcutaneous injections, often in doctor s offices for patients who lack the skill or dexterity to inject themselves, so the once or twice monthly dosing regimen for CERAs promises ... no Continuous erythropoietin receptor activator fi Cera ... more details
wiktionary CO TOCright CO , Co , co , .co , c o may refer to Co, the chemical symbol for the element cobalt Co., an abbreviation for Company Co., an abbreviation for County Carbon monoxide , the molecular formula of the toxic gas also called carbonic oxide C.O., post nominal initials to identify members of the congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri .co , the Internet top level domain for Colombia .co second level , Internet second level domain used to denote commercial organizations in many countries CO postcode area for Colchester, England Cardiac output , the volume of blood being pumped by the heart per time unit Central office , in telecommunications and telephony Certificate of occupancy , a legal document Certificate of origin , used in international trade Champions Online , an MMO Action RPG game developed by Cryptic Studios Check out, a Revision Control System command Chemins de fer Orientaux an Ottoman railway company. Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Chinese Orchestra Coccygeal nerve of the spinal cord Colombia , in various country codes Colonial Office , a former UK government department Colorado United States postal abbreviation Command disambiguation Commitment ordering or Commit ordering, a concurrency control serializability technique for databases and transactional systems Como , Lombardia, Italy Company co. , a general business abbreviation Compliance officer, a title used by the Food and Drug Administration United States Food and Drug Administration for agents ... record of a presenting patient co , a prefix meaning coming together co operate, co curricular activities, co brother etc. c o , an acronym used in MMORPG s, stands for Current Offer c o , an acronym ... disambig DEFAULTSORT Co Category Abbreviations Category Initialisms ca Co cs CO da CO de CO et CO es Co eo Co eu CO fa fr CO ko CO it CO he CO sw CO lv CO lt CO hu CO egy rtelm s t lap nl CO ja CO no CO pl Co pt CO ro CO ru CO sk CO sl CO sr Co fi Co sv CO tr CO ... more details
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