, the Tosafot The Tosafot or Tosafos lang he are medieval commentaries on the Talmud . They take ... margin and opposite Rashi s notes. The authors of the Tosafot are known as Tosafists ba ale ha tosafot for a listing see List of Tosafists . Meaning of Name The word tosafot literally means additions . For what reason these glosses are called tosafot is a matter of dispute among modern scholars. Many ... on the Talmud. In fact, the period of the Tosafot began immediately after Rashi had written his commentary the first tosafists were Rashi s sons in law and grandsons, and the Tosafot consist mainly ... tosafot, particularly those of Isaiah di Trani , have no reference to Rashi. Weiss, followed by other scholars, asserts that tosafot means additions to the Talmud, that is to say, they are an extension ... on the Mishnah , so are the Tosafot critical and analytical glosses on those two parts of the Talmud. Further, the term tosafot was not applied for the first time to the glosses of Rashi s continuators ... term, which in Jerusalem writings is replaced by tosafot see Jerusalem Talmud Yer. Pe ah ii. 17a Lev. R. xxx. 2 Cant. R. vi. 9 Eccl. R. v. 8 . The Tosafot resemble the Gemara in other respects ... characteristic of the Tosafot is that in spite of the great respect in which Rashi was held by the Tosafists, the latter freely corrected him. Besides, the Tosafot do not constitute a continuous .... It must be added that the Tosafot can be understood only by those who are well advanced in the study ... explaining the meaning of a word or containing a grammar grammatical observation are very rare. The Tosafot ... be borne in mind that what has been said hitherto concerns the general features of the Tosafot .... With regard to method, it should be said that the Tosafot of Touques Tosafot of Touques see ... decisions. History The chief home of tosafot literature was incontestably France, for it began ..., tosafot began to be written in Germany at the same time as in France, but the French tosafists ... more details
Rabbi Isaac ben Asher HaLevi or Riva is the earliest known Tosafist , son in law of Eliakim ben Meshullam and pupil of Rashi . He flourished in Speyer during the 11th century. He is cited under the name of Tosafot Riva, in the Temim De im, in the printed tosafot Sotah 17b , and in the Tosafot Yeshanin Yoma 15a . They are frequently quoted without the name of their author. Isaac ben Asher also wrote a commentary on the Pentateuch , which is no longer in existence. It is cited in the Minchat Yehudah, and Jacob Tam made use of it in his Sefer ha Yashar p. 282 . References JewishEncyclopedia article Isaac ben Asher ha Levi Riva url http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?letter I&artid 184 author Solomon Schechter and Isaac Broyd Category Tosafists Category People from Speyer Category Bible commentators Category Levites Category 11th century rabbis ... more details
Eliezer ben Solomon of Touques was a French tosafist , who lived at Touques, Calvados Touques in the second half of the thirteenth century. He abridged the tosafot of Samson of Sens , Samuel of vreux , and many others, and added thereto marginal notes of his own, entitled Gilyon Tosafot, or Tosafot Gillayon . This abridgment, together with the notes, after undergoing many alterations and receiving several additions from later authorities, was called Tosafot uk it forms the foundation of the Tosafot now printed with the Talmud. ref see Hillel ben Mordecai , Av. Zarah , 1295 Judah ben Eliezer , Min at Yehudah , 58a R. Nissim to Alfasi , Gi . viii. and Bezalel Ashkenazi , Shi ah , pp. 47 49 ref Gershon Soncino , who printed Eliezer s tosafot for the first time, says in the preface to im i s Miklol edited by him Constantinople, 1532 34 that he collected them in various places in France, especially in Chamb ry , Savoy. Eliezer was also the author of a commentary on the Pentateuch, mentioned in a list of works appended to the manuscript of Ibn Jana s Sefer ha Ri mah , now in the Biblioth que Nationale, Paris No. 1216 . Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography Azulai, Shem ha Gedolim , ii., s.v. Zunz, Z. G. p. 39 Gross, Gallia Judaica , p. 209 Rabbinowicz, Ma amar al Hadfasat ha Talmud , p. 23, Munich, 1877 Michael, Or ha ayyim , No. 424. References reflist JewishEncyclopedia article Eliezer of Touques author Kaufmann Kohler and Isaac Broyd url http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 241&letter E Category 13th century rabbis Category French Tosafists Category People from Calvados ... more details
. These were collectively called Tosafot additions , because they were additions on the commentary of Rashi . The Tosafists lived from the 12th century to the middle of the 15th century and the Tosafot are a compilation of the questions, answers and opinions of those rabbis. The Tosafot are very ... list of them many, however, are known only through citations. A HaRA Quoted in the edited tosafot ... century his tosafot are mentioned in the edited tosafot to Ket. 63b. Asher ben Jehiel His tosafot, entitled Tosefot ha Rosh or Tosefe Tosafot, appeared in various epochs and works. Many of them ... Author of tosafot to Baba amma, extracts from which are found in Bezalel Ashkenazi s Shi ah Me ubbe et. Elhanan b. Isaac Flourished at the end of the twelfth century his tosafot are mentioned by Abraham b. David in his Temim De im and in the edited tosafot to B. M. 11b and Sheb. 28a. His tosafot ... Levi Flourished in the beginning of the thirteenth century author of tosafot to several treatises ... Samuel of Metz Re EM Author of tosafot to several treatises, of which those to ullin were seen by Azulai. Eliezer of Toul French tosafist of the beginning of the thirteenth century, whose tosafot are mentioned .... 120 . Elijah ben Menahem His tosafot are mentioned in Haggahot Maimuniyyot, innim, No. 20. I RI, probably ... His tosafot, in which the older RI is quoted, are mentioned by Samson b. Zadok Tashbe , 336 . Isaac ... often in the edited tosafot Shab. 3a, passim Yoma 20a et al. and by many other authorities Or Zarua , i. 26b Shibbole ha Le e , i., No. 231 , it may be concluded that he wrote tosafot to several Talmudic ... ben Jacob ha Laban Pupil of Jacob Tam and one of the earlier tosafists ba ale tosafot yeshanim . He ... . He is quoted very often in the edited tosafot Yeb. 5b B. . 72a et al. . Isaac ben Me r Rivam of Ramerupt ... he died young, Isaac wrote tosafot, mentioned by Eliezer b. Joel ha Levi Abi ha Ezri, 417 , to severaltreatises of the Talmud. Isaac himself is often quoted in the edited tosafot Shab. 138a Ket. 29b ... more details
Year nav topic2 1293 poetry literature Events The poet emperor Tr n Nh n T ng ends his reign as third emperor of the Tr n Dynasty and became Taishang Huang Th i th ng ho ng Works Dante s La Vita Nuova Births Empty section date July 2010 Deaths Meir of Rothenburg born 1215 in poetry 1215 , Germany German rabbi and poet , a major author of the tosafot on Rashi s commentary on the Talmud Category Years in poetry Category 1293 Poetry ... more details
Moses of vreux was a French tosafist , and author of a siddur , ref Sema No. 154 ref who flourished at vreux in Normandy in the first half of the thirteenth century, and was the older brother and teacher of the tosafist Samuel of vreux . ref Tos. to Be ah 21b, to Er. 6b, and to So ah 22a ref Gross identifies him with Moses ben Shneor , the teacher of the author of Sefer ha Gan , a commentary on the Pentateuch. Others have generally supposed to him to be the son of Yom ov, referred to in Elijah Mizra i s responsa No. 82 . The Tosafot of vreux , much used by tosafists, was his work. He is quoted in the tosafot on Berakot , and his name is frequently written. ref Tos. to So ah. 22a Shi ah Me ubbe et on B. . 3a et passim ref His tosafot are called also Shi ah of vreux . ref Teshubot Mahram , No. 608 ref Moses wrote his tosafot on the margin of a copy of Isaac Alfasi , whose authority he invoked. ref Tos. to Ber. 26b ref Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography Michael, Or ha ayyim , No. 1118 Zunz, Z. G. p. 39 Carmoly, Ben Chananja 1861, p. 195 Gross, Gallia Judaica , p. 40 Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. col. 1814. References reflist JewishEncyclopedia article Moses of Evreux author Wilhelm Bacher and M. Seligsohn url http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 860&letter M Category French Tosafists Category 13th century rabbis fr Mo se d vreux ... more details
Samuel of vreux was a French tosafist of the thirteenth century, the younger brother and student of Moses of vreux , author of the tosafot of vreux . He is identified by Gross with Samuel ben Shneor not ben Yom ov, as given by Zunz in Z. G. p. 38 , whose explanations of Nazir Talmud Nazir are cited by Solomon ben Adret , ref Solomon ben Adret , Responsa, iii., No. 345 ref and whose authority is invoked by Jonah Gerondi . Samuel directed a rabbinical school at Ch teau Thierry , and had for disciples R. ayyim brother of Asher ben Jehiel of Toledo , R. Perez ben Elijah Perez , and R. Isaac of Corbeil . He carried on a correspondence on scientific subjects with Jehiel of Paris ref Or ot ayyim , i. 110c ref and with Nathaniel the Elder . ref Mordekai on ul. vii., No. 681 ref Samuel s Talmudic interpretations are often quoted in the Tosafot. ref Be ah 14b, 20b, 24b id. 27b, 39a Ned. 90b Ab. Zarah 68a Tem. 19b. ref From the fact that the author of the tosafot to So ah mentions there the name of Moses of vreux as being his brother, it is inferred that these tosafot were written by Samuel. Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography Michael, Or ha ayyim , p. 593, No. 1202 Gross, Gallia Judaica , p. 258. References reflist JewishEncyclopedia article Samuel of Evreux author Isaac Broyd url http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 149&letter S&search evreux Category French Tosafists Category 13th century rabbis fr Samuel d vreux ... more details
Judah ben Nathan , also referred to by the Hebrew acronym RIBaN , was a gifted French rabbi and commentator on the Talmud in the eleventh to twelfth century, best known for being the son in law and pupil of the great commentator Rashi , and to a great extent his continuator. It was Judah who completed Rashi s commentary on tractate Makkot of the Talmud from 19b to the end , ref s he Makkot 19b Our master s body was pure, and his soul departed in purity, and he did not explain any more from here on is the language of his student Rabbi Yehudah ben Nathan. ref and who wrote the commentary on Nazir which is erroneously attributed to Rashi. He is also known to have written independent commentaries on Eruvin , Shabbat , Yevamot , ref Eliezer b. Joel ha Levi , Abi ha Ezri , 183, 385, 397, 408 ref and Pesahim . ref Semag , prohibition No. 79 ref Finally, Halberstam manuscript No. 323 contains a fragment of Judah s commentary on Nedarim . He also contributed some of the first tosafot additions to Rashi s Talmud commentary, pulling out certain points in greater detail. It is generally considered that Judah b. Nathan wrote tosafot to several treatises of the Talmud, and he is mentioned as a tosafist in Haggahot Mordekai Sanh., No. 696 . He is often quoted in the edited tosafot. Judah married Rashi s second daughter Miriam, and they had several children. Their son Yom Tov ben Judah of Paris Yom Tov later moved to Paris and headed a yeshiva there, along with his brothers Shimson and Eliezer ref cite book last Gross first Henri authorlink Henri Gross coauthors title Gallia Judaica Dictionnaire Geographique de la France d Apres les Sources Rabbiniques publisher Philo Press year 1897 1969 location pages url doi id isbn ref their daughter, Alvina, was a learned woman whose customs served as the basis for later halakhic decisions. References Reflist JewishEncyclopedia article Tosafot author Joseph Jacobs and M. Seligsohn url http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?art ... more details
Samuel Eidels 1555 &ndash 1631 lang he , was a renowned rabbi and Talmud ist famous for his commentary on the Talmud, Chiddushei Halachot . Eidels is also known as Maharsha lang he , a Hebrew acronym for Our Teacher, the Rabbi Shmuel Eidels . Biography The Maharsha was born in Krak w , Poland . His father, Yehuda, was a Talmudist and both parents were descendants of rabbinic families his mother Gitel was a cousin of Rabbi Yehuda Loew , the Maharal of Prague. From early childhood, the Maharsha s remarkable talents were evident. When he came of marriageable age, the Maharsha was offered many prestigious shidduch im marriage partners , but he rejected them, asserting that he wanted to devote himself solely to Torah study. He married the daughter of Edel Lifschitz of Pozna Posen and the late Moshe Lifschitz, rabbi of Brest, Belarus Brisk . He then moved to Posen and he established a yeshiva there. For twenty years all the expenses of the yeshiva were assumed by his mother in law. In appreciation of her support he adopted her name. After her death, he served as rabbi in the following prominent communities Che m , Lublin and Ostrog . Eidels was also active in the Council of Four Lands . Works Chiddushei Halachot lang he Novellae in Halakha Jewish Law is an incisive and keenly analytical commentary on the Talmud, Rashi and Tosafot together, and with a focus on Tosafot. It is said that if one grasps the Maharsha, then one has understood the Tosafot. This commentary was quickly accepted and was printed in almost all editions of the Talmud. Chiddushei Halachot is based on Maharsha s teaching in his yeshiva, and he refrained from printing his commentary on those pages that were studied while he served on the Council of Four Lands. The Maharsha also wrote an extensive commentary on the aggada aggadot of the Talmud known as the Chiddushei Aggadot lang he Novellae in Aggadah reflecting a wide knowledge of philosophy and K ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Eliezer ben Yoel HaLevi died 1225 was a noted rabbi and Talmud ic scholar. He was a grandson of Eliezer ben Nathan Ra avan , and authored Sefer Avi Ezri which is more commonly known by its author s acronym as Sefer Ra avyah . He had a significant influence on Asher ben Jehiel the ROSH . As a rishonim Rishon , he was prominent amongst the Tosafot Tosafists of the middle ages, and was a signatory to the Takkanot Shum . DEFAULTSORT Halevi, Eliezer Ben Joel Euro writer stub Rabbi stub Category 1225 deaths Category 13th century rabbis Category Tosafists Category Levites Category Year of birth unknown he ... more details
Year nav topic2 1215 poetry literature Events Gui de Cavalhon and Raymond VI of Toulouse composed a tenso while on their way to the Fourth Lateran Council Works published Empty section date July 2010 Births Guido delle Colonne died 1290 in poetry 1290 Sicilian writer, in Latin Meir of Rothenburg died 1293 in poetry 1293 , Germany German rabbi and poet , a major author of the tosafot on Rashi s commentary on the Talmud Deaths Giraut de Bornelh born 1138 in poetry 1138 , French troubadour whose his skill earned him the nickname of Master of the Troubadours See also portal Poetry Poetry List of years in poetry Schools of poetry Category Years in poetry Category 1215 Poetry poetry year stub ... more details
Judah of Melun was a French rabbi, a tosafist of the first half of the 13th century he was son of the tosafist David of Melun from the area of Seine et Marne . In Perez of Corbeil s tosafot to Baba amma ed. Leghorn, p. 53a he is quoted under the name Judah of Melun. After 1224 he took charge of the Talmud school at Melun He was one of the four rabbis who defended the Talmud against Nicholas Donin in the public disputation at Paris in 1240 . References R. E. J. i. 248 Leopold Zunz , Z. G. p. 48 Henri Gross , Gallia Judaica , p. 354 Heinrich Gr tz , Gesch. vii. 96. External links http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 621&letter J Source JewishEncyclopedia DEFAULTSORT Judah Of Melun Category French Tosafists Category 13th century French people Category 13th century rabbis ... more details
Eras of the Halakha Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob or Yitzhak ben Yaakov , nickname d ha Lavan or the white was a 12th century rabbi of Bohemia . He was a Tosafist and liturgical poet who flourished at Prague in the late 12th century. He was the brother of the renowned traveler Petachiah of Regensburg . He was among the earliest of the tosafists ba ale tosafot yeshanim , a contemporary of Rabbi Eleazar of Metz , and a pupil of Rabbenu Tam Sefer ha Yashar 704 Solomon Luria , responsa 29 . According to Recanati Responsa, No. 168 , Isaac directed the yeshibah of Ratisbon. He also lived at Worms, Germany Worms for a time Agur, 71b . Isaac is mentioned in the Tosafot Yeb. 5a, 71a Ket. 38b Zeb. 73b and frequently elsewhere , and Isaac ben Moses , in his Or Zarua , No. 739, quotes Isaac ben Jacob s commentary on Ketubot , a manuscript of which exists in the Munich Library No. 317 . He is also mentioned in a commentary to the Pentateuch written in the first half of the 13th century Zunz, Z. G. p. 80 . There is a piyyu signed Isaac b. Jacob, whom Zunz Litcraturgesch. p. 313 supposes to be lsaac ben Jacob ha Laban. Sources Azulai, Shem ha Gedolim, i. Heimann Joseph Michael Michael , Or ha ayyim, p. 507 Zunz, Z. G. pp. 33, 42, 45, 80 Gr tz, Gesch. 3d ed., vi. 236 Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, p. 627. References JewishEncyclopedia DEFAULTSORT Ha Lavan, Isaac Ben Jacob Category 12th century rabbis Category Tosafists cs Jicchak ha Lavan ... more details
scholarship in Italy . He wrote commentaries on almost the whole Talmud, in the form of tosafot , iddushim novellae , or pesa im decisions . Of his tosafot the following have been printed those to Kiddushin ... , Nedarim , and Nazir Talmud Nazir , in the two collections Tosafot R. Yeshayahu Lemberg, 1861, 1869 .... iv. 54 . The author sometimes quotes the pesa im in his tosafot, from which it would seem that he ... inserted in the tosafot by the copyists they can not always be distinguished. Of some of the tosafot ... also his tosafot or iddushim on Ta anit. Isaiah mentions other works of his e.g., a second commentary ... more details
and in particular, authored the Tosafot commentary of the Talmudic tractate Yoma he is quoted in the Tosafot on various other tractates. He also authored Close reading commentaries on the Tohorot ... more details
dablink For other works by the same name, see Sefer haYashar Sefer HaYashar , lang he , the Book of the Upright is a famous treatise on Jewish ritual authored by Rabbenu Tam , Rabbi Jacob ben Meir, 1100 1171 . The work, which survives in a somewhat incomplete and amended form, was printed in Venice in 1544 and reprinted in Vienna in 1811. It is especially concerned with reconciling apparently contradictory decisions in different sections of the Talmud and with preserving Talmud text unchanged against those who wanted to make clever emendations. This Sefer ha Yashar was used a great deal by later Talmudists and introduced the form of literature called Tosafot Additional Notes . Editions Sefer ha yashar Vienna, 1811 . Sefer ha yashar le rabenu Tam , ed. Simon Solomon Schlesinger Jerusalem, 1959 . Critical edition of first section novellae Hebr. hiddushim . Sefer ha yashar , ed. Ferdinand Rosenthal Berlin, 1898 repr. Jerusalem, 1975 . Critical edition of second section responsa . External links http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 74&letter J 170 Jewish Encyclopedia Jacob ben Me r Tam The Sefer ha Yashar. ethics stub Judaism stub reli book stub Category Rabbinic legal texts and responsa Category Jewish medieval literature ... more details
Some people named Kahane include Anetta Kahane , a German journalist. Arthur Kahane , an Austrian dramatic adviser. Emil Alexander Kahane , an Austrian businessman, son of Karl Kahane Jean Pierre Kahane , a French mathematician. Jeffrey Kahane , an American pianist and conductor. Karl Kahane , an Austrian businessman. Patricia Kahane , an Austrian banker and contractor. Peter Kahane , a German film director. Peter P. Kahane , an Austro Israeli archeologist. Rabbi Meir Kahane , founder of the American Jewish Defense League , and the Israeli Kach and Kahane Chai Kach party. Rabbi Binyamin Ze ev Kahane , founder of the Israeli Kahane Chai party. Son of Rabbi Meir Kahane Rabbi Nachman Kahane , brother of Rabbi Meir Kahane, rabbinic scholar involved in renewal of Sanhedrin , and author of commentary on Tosafot of the Talmud . See also Cohen surname Kohen , a direct male descendant of the Biblical Aaron, brother of Moses Cohen Coen Cohn surname Category Kohenitic surnames de Kahane fr Kahane he ... more details
unreferenced date December 2010 Image Talmud.jpg thumb The first page of the Vilna Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a. The Vilna Edition of the Talmud , printed in Vilna now Vilnius , Lithuania , is by far the most common Printing printed edition of the Talmud still in use today as the basic text for Torah study in yeshiva s and by all scholars of Judaism . It was typeset by the Romm publishing house Widow Romm and Brothers of Vilna. This edition comprises 37 volumes and contains the entire Babylonian Talmud . In its entirety there are 5,894 wikt folio folio s. The typical page is printed with the Gemara and or Mishnah centered with Rashi s commentary on the inner margin and Tosafists Tosafot on the outer margin, flanked by other various marginal notations from various prominent Category Talmud rabbis Talmudists . This edition was first printed in the 1870s and 1880s, but it continues to be reproduced photomechanically all around the world. See also Lithuanian Jews Vilna Gaon External links http chareidi.shemayisrael.com archives5763 EMR63features2.htm The Story of the Romm Publishing House and the Vilna Shas Category Talmud Category Judaism in Lithuania Category History of Vilnius Category Jewish printing and publishing Judaism stub fr dition de Vilna du Talmud he ... more details
Isaac ben Meir c. 1090 &ndash c. 1130 , also known as the Rivam after his Hebrew acronym , was a French rabbi and one of the Tosafist Baalei Tosafos . He was the grandson of Rashi , and brother of the Rashbam and the Rabbeinu Tam . His father was Meir ben Shmuel and his mother was Yocheved, the Rashi s daughters daughter of Rashi . He died before his father, leaving four children Jacob Tam, Sefer ha Yashar, No. 616, p. 72b, Vienna, 1811 . Although he died young, the Rivam contributed to Tosafot Tosafos , mentioned by Eliezer b. Joel ha Levi Abi ha Ezri, 417 , to several Tract literature tractates of the Talmud . Isaac himself is often quoted in the edited Tosafos Shab. 138a Ket. 29b et passim . Further reading The Rishonim , published by Artscroll , ISBN 0899064523 contains short biographies of the Rishonim including the Rivam Category 12th century rabbis Category 1090s births Category 1130s deaths Category French Tosafists ... more details
Elhanan 1184 . Tosafot Isaac s tosafot completed the commentary of Rashi on the Talmud Vilna edition Romm included in his edition of the Talmud Isaac ben Samuel s tosafot on iddushin . He also compiled ... is quoted on almost every page of the Tosafot, and in various works, especially in the Sefer ha Terumah ... more details
Hezekiah ben Manoah 13th century known as the Hizkuni , Hebrew was a French rabbi and exegete. In memory of his father, who lost his right hand through his stead fastness in the faith, Hezekiah wrote about 1240 a commentary on the Pentateuch , under the title azze uni. It was printed at Venice in 1524. Other editions appeared at Cremona 1559 , at Amsterdam 1724, in the Rabbinical Bible of M. Frankfurter , at Lemberg 1859 , etc. It is based principally upon Rashi , but it uses also about twenty other commentaries, though the author quotes as his sources only Rashi , Dunash ben Labrat , the Yosippon , and a Physica which is mentioned in the Tosafot to Lev. xii. 2 . He is generally cited by the title of his commentary. Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography F rst, Bibl. Jud. i.171 Zunz , Z.G. p. 91 Steinschneider , Cat. Bodl. p. 844 Catalogus Monacensis, p. 79 Benjacob , O ar ha Sefarim, p. 173 Winter and W nsche, Die J d. Litteratur, ii.332 Renan , in L Histoire Litt raire de la France, xxvii.436. References JewishEncyclopedia DEFAULTSORT Hezekiah Ben Manoah Category 13th century rabbis Category French Orthodox rabbis Category Bible commentators he ... more details
Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise was a French rabbi, a tosafist of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. His French name was Sir Morel , by which he is often designated in rabbinical literature. He was a pupil of Judah Sir Leon of Paris and of Isaac ben Abraham of Sens . In 1240 he took part in the renowned controversy instigated by the baptized Jew Nicholas Donin . Samuel was the author of the following works Tosafot to several Talmud ical treatises, among which those to the Abodah Zarah were published, together with the text, according to the redaction of his disciple Perez ben Elijah A commentary, no longer in existence, on the laws concerning Passover composed in verse by Joseph ob Elem , quoted by ayyim Or Zarua Or Zarua , ii. 114 Ritual decisions, frequently cited by Me r of Rothenburg , Mordecai ben Hillel , and other rabbinical authorities of that time. References Loeb, in R. E. J. i. 248 Gross, Gallia Judaica, pp. 478 479 Berliner s Magazin, iv. 179 194 Heinrich Gr tz , Gesch. vii. 130 Lropold Zunz , Z. G. p. 37 Jacobs, Jews of Angevin England , pp. 53, 146, 421. External links http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 199&letter S Source JewishEncyclopedia Category 13th century rabbis Category French Tosafists ... more details
For other people with this surname Shor disambiguation Deleted image removed File Bechor shor gad.JPG thumb 200px Title page from the Bible commentary of Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor . Joseph ben Isaac Bekhor Shor of Orleans 12th century Hebrew was a France French tosafist , exegete, and poet who flourished in the 2nd half of the 12th century. Biography Joseph was a pupil of Jacob Tam , Joseph Kara , and Samuel ben Me r Rashbam . The identity of Joseph Bekor Shor and the tosafist Joseph ben Isaac of Orleans has been sufficiently demonstrated by Gross, who showed that the same explanations given in the Tosafot Hullin ul. 112 b Yebamoth Yeb. 25 b, 36 b in the name of Joseph ben Isaac , are quoted in the Semak No. 205 and in Meir of Rothenburg s Responsa ed. Prague, No. 863 as those of Joseph Bekor Shor. Biblical Commentaries Joseph was on very friendly terms with his teacher Jacob Tam , with whom he carried on a learned correspondence Sefer ha Yashar , p. 71a . Besides tosafot on the greater part of the Talmud , he wrote a Biblical commentary marked by considerable acumen. Even more than Rashi , to whose exegetical school he belonged, he confined himself to literal interpretations peshat . Anticipating later Biblical criticism , he assumed the presence of duplicate narratives in the Bible, and he strove to give rational explanations to the miraculous stories. Thus he interprets tree of life Book of Genesis Genesis ii. 9 as tree of healing , explaining that the fruit of the tree possessed the virtue of healing the sick, without, however, bestowing eternal life. In regard to the transformation of Lot s wife into a pillar of salt Gen. xix. 26 he explains that, disbelieving in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , she lingered on the road, and was overtaken by the rain of brimstone and fire, which are usually mixed with salt. Well acquainted with the Vulgate and Christian Biblical exegesis , Joseph, in commenting on Psalm ii., cites Jerom ... more details
distinguish2 Judah Messer Leon 15th century Judah Messer Leon , c. 1420 25 1490, Judah ben Jehiel Rofe , scholar, philosopher, and author of the Book of the Honeycomb s Flow Hebrew Nofet Zufim Eras of the Halakha Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon 1166 1224 was a French tosafist born in Paris . According to Gross he was probably a descendant of Rashi , and a pupil of Isaac ben Samuel of Dampierre, Aube Dampierre and his son Elhanan. He married a daughter of Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans , who has been identified by Jacobs Jews of Angevin England , p. 409 with Abraham fil Rabbi Joce, chief Jew in London in 1186. In a list of that year associated with Abraham occurs the name of Leo Blund, whom Jacobs identifies with Judah ben Isaac ib. p. 88 comp. Bacher, in J.Q.R. vi.360 . Sir Leon must have left Paris in 1182, when all Jews were expelled from the French king s dominions he did not return till 1198. According to Gross, however, he received his chief training at Dampierre, Aube Dampierre under Simson of Sens , Simson of Coucy , Solomon of Dreux , and Abraham ben Nathan of Lunel . Shortly after 1198 he returned to Paris and founded an important school of tosafists, in which were trained, among others, Jehiel ben Joseph Sir Leon s successor , Isaac ben Moses of Vienna author of Or Zarua , Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel of Falaise , and Moses of Coucy . He appears to have composed tosafot to most of the tractates of the Talmud , traces being found of his annotations to twenty tractates. The only collection that has been published are his additamenta to Berakhot Talmud Berakot , published at Warsaw in 1863. A long fragment of his tosafot to Abodah Zarah is still extant in a manuscript that formerly belonged to Luzzatto and Halberstam R.E.J. vii.55 and that is now in the possession of Jews College , London . A few of his responsa are also found, chiefly in various additions to the Mordechai ben Hillel Mordecai , while reference is also found to his commentary on the Penta ... more details
A Shtadlan was an intercessor figure starting in Medieval Europe , who represented interests of the local Jews and Judaism in Europe Jewish community, especially those of a town s ghetto , and worked as a lobbyist negotiating for the safety and benefit of Jews with the authorities holding power. The process of Jewish intercession is known as shtadlanut . Typically, a Jewish community, kehila , governed its own internal affairs. The interactions with the outside society, such as tax collection and enforcement of various restrictions and compulsions imposed on the community, were arranged by an internal governing board. The Shtadlan emerged to prominence in the 17th century, with the rise of Absolutism European history Absolutism , as an intermediator between the Jewish community and the outside government in control. The position was appointed by the government, and could even be named as a royal official. Although he officially represented the Jewish community only, the Shtadlan became a tool of the government. Citation needed date November 2009 During the late 19th century, the use of the press and public opinion as leverage for shtadlanut activity, became the most important change in the tactics of Jewish intercession. This use was closely associated with the relief efforts for victims of pogroms in Russia and the early foundings of Political Zionism . ref Francois Guesnet, http www.library.upenn.edu exhibits cajs tradition toc.html Jewish political culture between East and West Isaak Ruelf and the Transformations of intercession shtadlanut in the 19th century. ref Traditionally, Shtadlanim were seen as great protectors of the communities they affiliated with, and received approbation from the governing Jewish religious authorities. ref See Tosafot Yom Tov on Pirkei Avot 2 3 where Rabbi Yom Tov Lipmann Heller compares those who work on behlaf of the community to intercede with the ruling power to the likes of Mordecai in the Book of Esther and to Rabbi Judah HaNas ... more details
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