thumb A topographic map with contour interval s Topography from Greek topos , place , and ... especially their depiction in maps . The topography of an area can also mean the surface shape and features themselves. In a broader sense, topography is concerned with local detail in general, including ... contours have made topography synonymous with relief. The older sense of topography as the study of place still has currency in Europe. For the purposes of this article, topography specifically involves ... cgi 0,1607,7 158 14767 31893 F,00.html What is topography? Center for Geographic Information ref ... Center pueblo.gsa.gov ref Etymology The term topography originated in ancient Greece and continued ... , writing . ref http www.etymonline.com index.php?term topography Online Etymology Dictionary etymonline.com ... called local history . In Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes ... topography started to be used to describe surface description in other fields where map ping ... of topography is to determine the position of any feature or more generally any point in terms ... , public works , or reclamation projects. Techniques of topography There are a variety of approaches ... process. Topographic mapping Main Topographic map Image Europe topography map.png thumb right 155px ... elevation model DEM used for the topography of Mars The digital elevation model DEM is a raster graphics raster based digital dataset of the topography hypsometry and or bathymetry of all or part ..., trace topographic profiles, Topography in other fields Topography has been applied to different science fields. In neuroscience , the neuroimaging discipline uses techniques such as EEG topography for brain mapping . In ophthalmology , corneal topography is used as a technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea . Image Gray1224.png thumb right Topography of thoracic and abdominal viscera. In human anatomy , topography is superficial human anatomy . In mathematics the concept of topography ... more details
distinguish2 tomography , topology disambiguation topology or typography Topography may refer to Cartography, geology and oceanography Topography , the study of the current terrain features of a region and the graphic representation cartographic relief depiction of the landform on a map. This is distinct from geomorphology , the study of the processes involved in creation of terrain landforms. Topography as the study of place , distinguished from the above by focusing not on the physical shape of the surface, but on all details that distinguish a place. Includes both textual and graphic descriptions. Ocean surface topography , the difference between the surface of the ocean and the geoid Inverted topography , landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features Karst topography , a three dimensional landscape shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite Topographic prominence , a concept used in the categorization of hills and mountains, also known as peaks Shuttle Radar Topography Mission , a research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near global scale from 56 ° S to 60 ° N, to generate the most complete high resolution digital topographic database of Earth to date Topographic map s Medicine The location of features in the body, see Human brain Topography human brain and topographical codes Corneal topography , a non invasive medical imaging ... Christian Topography , a 6th century book written by Cosmas Indicopleustes which advances ... art in which the landscape was depicted complete with the alterations of humans Topography of Terror , an outdoor museum in Berlin Physics Diffraction topography , an X ray imaging technique based ... circuit, see integrated circuit layout design protection and the Integrated Circuit Topography Act Birds The study of feather tracts, see the list of terms used in bird topography disambig de Topografie ... more details
The term dynamic topography is used in geodynamics and oceanography to refer to elevation differences caused by the flow within the Earth s Mantle geology mantle and the ocean water , respectively. Geodynamics In geodynamics, dynamic topography refers to topography generated by the motion of zones of differing degrees of buoyancy convection in the Earth s mantle. ref name hager richards 1989 cite journal last1 Hager first1 B. H. last2 Richards first2 M. A. title Long Wavelength Variations in Earth ... rsta.1989.0038 ref It is also seen as the residual topography obtained by removing the isostasy isostatic contribution from the observed topography i.e., the topography that cannot be explained by an isostatic equilibrium of the crust or the lithosphere resting on a fluid mantle and all observed topography due to post glacial rebound . Elevation differences due to dynamic topography are frequently ... to dynamic topography are mid ocean ridge s and oceanic trench es. ref name hager richards 1989 Other ... 395, 269 272, doi 10.1038 26212, Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell ... ref The height of mid ocean ridges are high due to dynamic topography because the upwelling hot material ... from the ridge axis. Dynamic topography and mantle density variations can explain 90 of the long wavelength ... richards 1989 Dynamic topography is the reason why the geoid is high over regions of low density mantle ... s surface. Since both the density and the dynamic topography provide approximately the same magnitude ... large but similar numbers . ref name hager richards 1989 Oceanography In oceanography, dynamic topography refers to the topography of the sea surface related to the dynamics of its own flow. In hydrostatic equilibrium , the surface of the ocean would have no topography, but due the ocean current s, its maximum dynamic topography is on the order of two meters. Citation needed date March 2011 References Reflist cite journal doi 10.1038 313541a0 title Lower mantle heterogeneity, dynamic topography ... more details
otheruses Nadir disambiguation Image Badwater elevation sign.jpg thumb 300px right The Badwater Badwater Basin in Death Valley , California , the nadir of the North America North American Continent In topography, a nadir is a point on a surface that is lower in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. Mathematics Mathematically , a nadir is a local Maxima and minima minimum of elevation. A nadir may be the lowest point of a Depression geology dry basin or Depression geology depression , or the deepest point of a body of water or Glacier ice . The nadir of a body of water is often called a deep , as in the Challenger Deep , the nadir of the Earth s oceans. See also Depression geology Endorheic basin Geoid List of places on land with elevations below sea level Maxima and minima Summit topography antonym Topography Earth science geo term stub Category Cartography Category Geodesy Category Geology Category Physical geography Category Surveying Category Topography ... more details
Diffraction topography short topography is an X ray imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction . Diffraction ... in a non ideal crystal lattice. X ray diffraction topography is one variant of X ray ... in radiography and computed tomography CT . Topography is used for monitoring crystal quality and visualizing ... optimizing growth conditions. In many cases, topography can be applied without preparing or otherwise ... topography techniques date from the early 1940s. In the 1950s and 1960s, topographic investigations ... development of topography, see J.F. Kelly A brief history of X ray diffraction topography . ref http img.chem.ucl.ac.uk www kelly historyoftopography.htm ref From about the 1970s on, topography ..., and to investigate smaller samples or rapidly changing phenomena. Initial applications of topography .... Topography was later extended to semiconductors, and generally to materials for microelectronics ... used. Extensions of topography to organic crystals are somewhat more recent. Topography is applied .... Basic principle of topography The basic working principle of diffraction topography is as follows ..., i.e. be composed of a mixture of wavelengths white beam topography . Furthermore, the incident beam ... strain fields In many cases of defects such as dislocations, topography is not directly sensitive ... field surrounding the defect region. Theory of diffraction topography Theoretical descriptions of contrast formation in X ray topography are largely based on the dynamical theory of diffraction ... of these domains can be resolved by topography. This is true, for example, also for twinned crystals ... with varying lattice orientation, topographic contrast arises In plane wave topography, only ... in the new topograph as strongly diffracting. In white beam topography, all misoriented crystallites ... case of a single dislocation It will give rise to contrast in topography only if the lattice planes .... This is the reason why topography requires high resolution X ray films or CCD cameras with the smallest ... more details
Image MoonTopoLOLA.png thumb right 345px alt Topography of the Moon measured from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter on the mission Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , referenced to a sphere of radius 1737.4 km Topography of the Moon. The topography of the Moon has been measured by the methods of laser altimetry and stereo image analysis, most recently from data obtained during the Clementine mission . The most visible topographic feature is the giant far side South Pole Aitken basin , which possesses the lowest elevation s of the Moon. The highest elevations are found just to the north east of this basin, and it has been suggested that this area might represent thick ejecta deposits that were emplaced during an oblique South Pole Aitken basin impact event. Other large impact basins, such as the Lunar mare maria Mare Imbrium Imbrium , Mare Serenitatis Serenitatis , Mare Crisium Crisium , Mare Smythii Smythii , and Mare Orientale Orientale , also possess regionally low elevations and elevated Rim craters rim s. Another distinguishing feature of the Moon s shape is that the elevations are on average about 1.9 Kilometre km higher on the far side than the near side. If it is assumed that the Crust geology crust is in Isostasy isostatic equilibrium , and that the density of the crust is everywhere the same, then the higher elevations would be associated with a thicker crust. Using gravity, topography and Seismology seismic data, the crust is thought to be on average about nowrap 50 15 km thick, with the far side crust being on average thicker than the near side by about 15 km. ref name W06 cite journal last Mark Wieczorek and 15 coauthors title The constitution and structure of the lunar interior journal Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry volume 60 pages 221 364 date 2006 doi 10.2138 rmg.2006.60.3 first1 M. A. ref References reflist The Moon Category Lunar science Category Topography Category Geodesy ... more details
File Topographie des Terrors Neubau.jpg thumb The new building of the Topography of Terror Foundation, 2010 The Topography of Terror lang de Topographie des Terrors is an outdoor museum in Berlin , the capital ..., from 1961 to 1989. The wall here was never demolished. Indeed the section adjacent to the Topography ... and as talus for the Kreuzberger area renovation. The first exhibition with the focus on the Topography ... PICT4337.JPG thumb 300px Part of the Topography of Terror museum. The preserved section of the Berlin ... with about 25,000 volumes, the memorial department and offices for 17 employees of the Topography of Terror ... and English. Topography of Terror. Gestapo, SS, and Reich Security Main Office on Wilhelm and Prinz ... in the NS documentation centre Topography of Terror, 2010 The Topography of Terror permanent exhibition ... Topography of Terror permanent exhibition is presented over 800 square meters in the new ... thumb Exhibition trench at the site of the Topography of Terror, 2010 A permanent exhibition about ... National Socialist policy in Berlin and its consequences for the city and its population. Topography ... Center, the grounds of the Topography of Terror are once again completely open to the public. The site ... in the Topography of Terror Documentation Centre from 23rd June 2010 on. It was developed by Dr. Ingo .... The presentation was from August 2005 to April 2008 on the site of the Topography of Terror. The Trial ... was from October 2005 to April 2007 on the construction hoarding at the area of the Topography ... was from July 2004 to July 2005 on the construction hoarding at the area of the Topography of Terror ... thumb Library of the Topography of Terror, 2010 The library of the Topography of Terror ... accessible. ref http www.topographie.de opac Topography of Terror. Library Topography of Terror Foundation, May 26, 2010 ref Memorial Museums Department The Topography of Terror Foundation provides ... from the Topography of Terror, 2006 gallery Image PICT4338.JPG Images of political prisoners from ... more details
Geoid Hill List of highest mountains Maxima and minima Mountain Nadir topography antonym Topography Earth science DEFAULTSORT Summit Topography Category Cartography Category Geodesy Category Geology Category Physical geography Category Surveying Category Topography Category Mountains Geo term stub ... more details
Image WorldMapCosmasIndicopleustes.jpg thumb Ancient world map , from Christian Topography , by Cosmas Indicopleustes . The Christian Topography is a 6th century work, one of the earliest essays in scientific geography written by a Christian author. It was originally written as five books by Cosmas Indicopleustes and expanded to ten to twelve books around 550 AD. It is not known whether the word Cosmas is part of the real name of the author or a reference to the main topic of the text, namely a description of the cosmos . The work advances the idea that the world is flat earth flat , and that the sky heavens form the shape of a box with a curved lid, and especially attacks the idea that the heavens were spherical and in motion, now known as the geocentric model model of the universe. The author cites passages of scripture which he interprets originally in order to support his thesis , and attempts to argue down the idea of a spherical earth by stigmatizing it as Paganism pagan . An early surviving reference to the work is by Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople in the 9th century AD. Photius condemns the style and syntax of the text as well as the honesty of the author. More recent authors tend to agree with Photius on the stylistic points, but to find the author generally reliable ... fathers cosmas 00 2 intro.htm Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography 1897 Introduction ... according to the book is a parallelogram. The Topography is often cited as evidence that Christianity ... Indicopleustes, Christian Topography. Preface to the online edition Bot generated title ref quote ... tabernacle system of the Indian merchant. ... Yet, after all, the Christian Topography. must always ..., and as far as modern Sri Lanka . He described and sketched some of what he saw in his Topography ... English translation of the Christian Topography , which is in the public domain. references External links http www.tertullian.org fathers Cosmas Indicopleustes The Christian Topography by Cosmas Indicopleustes ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Topography of the Lungs Type studio Artist Evan Parker, Derek Bailey & Han Bennink Cover TopographyOfTheLungsCover.jpg Released Recorded July 13, 1970 Genre Free jazz Length Label Incus Records Incus Producer Reviews Last album This album Next album The Topography of the Lungs was the first release on Incus Records , the record label founded by Derek Bailey , Evan Parker and Tony Oxley . It is generally considered a milestone of the free improvisation genre. It was recorded in London on July 13, 1970, by Derek Bailey guitar , Evan Parker tenor and soprano saxophone , and Han Bennink percussion . The album consists of four tracks Titan Moon covering all of side one of the original Gramophone record LP , For Peter B & Peter K , Fixed Elsewhere , and Dogmeat . Original copies of the album came with a typed letter that stated blockquote The bulk of the revenue from any Incus recording will go directly to the musicians.... br Once the basic cost of each record is recovered, br thus providing the finance for the next, br the vast bulk of all income will be paid in royalties to the artists. br Incus has no intention of making profits in the conventional sense. blockquote The album s back cover consists of a collage of Encyclopedia pages and brief phrases such as Frederick Rzewski writes about free improvisation and makes sense and If you like to draw or paint, this booklet could help change your life. The album was reissued in 2006 by Evan Parker s label Psi, with two bonus tracks Found Elsewhere 1 and 2 . DEFAULTSORT Topography Of The Lungs Category Free improvisation albums Category Incus Records albums Category Derek Bailey albums Category 1970 albums 1970s jazz album stub ... more details
Image Corneal topography right ax.jpg thumb A corneal topogram of an eye affected by keratoconus . Blue shows the flattest areas, and red the steepest. Corneal topography , also known as photokeratoscopy or videokeratography , is a Non invasive medical non invasive medical imaging technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea , the outer structure of the human eye eye . Since the cornea is normally responsible for some 70 of the eye s refractive power , ref name isbn0 7817 6512 9 cite book author Pavan Langston, Deborah title Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 2007 isbn 0 7817 6512 9 oclc doi page 405 ref its topography is of critical importance in determining the quality of Visual perception vision . The three dimensional map is therefore a valuable aid to the examining ophthalmologist or optometrist and can assist in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of conditions in planning refractive surgery such as LASIK and evaluation of its results or in assessing the fit of contact lens es. A development of keratoscopy , corneal topography extends the measurement range from the four points a few millimeters apart that is offered by keratometry to a grid of thousands of points covering the entire cornea. The procedure is carried out in seconds and is completely painless. Operation The patient is seated facing a bowl containing an illuminated pattern, most commonly a series of concentric rings. The pattern is focused on the anterior surface of the patient s cornea and reflected back to a digital camera at the centre of the bowl. The topology of the cornea is revealed by the shape taken by the reflected pattern. A computer provides the necessary analysis, typically determining the position and height ... corneal topography computerized analysis of photokeratoscope images. Graefes Arch Clin Exp ... coauthors year 1999 month title Corneal Topography chapter editor others edition publisher BMJ Books ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The topography , or physical lay of the land, of Paris , the capital of France , is relatively flat but contains a number of hills. Montmartre 130 m 425 ft above sea level. It was leveled in the 18th century. Belleville, Paris Belleville 128 m 420 ft ASL Menilmontant 108 m 354 ft ASL Buttes Chaumont 80 m 269 ft ASL Passy 71 m 233 ft ASL Chaillot 67 m 220 ft ASL Montagne Sainte Genevi ve 61 m 200 ft ASL Butte aux Cailles 62 m 203 ft ASL Montparnasse 66 m 217 ft ASL The highest elevation in the urban area of Paris is in the Forest of Montmorency, Val d Oise Montmorency Val d Oise d partement in France d partement , 19.5 km. 12 miles north northwest of the center of Paris as the crow flies, at 195 metres 640 ft above sea level. Paris lies in the so called Paris Basin, a low lying continental shelf region that is occasionally submerged by ocean waters over geologic time, which leaves marine sedimentary deposits behind e.g., limestone, which was used to construct many of the buildings of the city this was excavated from an underground quarry called the Paris catacombs . When the region is above sea level, as at the present time, rivers draining water from the land form, and these cut channels into the landscape.The rivers therefore strongly influence the topography of Paris. The Seine river cuts through Paris, but has apparently meandered in the past within a larger valley whose edges lie on the outskirts of the metropolitan area the edges of this larger valley are visible from tall buildings in Paris . Many of the hills in Paris, appear to be formed as the result of cutoffs from previous meanders in the Seine river, which is now largely channelized to maintain its stability. Coord 48 51 N 2 21 E type city region FR display title DEFAULTSORT Topography Of Paris Category Geography of Paris Paris geo stub id Topografi Paris ... more details
Other uses Deadwater disambiguation Deadwater A deadwater is that part of an estuary through which there is little to no water flow. In situations where a river flow is weaker than the marine processes that build sand dune s, the river may be obstructed from flowing into the sea by the formation of a sand dune that is, a sandbar . In such cases the river will often form an elongate estuary in the swales of the dune. When river flow increases, or once the estuary has built up a large mass of water, it breaches the sandbar and flows out to the ocean. If this breach occurs at the farthest end of the estuary from the river inflow, then water must flow through the whole length of the estuary in order to reach the sea. Thus the entire estuary is flushed, and there is no deadwater. On the other hand, if the breach occurs near the river inflow, then most of the estuary will not be flushed by the flow of the river into the sea, resulting in a large deadwater. topography stub Category Estuaries ... more details
Scalloped topography is common in the mid latitudes of Mars, between 45 and 60 north and south. It is particularly prominent in the region of Utopia Planitia ref name ref1 Lefort, A., Russell, P., Thomas, N., McEwen, A.S., Dundas, C.M. and Kirk, R.L. 2009 , http www.agu.org pubs crossref 2009 2008JE003264.shtml HiRISE observations of periglacial landforms in Utopia Planitia , Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 114, E04005, doi 10.1029 2008JE003264. ref ref Morgenstern A, Hauber E, Reiss D, van Gasselt S, Grosse G, Schirrmeister L 2007 Deposition and degradation of a volatile rich layer in Utopia Planitia, and implications for climate history on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research Planets 112, E06010. ref in the northern hemisphere and in the region of Peneus and Amphitrites Patera ref Lefort, A., Russell, P., Thomas, N. 2009 http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WGF 4WHMMGM 1& user 10& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& sort d& docanchor &view c& searchStrId 1117616937& rerunOrigin google& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 52a064b64a3c7ea8a9fdef2cbe18c113 Scalloped terrains in the Peneus and Amphitrites Paterae region of Mars as observed by HiRISE , Icarus, in Press doi 10.1016 j.icarus.2009.06.005 ref ref Zanetti, M., Hiesinger,H., Reiss, D., Hauber, E. and Neukum, G. 2009 , http www.lpi.usra.edu meetings lpsc2009 pdf 2178.pdf Scalloped Depression Development on Malea Planum and the Southern Wall of the Hellas Basin, Mars , 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, abstract 2178 ref in the southern hemisphere. Such topography consists of shallow, rimless depressions with scalloped edges, commonly referred to as scalloped depressions or simply scallops . Scalloped depressions can be isolated or clustered and sometimes seem to coalesce ... or scalloped topography displays patterned ground , characterised by a regular pattern of polygonal ... Topography . Image in Casius quadrangle . Image Mad Vallis.JPG Mad Vallis , as seen by HiRISE . Picture ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 In Scotland , North East England and some parts of Ireland and New Zealand , burn is a name for watercourses from large stream s to small river s. The term is also used in lands settled by the Scots and Northern English in other countries, notably in Otago , New Zealand , where much of the naming was done by Northumberland Northumbrian born surveyor John Turnbull Thomson . Its cognate in contemporary English language English is bourn or bourne , which is retained in placenames like Bournemouth and Broxbourne and derives from the Old English brunna ref http www.etymonline.com index.php?term bourn ref . Its use is restricted. Scottish Gaelic language Scots Gaelic has the word b rn , also cognate, but which means fresh water the actual Gaelic for a burn is allt sometimes anglicised as ault in placenames. Etymology The word originally came from the Northumbrian Anglo Saxon Northumbrian i.e. Ynglis dialect of Old English language Old English into the Scots language , Scottish English and Geordie . A cognate in German is Born ref http www.dwds.de ?kompakt 1&qu Born ref contemp. Brunnen , meaning well , spring or source . Examples Bucks Burn Braid Burn Burn of Elsick Burn of Pheppie Burn of Muchalls Ouseburn Seaton Burn References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Burn Topography Category Water streams Category Landforms Category Northumberland Category Northumbrian folklore Category Rural Scotland Category Scots language Category Scottish English Topography stub ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced January 2011 wikify December 2010 orphan December 2010 The topography of Pakistan is a study of the natural and artificial features that contribute to Pakistan s surface shape, which consists of six major natural areas the northern and northwestern mountains, the western mountains, the Baluchistan Plateau, the Potwar Plateau and Salt range, the Indus Plain, and the desert areas. The northern and northwestern mountains consist of three main ranges Karakorum Range convert 6000 ft m 0 above sea level Himalayan Range convert 4000 ft m 0 above sea level The Central Himalayas The Lower or Lesser Himalayas The Siwalik Hills Hindu Kush convert 5000 ft m 0 above sea level The western mountains consist of four ranges Safed Koh Ranges Up to 4712 meters Waziristan Hills Up to 3513 meters Sulaiman Range Up to 3383 meters Kirthar Mountains Up to 2174 meters catimprove date December 2010 Category Geography of Pakistan ... more details
File D rpling hohe geest.jpg thumb A geest landscape near D rpling in Schleswig Holstein , Germany File L neburger Heide 109.jpg thumb The Osterheide a heath landscape on geest near Schneverdingen on the L neburg Heath , Germany Geest is a type of slightly raised landscape that occurs in the plains of in Northern Germany , the Northern Netherlands and Denmark . It is a landscape of sandy and gravelly soils, usually mantled by a heathland vegetation, comprising Glacier glacial deposits left behind after the last ice age during the Pleistocene epoch. ref Whittow, John 1984 . Dictionary of Physical Geography . London Penguin, p. 214. ISBN 0 14 051094 X. ref Geest lands are made up of moraine s and Sandur sandar s. They are almost always next to flat marsh lands, the geest being higher and better protected against flood but, compared to the marsh, with poor soil for agriculture. Where the geest borders the sea directly, sand cliff s exist. The oldest settlements in Northern Germany and Denmark lie on geest, since it provided better protection against storm flood s. Many important towns are on the boundary between geest and marshland where people could enjoy the flood protection of the geest but still use the much more fertile soil in the marsh. Examples of regions characterised by geest are the Burgdorf Peine Geest the Cloppenburg Geest near Cloppenburg the geest slopes between Wedel , Hamburg Altona and Hamburg Hamburg Neustadt and between Hamburg Hamburg St. Georg , Hamburg Bergedorf Bergedorf , Geesthacht and Lauenburg Elbe Lauenburg north of the Elbe the central geest areas of the islands of Amrum , F hr and Sylt the Hanoverian Moor Geest the Heide Itzehoe Geest the Linteln Geest near Kirchlinteln the L neburg Heath in Lower Saxony das Rehden Geestmoor the Schleswig Geest the Stade Geest near Stade the Wildeshausen Geest in Lower Saxony the Wingst ridge Wingst northwest of Hemmoor Lower Saxony See also Schlatt topography Schlatt References references Category Landfo ... more details
File Sy1 2003 bearbeitet.jpg thumb 250px A Schlatt near the town of Syke, Lower Saxony Schlatt or Flatt is the Lower Saxony Lower Saxon name for a heathland pond, an undrained body of water usually shallow, that is fed by surface water and is largely unaffected by ground water . The water is impounded by a water retentive layer. Most Schlatts can dry out from time to time. Schlatts are characteristic of the nutrient poor geest topography geest ridges of the North German Plain . Most of them were formed as wind blown hollows in the periglacial region of the Weichselian Glaciation last ice age . The term is of Lower Saxon origin and is used mainly for the ponds in that part of Germany. In the district of Landkreis Diepholz Diepholz Lower Saxony the Conservation Foundation Stiftung Naturschutz has taken upon itself the preservation of Schlatts as part of a Schlatt programme. Using volunteers working with the land owners and farmers over 300 small ponds and Schlatts have been cleaned up and maintained in order to preserve them as habitats for threatened animal and plant species. Sources Literature Jan H per Flora und Vegetation von Kleingew ssern in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Bereichen des Landkreises Diepholz. Diplomarbeit, G ttingen 1999, 129 S. Georg M ller Was ist ein Schlatt , Entstehung Entwicklung Zustand und rechtliche Hinweise. Brosch re 16 Seiten, Ganderkesee 2009 www.wallhecke.de External links http stiftung naturschutz diepholz.de progr schlatt.html Schlatt programme de icon http stiftung naturschutz diepholz.de ver pflanzen.html Plant species in Schlatts de icon http stiftung naturschutz diepholz.de ver g2004 2.html Forgotten Schlatts de icon http stiftung naturschutz diepholz.de ver g2004 3.html Schlatt information de icon http www.wallhecke.de Schlatts schlatts.html Was ist ein Schlatt? de icon Category Hydrogeology Category Limnology Category Landforms de Schlatt Gew sser ... more details
not in motion. The height variations of ocean surface topography can be as much as two meters and are influenced by ocean circulation, ocean temperature, and salinity. Ocean surface topography is used .... ref cite web url http topex www.jpl.nasa.gov education tutorial2.html title Ocean Surface Topography from Space publisher NASA JPL ref Ocean surface topography is also used to understand how ... 1 maps global ocean surface topography every 10 days. Ocean surface topography can be derived from ... Surface Topography Mission on the Jason 2 satellite have measured sea surface height directly ... Experiment Grace mission, scientists can determine sea surface topography to within a few centimeters. A new satellite mission called the Surface Water Ocean Topography Mission has been proposed to make the first global survey of the topography of all of Earth s surface water the ocean, lakes and rivers ... Topography Mission ref See also Sea surface microlayer Surface Water Ocean Topography Mission References ... Topography from Space http www.csr.utexas.edu grace GRACE, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ... Topography ... more details
The Integrated Circuit Topography Act An Act to provide for the protection of integrated circuit topographies and to amend certain Acts in consequence thereof , C 37 is legislation passed by the Parliament of Canada in 1990 that regulates the intellectual property of mask work integrated circuit topographies . It came into force in 1993. The Act provides exclusive right s for the creator of the integrated circuit topography and remedies to deter infringement. The exclusive right is transferable. To receive the exclusive right to an integrated circuit topography the topography must be registered at the Canadian Intellectual Property Office . Between 1993 and 1999 there were about 38 registrations under the Act. Integrated Circuit Topographies ICT are electronic integrated circuits or IC products that are configured and interconnected. These creations are protected in Canada by the Integrated Circuit Topography Act, which gives the creator exclusive rights for a period of ten years after registration. Because products containing these circuits are often exported outside Canada, Canada has reciprocal agreements with other countries that also protect the design for ten years. Sources Entrepreneurship Creating a Venture By Lori Cranson and Madeline Dennis External links http laws.justice.gc.ca en I 14.6 index.html Text of the Act http laws.justice.gc.ca en I 14.6 SOR 93 212 index.html accompanying regulations http strategis.ic.gc.ca sc mrksv cipo welcome welcom e.html Report to Canadian Parliament statute stub canada gov stub Category 1990 in law Category Canadian federal legislation Category Intellectual property law Category 1990 in Canada ... more details
Information Description Description Topography of Sicily, created with http gmt.soest.hawaii.edu GMT 4.1.3 Source Source At least one of the following Public Domain data sources http dss.ucar.edu datasets ds759.3 ETOPO2 Resolution 2 3,6km http www.ngdc.noaa.gov mgg topo gltiles.html GLOBE Resolution 30 0,9km http www2.jpl.nasa.gov srtm index.html SRTM Resolution 3 90m Date 2006 06 22 Author de Benutzer Zamonin Zamonin Permission GFDL migration relicense other versions ... more details
by several software developments. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission is an international project ... journal doi 10.1029 2005RG000183 title The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission year 2007 last1 Farr ... Radar Topography Mission id Shuttle Radar Topography Mission it Shuttle Radar Topography Mission nl Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ja Shuttle Radar Topography Mission pt SRTM pl Shuttle Radar Topography ... more details
File The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome.jpg thumb 300px Platner s map of Rome for The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome 1911 Please note The purpose of this article is to describe the field of study, its methods, tools, aims, and what kinds of questions it attempts to answer it is a history of scholarship article. At present it lacks historical sections on anything but the Italian Renaissance. It is NOT an article describing the topography of the city, though the See also list should include major articles that bear on the subject The topography of ancient Rome is a multidisciplinary field of study that draws on classical archaeology archaeology , epigraphy , cartography and classical philology philology . The classic English language work of scholarship is A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 1929 , written by Samuel Ball Platner , completed and published after his death by Thomas Ashby . New finds and interpretations have rendered many of Platner and Ashby s conclusions unreliable, but when used with other sources the work still offers insights and complementary information. In 1992, Lawrence Richardson published A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome , which builds on Platner and Ashby. ref This is the assessment of Bill Thayer, a non professional scholar whose LacusCurtius site has been an online resource for ancient Rome since 1997. For a perspective on Richardson s book for the general reader, see http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Library Reviews RICTOP.html Thayer s review. ref The six volume, multilingual Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae ... Ancient Roman topography as a systematic field of study began with the Italian Renaissance . The Renaissance ... Apostolic Secretary , produced a series of volumes surveying the topography of the ancient city as well ... Topography of ancient Rome . 14 regions of Augustan Rome Vicus Rome Forum Roman Imperial ... Rome stub Category Topography of ancient Rome ... more details
mission topex.html title Ocean Surface Topography from Space publisher NASA JPL ref and followed ... mission jason 1.html title Ocean Surface Topography from Space publisher NASA JPL ref Like its ... in sea surface height also known as Dynamic sea surface topography ocean topography provide ... of ocean surface topography measurements beyond TOPEX Poseidon and Jason 1 to accomplish two decades of observations Provide a minimum of three years of global ocean surface topography measurement ... have proven to be superb tools for mapping ocean surface topography, the hills and valleys of the sea ... data record of ocean surface topography has provided the first opportunity to observe and understand ... 2.pdf title The Legacy of Topex Poseidon and Jason 1, page 30. Ocean Surface Topography Mission Jason ... 08 20 jun 2008 ostm.html Ocean Surface Topography Mission Jason 2 launches from Vandenberg Air Force ... more details
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