The tonne of oilequivalent toe is a units of energy unit of energy the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil , approximately 42 joule GJ as different crude oils have different calorific value s, the exact value of the toe is defined by convention unfortunately there are several slightly different definitions as discussed below . The toe is sometimes used for large amounts of energy , as it can be more intuitive to visualise, say, the energy released by burning 1000 tonnes of oil than 42,000 1000000000 number billion joule s the SI unit of energy . SI prefix Multiples of the toe are used, in particular the megatoe Mtoe, one million toe and the gigatoe Gtoe, one billion toe . Definitions The International Energy Agency IEA OECD define one toe to be equal to 41.868 joule GJ ref http www.aps.org policy reports popa reports energy units.cfm American Physical Society ref or 11.63 Kilowatt hour MWh . Some organisations use other definitions of toe, for example 1 toe 42 GJ 1 toe 41.87 GJ ref http www.cite sciences.fr lexique definition1.php?idmot 145&rech lettre t&num page 10&habillage glp&lang an&id expo 13&id habillage 24 Definition at 41.85 GJ ref 1 toe 7.11, 7.33, or 7.4 barrel of oilequivalent boe 1 tonne petroleum equivalent TPE , as used in renewable energy , 45.217 GJ. Conversion factors 1 barrel of oilequivalent boe contains approximately 0.146 toe i.e. there are approximately 6.841 boe in a toe . 1 t Diesel fuel diesel 1.01 toe 1 m sup 3 sup diesel 0.98 toe 1 t petrol 1.05 toe 1 m sup 3 sup petrol 0.86 toe 1 t biodiesel 0.86 toe 1 m sup 3 sup biodiesel 0.78 toe 1 t bioethanol 0.64 toe 1m sup 3 sup bioethanol 0.51 toe ref http ec.europa.eu energy res legislation doc biofuels 2006 05 05 consultation en.pdf Biofuels in the European Union progress ... References Reflist Category Units of energy Category Petroleum ar ca Tona equivalent ... ekvivalento de nafto fr Tonne d quivalent p trole ko it Tonnellata equivalente di petrolio ... more details
Wikify date August 2010 Kilogram s of oilequivalent Kgoe is a normalised unit of energy. By convention it is equivalent to the approximate amount of energy that can be extracted from one kilogram of crude oil. It is a standardised unit, assigned a net calorific value of 41 868 kilojoules kg and may be used to compare the energy from different sources. Other energy carriers can be converted into kilograms of oilequivalent or tonnes, usually by the use of conversion factors see Ton of oilequivalent tonnes of oilequivalent for some conversions 1 tonne 1 000 kg . Sources http epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu statistics explained index.php Glossary Kilograms of oilequivalent 28kgoe 29 European Commission Definition, Category Units of energy Category Petroleum ... more details
retrieved 16 October 2008 ref Also used is the Mtoe, or Tonne of oilequivalent Millions of tonnes of oilequivalent , a metric measurement equivalent to approximately 0.006841 BBOE. ref http ...The barrel of oilequivalent BOE is a units of energy unit of energy based on the approximate energy released by burning one Barrel unit barrel 42 US gallons or 158.9873 litres of crude oil . The US Internal Revenue Service defines it as equal to 5.8 10 sup 6 sup BTU . ref http www.irs.gov pub irs drop n 99 18.pdf IRS publication ref The value is necessarily approximate as various grades of oil have slightly different heating values. 5.8 10 sup 6 sup BTU BTU sub 59 F sub equals 6.1178632 10 sup 9 sup joule J , about 6.1 GJ Higher heating value HHV , or Convert 1 BOE MWh disp output only lk out . If one considers the lower heating value instead of the higher heating value , the value for one BOE would be approximately 5.4 GJ see Ton of oilequivalent . One BOE is roughly equivalent to Convert 1 BOE cuftnaturalgas disp output only lk out or 58 Therm CCF . The United States Geological Survey USGS gives a figure of 6,000 cubic feet 170 cubic meters of typical natural gas. ref http energy.cr.usgs.gov WEcont world woutsum.pdf Table AR 1 USGS World Petroleum Assessment 2000, Description and results ... kilo barrel of oilequivalent kboe or kBOE , which is 1,000 times larger. Other common multiples are the BBOe , also BBOE , or billion barrel of oilequivalent, representing 10 sup 9 sup barrels of oil ... is used by oil and gas companies in their financial statements as a way of combining petroleum oil and natural gas reserves and production into a single measure. See also Conversion of units Energy Cubic mile of oil Energy density Heat of combustion Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent Therm Ton of oilequivalent References references Category Petroleum Category Units of energy ar ca Equivalent de barril de petroli es Barril equivalente de petr leo it Barile equivalente di ... more details
and ton is usually identical. Conversions One tonne is equivalent to One megagram exactly megagram ... as proxy for energy This section is linked from Impact event Main TNT equivalent The tonne of trinitrotoluene ... is equivalent to 4.2 Joule gigajoules . Unit of force Like the gram and the kilogram, the tonne gave rise to a now obsolete force unit of the same name, the tonne force, equivalent to about 9.8 kilonewtons ... of oilequivalent Orders of magnitude mass References Reflist 2 NIST Special Publication 811, http physics.nist.gov ...About the Metric system metric unit of mass other ton units Ton other uses Tonne disambiguation The tonne ... pleonastically as metric tonne to avoid confusion with ton , is a metric system unit of mass equal to 1000 kilogram s. The tonne is not an International System of Units SI unit, but is accepted ... es, the tonne is a megagram Mg . Unit symbol The International System of Units SI unit symbol for the tonne ... tonne is widespread. This is generally true in the United Kingdom however, the ton used prior to metrication is equivalent to convert 2240 lb kg sigfig 4 in the US this ton is usually referred to as the long ton and this is so close to the tonne that some people draw little distinction and continue ... of convert 2000 lb kg sigfig 3 . Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic languages Germanic ... , Old High German and Medieval Latin tunna , German language German and French language French tonne to designate a large cask, or tun . ref OEtymD tonne ref A full tun, standing about a metre high, could easily weigh a tonne. The old English wine cask volume measurement known as a Tun unit tun is close to a metric tonne in weight as it defines about 954 litres which for many commonly used liquids aqueous solutions approximates to as many kilograms. The spelling tonne pre dates the introduction ... Sector year 2007 publisher National Measurement Office accessdate 2010 02 13 Tonne is listed under ... accessdate 2010 02 13 Tonne is listed under Schedule 1, Part 3 as a non SI unit of measurement used ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Other uses Equivalence disambiguation The Equivalent was a sum negotiated at 398,000 paid to Scotland by the English Government under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707 . Proposals for it first emerged in the course of abortive Union negotiations in 1702 03. Purpose of The Equivalent The purpose of The Equivalent was ostensibly to take account of the contribution which Scots taxpayers would thereafter make towards servicing the English national debt, and as transitional mitigation of the effects of higher taxes on the Scottish economy. Though attempts have been made to see it as a precise calculation, it is now generally regarded as part of a political bargain designed for other purposes as well, such as the costs of winding up the Company of Scotland which had undertaken the Darien scheme shareholders in and creditors of the Company were to receive 58.6 of The Equivalent ref Watt, Douglas. The Price of Scotland Darien, Union and the wealth of nations . Luath Press 2007. ref . Further information For further information on the context and background see Acts of Union 1707 . References reflist 2 Category Unionism ... more details
Tonne is a metric unit of weight. Tonne or T nne may refer to K re T nne , a List of mayors of Trondheim mayor of Trondheim Lisa T nne , Norwegian comedian Russia Tonne , an American actress Tore T nne , Norwegian politician Wolfgang Tonne , a German World War II fighter pilot Wulfhilda Tonne, a character from Strike Witches disambig ... more details
Infobox military person name Wolfgang Tonne birth date Birth date 1918 2 28 df y death date dda 1943 ... 250px caption Wolfgang Tonne nickname allegiance flagicon Nazi Germany Nazi Germany serviceyears ... s Cross with Oak Leaves laterwork Wolfgang Tonne 28 February 1918 &ndash 20 April 1943 was a Germany ... to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. World War II Wolfgang Tonne joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 as an officer cadet. Tonne was posted to 3. Jagdgeschwader 53 JG 53 on 6 December 1939. Leutnant Tonne achieved his first aerial victory against a Royal Air Force RAF ... by the spring of 1941. On 1 July, Tonne was appointed Adjutant of I. JG 53 . Tonne participated in the invasion ... 1942, Tonne was appointed Staffelkapit n of 3. JG 53. Tonne flew 116 combat missions over Malta ... Hitler next to Hans Bei wenger and Wolfgang Tonne receiving the Oak Leaves to the Knight s Cross From 31 May 1942 to 29 September 1942, Tonne flew 155 combat missions and shot down 88 aircraft in the Operation Barbarossa Russian theatre . Oberleutnant Tonne was awarded the Knight s Cross of the Iron ... for 101 victories. In November 1942, Tonne led 3. JG 53 to North African campaign North Africa ... Spitfire fighters claiming ten of the type in a short time. Tonne flew 82 combat missions and claimed 21 victories over Tunisia . Wolfgang Tonne was killed in a flying accident caused in the attempt ... Bf 109 G 6 Werknummer 16523&mdash factory number . Wolfgang Tonne was credited with 122 victories ... www.luftwaffe.cz tonnew.html Wolfgang Tonne Aces of the Luftwaffe http www.rechtes regensburg.net geschichte deutsche nationalhelden wolfgang tonne.htm Wolfgang Tonne s biography and military career ... see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Tonne, Wolfgang ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH ... OF DEATH Protville in Tunisia DEFAULTSORT Tonne, Wolfgang Category 1918 births Category 1943 deaths ... or incidents pt Wolfgang Tonne ... more details
Infobox military person name G nther Tonne birth date 21 May 1916 death date dda 1943 7 15 1916 5 21 df y birth place Frankfurt Oder death place Reggio Calabria Reggio image caption nickname allegiance flagicon Nazi Germany Nazi Germany branch Kriegsmarine 1935 1937 br Luftwaffe 1937 1943 serviceyears 1935 1943 rank Major commands II. Zerst rergeschwader 1 br Schnellkampfgeschwader 10 unit SKG 210 br SKG 10 br Zerst rergeschwader 1 ZG 1 battles World War II Invasion of Poland Operation Weser bung Battle of France Battle of Britain Operation Barbarossa Italian Campaign World War II Italian Campaign KIA awards Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves laterwork foreignchar Guenther Tonne G nther Tonne 21 May 1916 15 July 1943 was a highly decorated Major in the Luftwaffe during World War II , and one of only 882 recipients of the Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . The Knight s Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership. Career Tonne was born on 21 May 1916 in Frankfurt . He entered service with the Kriegsmarine and transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1937. In September 1939 he joined II. Zerst rergeschwader 1 ZG 1 . In June 1940 II. ZG 1 became III. Zerst rergeschwader 76 ZG 76 and by July 1940 was an Oberleutnant with 9. ZG 76. He claimed some 7 victories over the English Channel in 1940. In April 1941 Tonne was Staffelkapit n of 6. Schnellkampfgeschwader 210 SKG 210 , and he was awarded .... ZG 1. December 1942 saw promotion to Hauptmann and command of II. SKG 10. Tonne became Geschwaderkommodore ... s Cross on 24 October 1944. G nther Tonne was credited with around 15 victories approx 5 in the west ... Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata NAME Tonne, Guenther ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION German ... DATE OF DEATH 15 July 1943 PLACE OF DEATH Reggio Calabria Reggio , Italy DEFAULTSORT Tonne, Guenther ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox person image name Russia Hardy imagesize caption birth place Virginia height 5 8 Russia Hardy is the name of a Los Angeles area actress, poetess, vocalist, guitarist and model previously known as Russia Tonne or Rasha . Her recent film roles include Helen of Troy in Owen Land s Dialogues 2009 Veronique in David Watkin s Le Benediction 2009 Althea in JT Mollner s Red Room 2008 Tasha in David Watkin s Red Red Rope 2008 Caroline in Nicole Vaskell s Caroline The Bearded Woman Further, she starred in Mariah Carey s 2006 tour film called Lovers and Haters which was directed by Spike Lee . The film was shown across the country at Mariah s concerts that year. Television The New York Times made note of Russia Hardy as the model in Granddaughter , famed artist photographer Charlie White artist Charlie White s worldwide photo show, Everything is American . In 2005, she appeared as herself in the AGP production of the Abalonee Russian Gypsy Project, which includes a unique performance of her at the Getty Museum in Los Angeles. She was the Russian Dancer in October Kingsley s film Dr.Fugazzi. External links http people.tribe.net 1sabeau bella1 Russia s Web Site http www.myspace.com russiam Russia s Myspace Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Tonne, Russia ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1985 PLACE OF BIRTH Virginia DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Tonne, Russia Category American film actors Category American stage actors Category American singers Category American female models Category 1985 births Category Living people ... more details
The Regener barrel lang de Regener Tonne was the name of a scientific Payload air and space craft payload for the World War II V 2 rocket. Mid 1942 plans for subsequent launches to study upper atmospheric guidance and science ref name Neufeld Cite book last Neufeld first Michael J title The Rocket and the Reich Peenem nde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era year 1995 month publisher The Free Press location New York page 256 ref were not carried out due to the need for test launches and the eventual advance of the Russian armies. Instrumentation had been contracted on July 11, 1942 and the Research Foundation for the Physics of the Stratosphere was to develop the Regener barrel with a quartz barograph, a recording thermometer, an ultra violet spectrograph, and an air sampler. ref name Braun Cite book last Braun first Wernher von Estate of authorlink Wernher von Braun coauthors Frederick I. Ordway III Ordway III, Frederick I & Dooling, David Jr. title Space Travel A History origyear 1975 year 1985 publisher Harper & Row location New York isbn 0 06 181898 4 page 54 ref ref name Dornberger Cite book last Dornberger first Walter authorlink Walter Dornberger title V2 Der Schuss ins Weltall year 1952 US translation V 2 Viking Press New York, 1954 month publisher Bechtle Verlag location Esslingan language German isbn page 226 ref ref name Klee Cite book last Klee first Ernst authorlink coauthors Merk, Otto title The Birth of the Missile The Secrets of Peenem nde year 1963, English translation 1965 month publisher Gerhard Stalling Verlag location Hamburg pages 111, 113, 126 ref ref name Ley Cite book last Ley first Willy authorlink Willy Ley title Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel origyear 1944 year 1951 revised edition 1958 publisher The Viking Press location New York page ... the A 4 instrument package had been finished. ref name Neufeld The Regener Tonne parachute was tested ... World War II guided missiles of Germany de Regener Tonne ... more details
A skin equivalent is an in vitro skin model using to conduct experiments on processes involving the skin, such as wound healing and keratinocyte migration. It is a more complex form of the dermal equivalent ref Macrophages restrain contraction of an in vitro wound healing model http www.springerlink.com content g518380278431706 ref . References references Category Skin ... more details
Logical equivalent may refer to logical equivalence exclusive nor , a logic gate disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 Equivalent latitude is a Lagrangian coordinates Lagrangian coordinate used in atmospheric science , particularly in the study of stratosphere stratospheric dynamics. Each isoline in a map of equivalent latitude follows that of an atmospheric flow tracer tracer and encloses the same area as the latitude line of equivalent value, hence equivalent latitude. Equivalent latitude is calculated from potential vorticity , from passive tracer simulations and from actual measurements of atmospheric tracer s such as ozone . Calculation of equivalent latitude The calculation of equivalent latitude involves creating a monotonic function monotonic mapping between the values of equivalent latitude and the tracer it is based upon higher values of the tracer map to higher values of equivalent latitude. A precise method is to assign a representative area to each of the tracer measurements, filling the entire globe. Thus, for a tracer field regularly gridded in longitude and latitude, grid points closer to the pole will take up a smaller area, in proportion to the cosine of the latitude. Now, sorting rank all the tracer values then form the cumulative sum. The equivalent latitude from the area is given as math phi sin 1 left frac A 2 pi R 2 1 right math where A is the area enclosed to the South A 0 corresponds to the equivalent South Pole and R is the radius of the Earth. This method generates a mapping that is as continuous as the data allows as opposed to binning which produces a coarse grained mapping. References cite journal author1 Douglas R. Allen author2 Noboru Nakamura title Tracer Equivalent Latitude A Diagnostic Tool for Isentropic Transport Studies journal Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences year 2003 volume 60 pages 287 304 cite journal author1 Neal Butchart author2 Ellis E. Remsberg title The area of the stratospheric polar vortex as a diagnostic for tracer transport on an isentropic surface journal Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences year 1986 volume ... more details
The dermal equivalent is an in vitro model of the dermis dermal layer of skin. It is constructed by seeding dermal fibroblast s into a collagen gel. This gel may then be allowed to contract as a model of wound contraction . This collagen gel contraction assay may be used to screen for treatments which promote or inhibit contraction and thus affect the development of a scar . Other cell types may be incorporated into the dermal equivalent to increase the complexity of the model. For example, keratinocytes may be seeded on the surface to create a skin equivalent , or macrophages may be incorporated to model the inflammatory phase of wound healing ref Newton et al, Macrophages restrain contraction of an in vitro wound healing model http www.springerlink.com content g518380278431706 ref . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Dermal Equivalent Category Skin physiology medicine stub ... more details
File Definition of equivalent width.jpg thumb A diagram indicating the equivalent width corresponding to the absorption line, which is shown in red. The equivalent width of a spectral line is a measure of the area of the line on a plot of luminous intensity intensity versus wavelength . It is found by forming a rectangle with a height equal to that of continuum emission, and finding the width such that the area of the rectangle is equal to the area in the spectral line. It is a measure of the strength of spectral features that is primarily used in astronomy . ref name co cite book author Carroll, Bradly Ostlie, Dale title An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics publisher Pearson Addison Wesley year 2007 isbn 0321442849 url http books.google.com books?id zaSpQgAACAAJ ref Definition Formally, the equivalent width is given by the equation math W lambda int 1 F lambda F 0 d lambda math . ref name ... lambda math is negative, and so the absolute value is used. Applications The equivalent width is used as a quantitative measure of the strength of spectral features. The equivalent width is a convenient ... rendering the height of the emission line a poor measure of its overall strength. The equivalent width ... Thus the equivalent width can in many conditions yield the number of absorbing or emitting atoms. ref name co For example, measurements of the equivalent width of the Balmer series Balmer alpha transition ... or Weak lined T Tauri star weak lined . ref name formation of stars The equivalent width is also be used in studying star formation in Lyman series Lyman alpha galaxy galaxies , as the equivalent width ... indicators and line equivalent width in Lya galaxies journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society volume 401 issue 4 pages 2343 2348 year 2010 bibcode 2010MNRAS.401.2343D ref The equivalent ... is needed. References reflist External links http astronomy.swin.edu.au cms astro cosmos E Equivalent Width Equivalent Width in the SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy Category Emission spectroscopy Category ... more details
In electrical engineering and science, an equivalent circuit refers to a theoretical electrical network circuit that retains all of the electrical characteristics of a given circuit. Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that is the simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. In its most common form, an equivalent circuit is made up of linear, passive elements. However, more complex equivalent circuits are used that approximate the nonlinear behavior of the original circuit as well. These more complex circuits often are called macromodels of the original circuit. An example of a macromodel is the Boyle circuit for the 741 operational amplifier. ref name Dorf cite book author Richard C. Dorf title The Electrical Engineering Handbook year 1997 publisher CRC Press location New York isbn 0849385741 pages Fig. 27.4, p. 711 url http books.google.com books?id qP7HvuakLgEC&pg PA710&lpg PA710&dq 741 op amp 22boyle model 22&source web&ots X t12 EoEZ&sig 8ZBAAyHEoZZH1wq7HaujTZ3nH4U PPA711,M1 nopp true ref There are two very renowned two terminal equivalent circuits Th venin s theorem Th venin equivalent reduces a two terminal circuit to a single voltage source and a series Th venin impedance Norton equivalent reduces a two terminal circuit to a current source and a parallel Norton impedance For a restricted set of linear four terminal circuits, equivalent two port network s can be set up. The restriction upon a two port representation is that of a port the current entering each port must be the same as the current leaving that port. ref name Gray cite book author P.R. Gray, P.J. Hurst, S.H. Lewis, and R.G. Meyer title Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits year 2001 edition Fourth Edition publisher Wiley location New York isbn 0471321680 pages 3.2 .... Equivalent circuits also can describe and model the electrical properties of materials or biological ... s powered by an ion gradient across the artificial membrane membrane . See also Equivalent impedance ... more details
The equivalent absorbed radiation dose , usually shortened to equivalent dose , is a computed average measure of the radiation absorbed by a fixed mass of biological tissue, that attempts to account for the different biological damage potential of different types of ionizing radiation . It is therefore a less fundamental quantity than the total radiation energy absorbed per mass the absorbed dose , but is a more significant quantity for assessing the health risk of radiation exposure. For a further estimate of damage on different types of tissue which vary in sensitivity to radiation a further ... of radiation to different parts of the body, if any. Equivalent dose is dimensional analysis ... equivalent man rem s. Computation class wikitable style float right Conventional quality factors relative biological effectiveness to calculate equivalent doses ref cite web url http www.euronuclear.org ... atomic nucleus nuclei 20 The equivalent dose cannot be measured directly. The dose for each tissue ... with a sensor to the equivalent dose , which is to the extent that the estimation of the Q or RBE is accurate ... s, alpha particle s etc. To obtain the equivalent dose H sub T sub for a given mix of radiation types and energies, one simply adds the individual equivalent doses H sub T , R sub over all types of radiation energy dose R in the mix. To obtain the average equivalent dose H sub R sub for a given combination ... as effective dose equivalent for radiation given to only part of the body, the equivalent doses ... dose radiation safety effective dose for this calculation. Units The SI unit of measure for equivalent ... the roentgen equivalent man rem , equal to 0.01 sievert, is still in common use, although regulatory ..., one may use the equivalent dose received per unit of time spent in it, usually measured in sievert ... unit Gray unit Banana equivalent dose Counts per minute Curie Becquerel Roentgen unit Roentgen equivalent ... Dose equivalent glossary of the European Nuclear Society Category Physical quantities Category Units ... more details
File Equivalent Wts Larousse 1868.jpg thumb right Table of the equivalent weights of the elements published in 1866. Equivalent weight also known as gram equivalent is a term which has been used in several contexts in chemistry . In its most general usage, it is the mass of one equivalent chemistry equivalent ... publications analytical compendium Cha06sec3.pdf ref Equivalent weight has the Dimensional ... quantity dimensionless . Equivalent weights were originally determined by experiment, but insofar as they are still used are now derived from molar mass es. Additionally, the equivalent weight of a compound ... tables of equivalent weights, and also the coiner of the word stoichiometry . The first tables of equivalent ... for the chemical element elements taking the equivalent weight of hydrogen to be one unit of mass ... . One gram of hydrogen reacts with eight grams of oxygen to produce nine grams of water, so the equivalent ..., many chemists found equivalent weights to be a useful tool even if they did not subscribe to atomic theory . Equivalent weights were a useful generalisation of Joseph Proust Joseph Proust s law of definite ... embraced it earlier in his career, but was a staunch supporter of equivalent weights. quotation Insofar ... of experiment. Jean Baptiste Dumas , lecture at the Coll ge de France , 1843 44 ref name Larousse Equivalent ... can be taken to be equivalent to one gram of hydrogen for the measurement of equivalent weights ... has two equivalent weights. Supporters of atomic weights could turn to the Dulong Petit law ... of equivalent weights had to accept that some elements had multiple equivalents . ref name Larousse The final death blow for the use of equivalent weights for the elements was the Dmitri Mendeleev ... of the elements to the approximate order of their atomic weights. However, equivalent weights ... . Equivalent weights of common reagents could be tabulated, simplifying analytical calculations ... in textbooks of analytical chemistry. Use in general chemistry The use of equivalent weights in general ... more details
In biochemistry, the term reducing equivalent refers to any of a number of chemical species which transfer the equivalent of one electron in redox reactions ref Cite book last Jain first J.L. title Fundamentals of Biochemistry publisher S. Chand date 2004 isbn 8121924537 ref . Examples of reducing equivalents are A lone electron for example in reactions involving metal ion s A hydrogen atom consisting of a proton and an electron A hydride ion H sup sup which carries two electrons for example in reactions involving Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD References references Category Biochemistry methods Biochem stub ... more details
Milk equivalent is a measure of the quantity of fluid milk used in a processed dairy product. Measured on a milkfat basis, it takes about 21.8 pounds of farm milk to make a pound of butter, and about 9.2 pounds to make a pound of American cheese. Measured on a skim solids basis, it takes about 11.6 pounds of farm milk to make a pound of nonfat dry milk. Farm milk weighs about 8.6 pounds per gallon. References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach DEFAULTSORT Milk Equivalent Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
The equivalent symbol eq or Eq , sometimes termed the molar equivalent, is a Unit of measurement unit of amount of substance used in chemistry and the biology biological sciences . The equivalent is formally defined as the amount of a substance which will either react with or supply one mole unit mole of hydrogen ion s H sup sup in an acid base reaction or react with or supply one mole of electron s in a redox reaction . ref GoldBookRef file E02192 title equivalent entity ref ref name OrangeBook OrangeBook3rd section 6.3 url http old.iupac.org publications analytical compendium Cha06sec3.pdf ref The mass of one equivalent of a substance is called its equivalent weight . A historical definition, used especially for the chemical element s, describes an equivalent as the amount of a substance that will react with one gram of hydrogen , or with eight grams of oxygen or with convert 35.5 g of chlorine or displaces any of the three. ref name Larousse citation contribution wikt fr Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe si cle Atome Atome title Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe si cle publisher Pierre Larousse location Paris date 1866 volume 1 pages 868 73 . fr icon ref In practice, the amount of a substance in equivalents often has a very small magnitude, so it is frequently described in terms of milliequivalents mEq or meq , the prefix milli denoting that the measure is divided by 1000. Very often, the measure is used in terms of milliequivalents of solution solute per litre of solvent or Concentration Normality milliNormal , where mEq l mN . This is especially common for measurement of compounds in biological fluids for instance, the healthy level of potassium in the blood of a human is defined between 3.5 and 5.0 mEq l. Use in biochemistry and medicine The composition of drug preparations, such as Intravenous intravenous fluids , is often stated in Molarity Molarity mmol l rather than mEq l. The molarity refers to the number of dissolved particles, and does not account ... more details
The Equivalent lands were several large tracts of land that the Province of Massachusetts Bay made available to settlers from the Connecticut Colony after April, 1716. This was done as compensation for an equivalent area of Connecticut claimed territory which had been inadvertently settled by citizens of Massachusetts. ref Records held in office Sec. State Connecticut, Colonial Boundaries, Vol. III, Massachusetts, 1670 1827. ref ref http books.google.com books?id Nw4wi4igtLAC&pg PA137&lpg PA137&dq equivalent lands&source bl&ots Bywb IZJb8&sig Xo zvp YCZr2aHBM0NSNWZlhAkI&hl en&ei c799TJHrCpWyngfF5s33AQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4&ved 0CB4Q6AEwAw v onepage&q equivalent 20lands&f false Equivalent Lands ref The problem had arisen due to a lack of an adequate survey prior to colonization. History Creation When the boundaries between Massachusetts and Connecticut were finally determined in 1713, it was found that of the large grants that had been made available by Massachusetts to its westward bound citizens, convert 107793 acre km2 actually belonged to Connecticut. These settlers had established themselves in and about the towns of Springfield, Massachusetts Springfield , Suffield, Connecticut Suffield and Westfield, Massachusetts Westfield and other areas west of the Connecticut River , believing themselves to be in lands belonging to the Massachusetts Bay Company. The territory was in fact well within an area then claimed by the colony of Connecticut. Because a change of jurisdiction was unappealing to those inhabiting the area, it was agreed that Massachusetts would ... of acres, as an equivalent to the said colony. ref name Vermont1 Vermont, The Green Mountain State ... of Massachusetts William Pitkin and William Whiting of Connecticut. The equivalent lands were then made ... Crockett Century History Co. 1921 p 252. ref The area making up the rest of the equivalent lands eventually .... After many boundary permutations, the equivalent lands are now part of present day Vermont, New ... more details
Equivalent variation EV is a Measurement measure of how much more money a consumer would pay before a price increase to avert the price increase. Because the meaning of equivalent may be unclear, it is also called extortionary variation . John Hicks 1939 is attributed with introducing the concept of compensating variation compensating and equivalent variation. It is a useful tool when the present prices are the best place to make a comparison. The value of the equivalent variation is given in terms of the expenditure function math e cdot, cdot math as math EV e p 0, u 1 e p 0, u 0 math math e p 0, u 1 w math math e p 0, u 1 e p 1, u 1 math where math w math is the wealth level, math p 0 math and math p 1 math are the old and new prices respectively, and math u 0 math and math u 1 math are the old and new utility levels respectively. Value function form Equivalently, in terms of the value function math v cdot, cdot math , math v p 0,w EV u 1 math This can be shown to be equivalent to the above by taking the expenditure function of both sides at math p 0 math math e p 0,v p 0,w EV e p 0,u 1 math math w EV e p 0,u 1 math math EV e p 0,u 1 w math One of the three identical equations above. See also Compensating variation CV is a closely related measure of welfare change. References Mas Colell, A., Whinston, M and Green, J. 1995 Microeconomic Theory , Oxford University Press, New York. Category Welfare economics econ stub ru ... more details
Moisture equivalent is proposed by Lyman Briggs and McLane 1910 as a measure of field capacity for fine textured soil materials. Moisture equivalent is defined as the percentage of water which a soil can retain in opposition to a centrifugal force 1000 times that of gravity . It is measured by saturating sample of soil 1 cm thick, and subjecting it to a centrifugal force of 1000 times gravity for 30 min. The gravimetric water content after this treatment is its moisture equivalent. This concept is no longer used in soil physics , replaced by field capacity . Lyman Briggs and Homer L. Shantz Homer LeRoy Shantz 1912 found that Moisture Equivalent 0.02 sand 0.22 silt 1.05 clay See also Available water capacity Field capacity Nonlimiting water range Pedotransfer function Permanent wilting point References cite book last Lyman first James Briggs authorlink Lyman James Briggs coauthors J. W. McLane title The moisture equivalents of soils publisher USDA Bureau of Soils year 1907 id Bulletin 45 cite journal last Lyman first James Briggs authorlink Lyman James Briggs coauthors J. W. McLane title Moisture equivalent determinations and their application journal American Society of Agronomy Proceedings volume 2 issue pages 138 147 publisher American Society of Agronomy year 1910 cite book last Lyman first James Briggs authorlink Lyman James Briggs coauthors H. L. Shantz title The wilting coefficient for different plants and its indirect determination publisher USDA Bureau of Plant Industry year 1912 id Bulletin 230 Category Soil physics ... more details
Electron Equivalent is a concept commonly used in redox chemistry , reactions involving electron transfer , to define a quantity e.g. energy or moles relative to one electron. Gibbs free energy Energies of formation are often given as kilojoules per electron equivalent to enable calculation of specific reaction energies on a per electron basis. Reactions containing movement of electrons are often balanced such that reaction quantities are given in relation to the transfer of a single electron, allowing quantification of reactants and products in relation to a single electron transfer. References Refbegin cite book last1 Rittman first1 B.E. last2 McCarty first2 P.L. title Environmental Biotechnology Principles and Applications publisher McGraw Hill date 2001 page 60 isbn 0072345535 cite book last1 Schwarzenbach first1 Rene P. last2 Gschwend first2 Philip M. last3 Imboden first3 Dieter title Environmental Organic Chemistry edition 2nd date 2003 isbn 0471357302 publisher John Wiley & Sons page 568 cite book last1 Sayyar first1 Bahareh title Thermodynamic electron equivalent models for Geobacter species publisher University of Toronto Canada date 2008 isbn 0494449144 Refend Category Thermodynamic free energy Category Fundamental physics concepts Category Chemical reactions chemistry stub ... more details
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