Infobox disease Name Toxoplasmosis Image Toxoplasma gondii tachy.jpg Caption T. gondii tachyzoite s DiseasesDB ... 2294 MeshID D014123 Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma ... risk factor. ref name Torda 2001 cite journal author Torda A title Toxoplasmosis. Are cats ... name Montoya 2004 cite journal author Montoya J, Liesenfeld O title Toxoplasmosis journal Lancet ... linked toxoplasmosis with brain cancer . ref cite web title Common Parasite Potentially Increases ... Infection has two stages Acute toxoplasmosis During Acute medical acute toxoplasmosis, symptoms are often ... or more. Rarely, a patient with a fully functioning immune system may develop eye damage from toxoplasmosis ... , may develop severe toxoplasmosis. This can cause damage to the brain encephalitis or the eyes necrotizing ... Immunoglobulin G Avidity in Diagnosis of Toxoplasmic Lymphadenopathy and Ocular Toxoplasmosis journal ... accessdate 2010 07 28 ref Latent toxoplasmosis It is easy for a host to become infected with Toxoplasma gondii and develop toxoplasmosis without knowing it. In most immunocompetent patients, the infection ... toxoplasmosis While rare, skin lesions may occur in the acquired form of the disease, including roseola ... toxoplasmosis is based on the tachyzoite form of T. gondii being found in the Epidermis skin ... 6 235 ref Possible link to psychiatric disorders Studies have been conducted that show the toxoplasmosis ... history of toxoplasmosis than those in the general population. ref redOrbit http www.redorbit.com news ... to the behavioral changes observed in toxoplasmosis by altering the production of dopamine , a neurotransmitter ... 2009 03 090311085151.htm Toxoplasmosis Parasite May Trigger Schizophrenia And Bipolar Disorders . March 11, 2009 ref Diagnosis Toxoplasmosis can be difficult to distinguish from that of primary ... exist in a host which would evade detection. Toxoplasmosis cannot be detected with immunohistochemistry ... DPDx HTML Toxoplasmosis.htm title Toxoplasmosis publisher Centers of Disease Control and Prevention ... more details
A Sabin Feldman dye test is a Serology serologic test to diagnose for toxoplasmosis . The test is based on the presence of certain antibodies that prevent methylene blue dye from entering the cytoplasm of Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasma organisms. References Mosby s Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary. Edition 5, 1998 p7B4A. Category Infectious disease blood tests Med diagnostic stub Infectious and inflammatory blood tests es Prueba de Sabin Fieldman ... more details
A ring enhancing lesion is an abnormal finding on CT scan obtained using radiocontrast . On the image there is an area of decreased density see radiodensity surrounded by a bright rim from concentration of the enhancing contrast dye. This can be a finding in numerous disease states. In the brain, it can occur with an early brain abscess as well as in Nocardia infections associated with lung cavitary lesions. In patients with HIV the major differential is between CNS lymphoma and CNS Toxoplasmosis . External links http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com ring enhancement Ring Enhancement The Free Medical Dictionary Category Neuroimaging med sign stub ... more details
Cytomegalic inclusion body disease CIBD is a series of signs and symptoms caused by cytomegalovirus infection, toxoplasmosis or other rare infections such as herpes or rubella viruses. It can produce massive calcification of the central nervous system , and often the renal system kidneys . ref name marquis cite journal author Marquis JR, Lee JK title Extensive central nervous system calcification in a stillborn male infant due to cytomegalovirus infection journal AJR. American journal of roentgenology volume 127 issue 4 pages 665 7 year 1976 month October pmid 184717 doi url http www.ajronline.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 184717 issn accessdate 2008 10 17 ref References reflist disease stub Category Viral infections of the central nervous system ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Chorioretinitis Image Chorioretinitis AIDS nci vol 2169 300.jpg Caption Photograph taken of the back of the eye fundoscopy of an AIDS patient with chorioretinitis. DiseasesDB 2613 ICD10 ICD10 H 30 9 h 30 ICD9 ICD9 363.20 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D002825 File Chorioretinitis ophthalmoscopy.ogv thumb Ophthalmoscopy Ophthalmoscopic findings during vitrectomy . The video shows the whitish cloudy cords and the white retinal spots found during vitrectomy. In a case of placoid chorioretinitis due to Treponema pallidum . Chorioretinitis is an inflammation of the choroid thin pigmented vascular coat of the eye and retina of the eye. It is also known as choroid retinitis . Symptoms The symptoms are the presence of floater floating black spots and blurry vision. Causes Chorioretinitis is often caused by toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infections and mostly affects young children or immunocompromised subjects such as people with AIDS or on immunosuppressant drugs . ref Kasper et al., eds. p.959, 1038. ref Congenital toxoplasmosis via transplacental transmission can also lead to sequelae such as chorioretinitis along with hydrocephalus and cerebral calcifications. Other possible causes of chorioretinitis are syphilis and onchocerciasis . Treatment It is treated with a combination of corticosteroid s and antibiotic s. If there is an underlying cause such as AIDS, specific therapy can be started as well. Footnotes Reflist References cite book editor1 last Kasper et al. title Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine edition 16th year 2005 publisher McGraw Hill location New York isbn 0 07 140235 7 Eye pathology Inflammation Category Disorders of choroid and retina ar de Chorioretinitis es Coriorretinitis it Corioretinite ja pt Corioretinite sv Chorioretinit ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 There are four main causes of infection s of the central nervous system CNS bacterium bacteria l, virus viral , fungus fungal and protozoa l. List Fungal infections Cryptococcal meningitis Brain abscess Spinal epidural infection Protozoal infections toxoplasmosis malaria Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Bacterial infections tuberculosis leprosy neurosyphilis Bacterial meningitis Late stage Lyme disease Brain abscess Neuroborreliosis Viral infections Viral meningitis Eastern equine encephalitis St Louis encephalitis Japanese encephalitis West nile virus West Nile encephalitis Herpes simplex encephalitis Rabies California encephalitis virus Varicella Varicella zoster encephalitis La Crosse encephalitis Measles Measles encephalitis poliomyelitis slow virus infections, which include Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS Post infectious diseases of the central nervous system PANDAS Sydenham s chorea Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis Guillain Barr syndrome See also Meningitis Encephalitis Central nervous system viral disease DEFAULTSORT Central Nervous System Infection Category Central nervous system disorders Category Infectious diseases Med stub pt Doen a infecciosa do sistema nervoso ru ... more details
WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease was first produced in 1990 by the World Health Organisation ref name WHO cite journal author WHO title Interim proposal for a WHO Staging System for HIV infection and Disease. journal Wkly Epidemiol Rec. year 1990 pages 221 224 volume 65 issue 29 pmid 1974812 url http whqlibdoc.who.int wer WHO WER 1990 WER1990 65 221 228 20 N 29 .pdf ref and updated in September 2005. It is an approach for use in resource limited settings and is widely used in Africa and Asia and has been a useful research tool in studies of progression to symptomatic HIV disease . Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections that can be easily treated in healthy people. The staging system is different for adults and adolescents and children. Stage I HIV disease is asymptomatic and not categorized as AIDS . Stage II include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Stage III includes unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections and pulmonary tuberculosis. Stage IV includes toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs and Kaposi s sarcoma these diseases are used as indicators of AIDS. Notes Reflist AIDS Category HIV AIDS Category World Health Organization ... more details
orphan date September 2009 Dr. Jos Gilberto Montoya is originally from Cali , Colombia , where he received a medical degree with honors from University of Valle . He completed his residency in Internal Medicine at Tulane University . Dr Montoya then completed his post doctoral fellowship at Stanford University . Currently, he is serving as an associate professor in Infectious Diseases at Stanford. He has worked on a wide variety of projects in this field including research focused on the efficacy of new smallpox vaccines. Additionally, he is the founder and co director of the Immunocompromised Host Service and works at the Positive Care Clinic at Stanford. Dr. Montoya specializes in toxoplasmosis and infectious diseases particularly as it pertains to cardiac transplants and AIDS patients. Dr. Montoya is also the recipient of many Stanford teaching awards,including the Bloomfield, Ebaugh, Kaiser and Rytand awards. . ref http news.stanford.edu news 2004 august18 med appts 818.html ref . ref http med.stanford.edu special topics 2008 12 04 08 next.html ref References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata NAME Montoya, Jose Gilberto ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Montoya, Jose Gilberto Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people Category People from Cali Category American physicians Category American people of Colombian descent ... more details
lead missing date July 2011 unreferenced date July 2011 mergeto Prenatal care date July 2011 ref Cunninghams, Williams Obstetrics, Twenty Third Edition, ref Introduction Majority of fetal death occur in the antepartum period. Aim of antenatal fetal monitoring to ensure satisfactory growth and well being of the fetus throughout the pregnancy to screen out the high risk factors that affect the growth of the fetus Routine antenatal investigations AT FIRST VISIT Hemoglobin estimation urine routine serological test for syphilis ABO and Rh grouping Post prandial blood sugar. Glucose tolerance test. Glucose challenge test. test for toxoplasmosis, anti phospholipid. AT SUBSEQUENT VISIT Maternal weight gain blood pressure assessment of size uterus and height of the fundus excess liquor girth of abdomen EARLY PREGNANCY Biochemical. Maternal Serum alpha fetoprotein. Triple test. HCG,unconjugated oestriol. Amnicentesis.Chorionic villus sampling. Fetal blood sampling. cordocentesis. Biophysical. Crown Rump Length. Nuchal translucency. Cytogenetic LATE PREGNANCY Clinical Biochemical Biophysical profile scoring. Manning 1985. CTG. USG.Doppler velocimetry. CST. fetal pulmonary lung maturity. severity of Rh iso immunisation Reflist Category Pregnancy and birth ... more details
of dysregulating a cell cycle might not be clear to the lay reader. date April 2011 File Toxoplasmosis ... patients such as those infected with HIV or transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy , toxoplasmosis can develop. The most notable manifestation of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients ... abortion miscarriage or intrauterine death. fact date November 2011 Toxoplasmosis main Toxoplasmosis ... with latent toxoplasmosis . Folia Parasitologica Praha . 46 1 22 8. Note that the abstract misquotes ... HTML ImageLibrary Toxoplasmosis il.htm Toxoplasma images , from CDC s DPDx, in the public domain http www.toxoplasmosis.org index.html Toxoplasmosis Research Institute & Center http pathogens.plosjournals.org ... more details
Infobox scientist name Jaroslav Flegr image Jaroslav Flegr portrait.jpg imagesize birth place death date death place death cause nationality Czechs Czech field Parasitology work institution Charles University in Prague alma mater doctoral advisor known for research into toxoplasmosis prizes Jaroslav Flegr is a professor of biology at Charles University in Prague . ref http www.natur.cuni.cz flegr Jaroslav Flegr University website ref He is a parasitology parasitologist , Evolution evolutionary biologist , the author of the book Frozen Evolution ref name Hall2009 Cite journal title A review of Frozen Evolution Or That s Not the Way It is, Mr. Darwin, edited by Jaroslav Flegr url http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 121641687 abstract year 2009 author Hall, B.K. journal Evolution & Development pages 126 129 volume 11 issue 1 accessdate 2009 06 24 doi 10.1111 j.1525 142X.2008.00310.x ref and member of the editorial board of Neuroendocrinology Letters . ref http www.nel.edu EditBoard.htm Board of Editors Neuroendocrinology Letters website ref His work on the influence of toxoplasmosis infection on Personality type personality , ref cite journal author Flegr J title Effects of toxoplasma on human behavior journal Schizophr Bull volume 33 issue 3 pages 757 60 year 2007 month May pmid 17218612 pmc 2526142 doi 10.1093 schbul sbl074 ref sex ratio s, ref cite journal author Kankov S, Sulc J, Nouzov K, Fajfrl k K, Frynta D, Flegr J title Women infected with parasite Toxoplasma have more sons journal Naturwissenschaften volume 94 issue 2 pages 122 7 year 2007 month February pmid 17028886 doi 10.1007 s00114 006 0166 2 ref and the risks of road accidents , ref cite journal author Flegr J, Havl cek J, Kodym P, Mal M, Smahel Z title Increased risk of traffic accidents in subjects with latent toxoplasmosis a retrospective case control study journal BMC Infect. Dis. volume 2 issue pages 11 year 2002 month July pmid 12095427 pmc 117239 doi 10.1186 1471 2334 2 11 ref ref cite jo ... more details
Taxobox name Gregarines domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida subclassis Gregarinasina subdivision ranks Orders subdivision Archigregarinorida br Eugregarinorida br Neogregarinorida The gregarines are a group of Apicomplexa n protozoa, classified as the Gregarinasina ref name pmid10540950 cite journal author Carreno RA, Martin DS, Barta JR title Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences journal Parasitol. Res. volume 85 issue 11 pages 899 904 year 1999 month November pmid 10540950 doi 10.1007 s004360050655 url http link.springer.de link service journals 00436 bibs 9085011 90850899.htm ref or Gregarinia . The large roughly half a millimeter parasites inhabit the intestines of a large number of invertebrates. They are not found in humans. However, Gregarinasina is closely related to both Toxoplasma and Plasmodium , which cause toxoplasmosis and malaria , respectively. Both protists use protein complexes similar to those that are formed by the gregarines for gliding motility and to invade target cells. ref Menard, R. 2001. Gliding Motility and Cell Invasion by Apicomplexa Insights from the Plasmodium sporozoite. Cell. Microbiol 3 63 73. ref ref Meissner, M, Schluter, D and Soldati, D. 2002. Role of Toxoplasma Gondii Myosin a in Powering Parasite Gliding and Host Cell Invasion. Science 298 837 841. ref This makes them an excellent model for studying gliding motility with the goal of developing toxoplasmosis and malaria treatment options. Molecular biology The gregarines are able to move and change direction along a surface through gliding motility without the use of cilia, flagella, or lamellipodia. ref Walker, M M., C Mackenzie, S P Bainbridge, and C Orme. 1979. A Study of the Structure and Gliding Movement of Gregarina garnhami. J Protozool 26 566 574. ref Th ... more details
Image Amyloidosis, dystrophic calcification, H&E.jpg thumb Amyloidosis , dystrophic calcification Dystrophic Calcification D.C. is the calcification occurring in degenerated or necrotic tissue, as in hyalinized scars, degenerated foci in leiomyoma s, and caseous necrosis caseous nodule s. This occurs as a reaction to tissue damage, ref name urlCell Injury cite web url http library.med.utah.edu WebPath CINJHTML CINJ047.html title Cell Injury format work accessdate ref including as a consequence of medical device implantation. Dystrophic calcification can occur even if the amount of calcium in the blood is not elevated. A systemic mineral imbalance would elevate calcium levels in the blood and all tissues and cause metastatic calcification . Basophilic calcium salt deposits aggregate, first in the mitochondria, and progressively throughout the cell. These calcifications are an indication of previous microscopic cell injury. It occurs in areas of cell necrosis in which activated phosphatases bind calcium ions to phospholipids in the membrane. Calcification can occur in dead or degenerated tissue Calcification in dead tissue Caseous necrosis in T.B. is most common site of dystrophic calcification. Liquefactive necrosis in chronic abscesses may get calcified. Fat necrosis following acute pancreatitis or traumatic fat necrosis in breasts results in deposition of calcium soaps. Infarct s may undergo D.C. Thrombus Thrombi , especially in veins, may produce phlebolith is. Haematoma s in the vicinity of bones may undergo D.C. Dead parasites like schistosoma eggs may calcify. Congenital toxoplasmosis or rubella may be seen on X ray as calcifications in the brain. Calcification in degenerated tissue Dense scars may undergo hyaline degeneration and calcification. Atheroma in aorta and coronaries frequently undergo calcification. Cyst s can show calcification. Calcinosis cutis is condition in which there are irregular nodular deposits of calcium salts in skin and subcutaneous tis ... more details
of any intermediate host. Toxoplasmosis occurs in humans usually as low grade fever or muscle pain ... the transmission of toxoplasmosis comes from statements like ingestion of raw or undercooked meat ... one important species, Neospora caninum , that affects dogs in a manner similar to toxoplasmosis. Neosporosis ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 408892547 IUPAC name 4 amino N pyrimidin 2 yl benzenesulfonamide image Sulfadiazine 2D skeletal.png width 250 image2 Sulfadiazine 3D vdW.png width2 250 Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com monograph sulfadiazine MedlinePlus a682130 pregnancy category ? legal status Approved Drug routes of administration Cream Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability ? metabolism ? elimination half life ? excretion ? Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 68 35 9 ATC prefix J01 ATC suffix EC02 ATC supplemental ATCvet J01 EQ10 PubChem 5215 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank APRD00190 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite changed chemspider ChemSpiderID 5026 UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII 0N7609K889 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D00587 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 439 Chemical data C 10 H 10 N 4 O 2 S 1 molecular weight 250.278 g mol Sulfadiazine is a Sulfonamide medicine sulfonamide antibiotic . Uses It eliminates bacteria that cause infections by stopping the production of folic acid inside the bacterial cell, and is commonly used to treat urinary tract infection s UTIs . In combination, sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine , can be used to treat toxoplasmosis , a disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii . Side effects Side effects reported for sulfadiazine include nausea , upset stomach , loss of appetite , and dizziness . Brand names Lantrisul Neotrizine Sulfa Triple 2 Sulfadiazine Sulfaloid Sulfonamides Duplex Sulfose Terfonyl Triple Sulfa Triple Sulfas Triple Sulfoid See also Silver sulfadiazine External links http www.meds help.com sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine patient information Category Aromatic amines Category Pyrimidines Category World Health Organization essential medicines Category Sulfonamide antibiotics Category Anilines Sulfonamides and trimethoprim Antiprotozoal agent antiinfective drug stub es Sulfadiazina it Sulfadiazina ja pt Sulfadiazina ru ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Systemic lupus erythematosus lymphadenopathy intermed mag.jpg Caption Lymphadenopathy due to systemic lupus erythematosus with characteristic necrosis and haematoxylin bodies. H&E stain . DiseasesDB ICD10 R59.1 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Lymph nodes or glands or nodes or lymphoid tissue .are nodular bodies located throughout the body but clustering in certain areas such as the armpit, back of the neck and the groin. They are part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is part of the body s immune surveillance system . Blood contains fluid and blood cell biology cell s. The fluid, which may contain suspended foreign material such as bacteria and virus es, seeps through blood vessel walls into the biological tissue tissues , where it bathes the body cells and exchanges substances with them. Some of this fluid is then taken up by lymphatic vessel s and passed back to the heart, where it is again mixed with the blood. On its way the fluid passes through the lymph node s. If nodes detect something foreign passing through them such as a bacterium or a cancer cell they will swell up. This is called lymphadenopathy or swollen glands . Usually this is localised for example an infected spot on the scalp will cause lymph nodes in the neck on that same side to swell up , but when it is in two or more regions, it is called generalized lymphadenopathy . ref http www.aafp.org afp 20021201 2103.html ref Usually this is in response to a body wide infectious disease such as influenza and will go away once the person has recovered, but sometimes it can persist long term, even when there is no obvious cause of disease. This is then called persistent generalized lymphadenopathy PGL . Causes of generalized lymphadenopathy Infection Viral Infectious mononucleosis , Infective hepatitis , AIDS Bacterial Tuberculosis , Brucellosis , Syphilis Secondary 2ry syphilis Protozoal Toxoplasmos ... more details
Taxobox name Eucoccidiorida image Toxoplasma gondii tachy.jpg image width 200px image caption Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite s domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Conoidasida subclassis Coccidia sina ordo Eucoccidiorida ordo authority L ger & Duboscq, 1910 subdivision ranks Suborders subdivision Adeleorina Eimeriorina Eucoccidiorida is an Order biology order of microscopic, spore forming, single celled parasites belonging to the apicomplexa n class Conoidasida . Protozoans of this order include parasites of humans, and both domesticated and wild animals including birds. Among these parasites are the Toxoplasma gondii that cause toxoplasmosis and Isospora belli , which results in isosporiasis . Definition This is the largest order in the class Conoidasida and contains those species that all undergo Protozoal merogony merogony asexual , gametogony sexual and sporogony spore formation during their life cycle Genera Adelea , Adelina genus Adelina , Aggregata , Atoxoplasma , Babesiosoma , Barrouxia , Besnoitia , Calyptospora , Caryospora , Caryotropha , Chagasella , Cryptosporidium , Cyclospora , Cyrilia , Cystoisospora , Dactylosoma , Desseria , Diaspora protozoa Diaspora , Dorisa , Dorisiella , Eimeria , Elleipsisoma , Frenkelia , Ganapatiella , Gibbsia , Goussia , Gousseffia , Grasseella , Hammondia , Haemogregarina , Hemolivia , Hepatozoon , Hoarella , Isospora , Ithania protozoa Ithania , Karyolysus , Klossia , Klossiella , Lankesterella , Legerella , Matonella , Merocystis , Myriospora , Neospora , Octosporella , Orcheobius , Ovivora , Pfeiffinella , Polysporella , Pseudoklossia , Pythonella , Rasajeyna , Sarcocystis , Schellackia , Selococcidium , Selysina , Sivatoshella , Skrjabinella , Spirocystis , Toxoplasma , Tyzzeria , Wenyonella Notes Among the heteroxenous and cyst forming genera are Besnoitia , Cystoisospora , Frenkelia , Hammondia , Neospora , Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma . Families There are at least ten f ... more details
Acidocalcisomes are rounded electron dense acid ic organelle s, rich in calcium and polyphosphate and between 100 nm and 200 nm in diameter . Acidocalcisomes were originally discovered in Trypanosome s the causing agents of African trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness and Chagas disease but have since been found in Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis , Plasmodium malaria , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a green algae green alga , Dictyostelium discoideum a slime mould , bacteria and human platelets . Their lipid bilayer membrane s are 6 nm thick and contain a number of protein pump s and antiporter s, including aquaporin s, ATPase s and Calcium Ca sup 2 sup Hydrogen H sup sup and Sodium Na sup sup Hydrogen H sup sup antiporters. They may be the only cellular organelle that has been conserved between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organism s. They behave differently in different organisms and therefore it may be possible to design drugs that target acidocalcisomes in parasitism parasites but not those in the host. ref cite journal author Docampo R, de Souza W, Miranda K, Rohloff P, Moreno SNJ title Acidocalcisomes? Conserved from bacteria to man? journal Nat Rev Microbiol volume 3 issue 3 pages 251 261 year 2005 pmid 15738951 doi 10.1038 nrmicro1097 ref Acidocalcisomes have been implied in osmoregulation . They were detected in vicinity of the contractile vacuole in Trypanosoma cruzi and were shown to fuse with the vacuole when the cells were exposed to osmotic stress . Presumably the acidocalcisomes empty their ion contents into the contractile vacuole, thereby increasing the vacuole s osmolarity . This then causes water from the cytoplasm to enter the vacuole, until the latter gathers a certain amount of water and expels it out of the cell ref cite journal journal J Biol Chem volume 279 issue 50 pages 52270 52281 year 2004 pmid 15466463 doi 10.1074 jbc.M410372200 title Acidocalcisomes and the Contractile Vacuole Complex Are Involved in Osmoregulation in Trypa ... more details
Image Lincomycin.png thumb Lincomycin Image Clindamycin skeletal.svg thumb Clindamycin . Note extra chlorine compared to lincomycin, but disregard inversion of image. Lincosamides eg. lincomycin , clindamycin are a class of antibiotics . Mechanism of action Lincosamides kill bacteria by protein synthesis inhibitor interfering with the synthesis of proteins . They bind to the 23s portion of the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome s and cause premature dissociation of the peptidyl tRNA from the ribosome. ref name lovmar http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WK7 490R2TT C& user 10& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& sort d& docanchor &view c& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 19d53b7156b390f5ed0a09eb156c18ea The Mechanism of Action of Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramin B Reveals the Nascent Peptide Exit Path in the Ribosome Martin Lovmar and M ns Ehrenberg ref Lincosamides do not interfere with protein synthesis in human cells or those of other eukaryotes because our ribosomes are structurally different from those of bacteria. History and uses The first lincosamide to be discovered is lincomycin, isolated from Streptomyces lincolnensis in a soil sample from Lincoln, Nebraska hence the bacterial name . Lincomycin has been superseded by clindamycin, which exhibits improved antibacterial activity. Clindamycin also exhibits some activity against parasitic protozoa , and has been used in toxoplasmosis and malaria . They are normally used to treat staphylococci and streptococci , and have proved useful in treating Bacteroides fragilis and some other anaerobes. They are used in the treatment of Toxic Shock Syndrome and thought to directly block the M protein production that leads to the severe inflammatory response . Resistance Target bacteria may alter the drug s binding site similar to resistance found in macrolides and streptogramins . The resistance mechanism is methylation of the 23s binding site. If this occurs then the bacteria ar ... more details
A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor is a molecule that inhibits the function of dihydrofolate reductase , and is a type of antifolate . Since folate is needed by rapidly dividing cells to make thymine , this effect may be used to therapeutic advantage. For example, methotrexate is used as cancer chemotherapy because it can prevent neoplastic cells from dividing. ref name pmid7942284 cite journal author Huennekens FM title The methotrexate story a paradigm for development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents journal Adv. Enzyme Regul. volume 34 issue pages 397 419 year 1994 pmid 7942284 doi 10.1016 0065 2571 94 90025 6 url ref ref name pmid14529544 cite journal author McGuire JJ title Anticancer antifolates current status and future directions journal Curr. Pharm. Des. volume 9 issue 31 pages 2593 613 year 2003 pmid 14529544 doi 10.2174 1381612033453712 url ref Bacteria also need DHFR to grow and multiply and hence inhibitors selective for bacterial vs. host DHFR have found application as antibacterial agents. ref name pmid16359642 cite journal author Hawser S, Lociuro S, Islam K title Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors as antibacterial agents journal Biochem. Pharmacol. volume 71 issue 7 pages 941 8 year 2006 month March pmid 16359642 doi 10.1016 j.bcp.2005.10.052 url ref Image THFsynthesispathway.png thumb 400px center Tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway A variety of drugs act as enzyme inhibitor inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase the antibiotic trimethoprim and its derivatives brodimoprim , tetroxoprim , and iclaprim . the antimalarial drugs pyrimethamine and proguanil . the experimental new antimalarial drug JPC 2056 , which may also be more effective and better tolerated than current treatments against toxoplasmosis . ref cite journal author Mui EJ, Schiehser GA, Milhous WK, et al. editor1 last Matlashewski editor1 first Greg title Novel Triazine JPC 2067 B Inhibits Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro and In Vivo journal PLoS Negl Trop Dis volume 2 issue 3 pages e190 year ... more details
Multiple issues orphan December 2009 refimprove December 2009 Kenn Duncan September 22, 1928 July 27, 1986 was an American dance photographer. Biography Kenneth Duncan was born September 22, 1928 in New Jersey . He began his career as a skater and then a dancer. After breaking his foot and taking a six week course on photography at a YMCA , he became a photographer. Duncan worked as a principal photographer for After Dark magazine After Dark and Dance Magazine . His photographs also regularly appeared in Vogue magazine Vogue , Harper s Bazaar , Life magazine Life , Time magazine Time , and Newsweek . In addition, he photographed a score of Broadway shows, including Hair musical Hair , Applause musical Applause , The Elephant Man play The Elephant Man , and Sophisticated Ladies and many dance and Broadway stars including Chita Rivera , Tommy Tune ref http http legacy.www.nypl.org permissions imagesref.cfm?id 162&catid 6 ref , Lawrence Leritz ref http http www.imdb.com media rm2932048640 nm0004328 ref , Jerry Herman , Mikhail Baryshnikov , Carol Channing and Angela Lansbury . Death and afterward Kenn Duncan died July 27, 1986 in New York Hospital of toxoplasmosis , a complication of AIDS. ref cite news title Kenn Duncan Is Dead A Dance Photographer url http www.nytimes.com 1986 07 28 obituaries kenn duncan is dead a dance photographer.html work New York Times date 1986 07 28 ref Duncan s complete archive was acquired by the New York Public Library Other research branches New York Public Library for the Performing Arts in 2003. ref cite news first Andrew last Gans title New York Public Library Acquires Duncan Photos of Hines, Peters, Midler and 599,997 More url http www.playbill.com news article 81534 New York Public Library Acquires Duncan Photos of Hines Peters Midler and 599997 More work Playbill date 2003 09 09 ref Published works Nudes Dance Magazine, 1970 More Nudes Danad Pub. Co., 1971 Red Shoes Universe, 1984 References Reflist External links IBDB name 84141 ht ... more details
The Companion Animal Parasite Council also commonly referred to as CAPC, pronounced Cap C , is a non profit organization 501c3 composed of practicing veterinarians , academic veterinary parasitologist s, veterinary technician s, state public health veterinarians, and staff from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who are dedicated to reducing the numbers of parasites in dogs and cats along with reducing the risk of transmitting these parasites and diseases to humans. The group is sponsored mainly by industrial sponsors that are devoted to maintaining the health of pets through improved parasiticides and diagnostics that can be used by practitioners and clients in a safe and consumer friendly manner. Academic Veterinary Parasitologists Dr. Lora Ballweber, Colorado State University Dr. Byron Blagburn, Auburn University Dr. Dwight D. Bowman, Cornell University Dr. Sharon Patton, University of Tennessee Dr. Bill Stich, University of Missouri Practitioners Dr. Gary Block, Rhode Island Dr. Gary Holfinger, Ohio Dr. Cathy Lund, Rhode Island Dr. Tom Nelson, Alabama Dr. Jay Stewart, Oregon Dr. Michael Thomas, Indiana Public Health Veterinarian Dr. Annette Bredthauer, Nebraska Veterinary Technician Julie Legred, Minnesota CDC Liaison Dr. Patricia Wilkins, Georgia Recent publications include a series of articles on a number of diseases that impact both animals and people developed from a workshop composed of members of CAPC along with members of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists and the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. The articles appeared in February 2010 in Trends in Parasitology. ref http www.cell.com trends parasitology issue?pii S1471 4922 10 X0004 6 ref . This series of articles discusses giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, hookworms disease, dirofilariasis heartworm , baylisascariasis, tick and flea transmitted zoonotic diseases affecting people and animals. Another publication on fleas and ticks that inc ... more details
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