for the academic journal Theoria journal pov date December 2010 File Preobrazhenie.jpeg thumb 200px Russian ... Theoria wikt is Greek for contemplation . ref http books.google.co.uk books?id jlpsmkb1q2oC&pg PA358&lpg PA358&dq theoria contemplation&source bl&ots oQMHdAR09C&sig A8hJH aWHWUZfBAmnGy3ADvbVM ... theoria 20contemplation&f false Andrew Louth, Theology of the Philokalia in Abba The Tradition ... Lewis and Short contemplatio ref Introduction The Greek language Greek theoria , from which ... theoria and Latin contemplatio , contemplation terminology to describe various forms of prayer ... as they incorporated the general notion of theoria into their respective teachings. Several scholars have also demonstrated the similarities between the Greek idea of theoria and the India n idea of dar ana ... , ref Ian Rutherford, Theoria and Darshan Pilgrimage as Gaze in Greece and India , Classical ... 1&q 22wilson nightingale 22 theoria contemplation 22divine perspective 22&btnG Search Books Andrea Wilson Nightingale, Spectacles of Truth in Classical Greek Philosophy Theoria in Its Cultural Context Cambridge University Press 2004 ISBN 0 521 83825 8 , p. 5 ref Philip of Opus viewed theoria as contemplation ... 120px Aristotle Aristotle , on the other hand, separated the spectating of theoria ... , even if nothing more should come of it for the theoria itself is more precious than money ... from the actors indeed we pay to see them so too the theoria of the universe must be honoured ... who instead of pursuing theoria for its own sake would put it to useful ends would be engaging in theoria in the wrong way. ref http www.google.com search?tbs bks 3A1&tbo 1&q 22wilson nightingale 22 22engaging in theoria in the wrong way 22&btnG Search Books Spectacles, p. 221 ref Leading a contemplative ... of theoria , Andrew Louth said The word theoria is derived from a verb meaning to look, or to see for the Greeks ... to by the Greek words theoria or sophia wisdom or nous intellect , or in Latin intellectus . Augustine ... more details
Infobox journal title Theoria cover File Theoria A Swedish Journal of Philosophy.jpg editor Sven Ove Hansson discipline Philosophy abbreviation Theoria publisher Wiley Blackwell country frequency Quarterly history 1935 present openaccess impact impact year website http www.infra.kth.se phil theoria Theoriaindex.htm link1 http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1111 ISSN 1755 2567 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0040 5825 eISSN 1755 2567 Theoria A Swedish Journal of Philosophy is a peer review peer reviewed academic journal publishing research in all areas of philosophy established in 1935 by ke Petz ll . It is published quarterly by Wiley Blackwell on behalf of Stiftelsen Theoria. The current editor in chief is Sven Ove Hansson . Theoria publishes articles, reviews, and shorter notes and discussions. Among the contributions to philosophy first published in Theoria are Hempel s confirmation paradoxes, Ross s deontic paradox, Montague s universal grammar and Lindstr m s theorem. Citation needed date February 2011 External links Official website 1 http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1111 ISSN 1755 2567 Category Philosophy journals Category Publications established in 1935 Category Wiley Blackwell academic journals Category Quarterly journals Category English language journals philosophy stub ... more details
Italic title Theoria Historical Aspects of Music Theory ISSN 1554 1312 is a peer review peer reviewed academic journal specializing in music theory and musical analysis analysis . It was established in 1985, under the auspices of the University of North Texas College of Music . According to its website, Theoria is a peer reviewed journal on all aspects of history in music theory. This includes critical articles representing the current stage of research, and editions of newly discovered or mostly unknown theoretical texts with translation and commentary. ref https web3.unt.edu the journals theoria index.html Theoria website. ref The journal s first editor in chief was Mark McCune. It is currently edited by Frank Heidlberger. References reflist External links Official https web3.unt.edu the journals theoria index.html Category Music theory journals Category Publications established in 1985 Category English language journals humanities journal stub ... more details
Non free use rationale Article Theoria A Swedish Journal of Philosophy Description A cover of Theoria A Swedish Journal of Philosophy Source http www.wiley.com bw journal.asp?ref 0040 5825 Portion all Low resolution yes Purpose To illustrate the article on the journal. Replaceability no other information Publisher Wiley Blackwell Licensing Non free magazine cover Category Academic journal covers ... more details
wiktionary theory Theory is speculative explanation, as opposed to practice or just doing . Theory may also refer to Theory mathematics , a self consistent body of definitions, axioms, theorems, examples, and so on Theory mathematical logic , a set of sentences theorems in a formal language Scientific theory , a principle or body of principles for explaining a class of phenomena Philosophical theory , the collective statements underlying a philosophy, school of thought, or belief system Theoria in theological discussions Computational complexity theory in computer science Theory clothing retailer The short, common name for John Maynard Keynes book, General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money A type of argument in Policy debate and Lincoln Douglas debate See also Lookfrom Theory Intitle theory disambig et Teooria t psustus es Teor a desambiguaci n ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Enrico Alleva born 16 August 1953 in Rome , Italy is an Italy Italian ethologist and Presenter broadcaster . President of the S.I.E. the Italian Society for the Study of Animal Behavior since 2008. After his degree in Biological Sciences at the University of Rome La Sapienza 1975 with geneticist Giuseppe Montalenti, Alleva specialized in animal behaviour at the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa tutored by Floriano Papi . Member of the scientific councils of Anpa, WWF, Legambiente, Stazione zoologica of Naples, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Giovanni Treccani , Agenzia Spaziale, CNR Department Scienze della vita , Commissione Antartide. He is a corresponding member of the Accademia dei Lincei and of the Medical Academy of Rome. He was awarded the G. B. Grassi prize of the Accademia dei Lincei and the Anokin Medal of the Russian Accedemy of Medical Sciences. Since 1990 he is the Director of the Section of Behavioural Neurosciences of the Istituto Superiore di Sanit , Rome the Italian National Institute of Health . Author of more than 200 international papers. Member of the Comitato Direttivo of the Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Giovanni Treccani encyclopaedic dictionary since 2010. He is a well known scientific populariser and, among his book, he has written Il tacchino termostatico Theoria, 1990 , Consigli a un giovane etologo Theoria, 1994 , with Nicoletta Tiliacos, and La mente animale Einaudi, 2008 and is often invited to radio and television shows. A more extended CV is available at http www.iss.it site attivita ISSWEB istituto RicercaPersonale dettaglio.asp?idAna 624&lang 1 . External links http www.iss.it Istituto Superiore di Sanit http w3.uniroma1.it sie Italian Society for the Study of Animal Behavior Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Alleva, Enrico ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Alleva, Enrico Category 1953 births Category Liv ... more details
Theological issues actus purus and theoria Some Eastern Orthodox theologians point to a number of theological ... Philosophy and Scholasticism versus empirical theology Theoria Thomism Eastern theologians assert ..., scholasticism rather than the mystical, actual experience of God called theoria , to validate ... presented the teaching of the Church that uncreated light, that is, the theoria vision of God , is not simply ..., however, have been altered by God s action. Consequently theoria is theosis union with God . And this union ... Vladimir Solovyov . Theoria here is something more than simply a theological position. In Eastern Orthodoxy theoria was and is what established for the early church fathers the validation of Christianity ... theoria , that inspired vision which itself is an essential part of Holy Tradition enabled ... theoria . The expression refers to an inspired vision of divine Truth as revealed in the person of Jesus ... a double meaning, both literal and spiritual. The concept of theoria includes the inspired vision ... in Tradition , p. 37 . ref Although others may view the spiritual sense discerned in theoria ... modern approaches and the patristic approach. There, Gregory of Nyssa Gregory interprets the theoria of the text. Theoria is a technical Greek term he adopts to describe the spiritual sense of the scriptures. The best English equivalent for the term theoria is contemplation but in patristic literature ... theoria , avoiding the dangers of associating himself with allegory and the Origenist positions http books.google.com books?id FKTHWLeGexMC&pg PA15&dq theoria 22sanctified vision 22&hl en&ei mBOWTOD4IsnGswa1xYxb ... use of theoria differed from the Alexandrian use of outright allegory, in that it respected ... www.google.com search?tbs bks 3A1&tbo 1&q breck theoria typology&btnG Search Books sclient psy&hl en&tbo 1&tbs bks 1&q breck theoria antitype contemporary&aq f&aqi &aql &oq &gs rfai &pbx 1&fp 86a5fdd22e539a04 ... 1986 ISBN 0 89281 153 6 , pp. 75 76 ref Although theoria thus built upon the literal and historical ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Year nav topic 1758 science The year 1758 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy Comet Halley reappears as predicted by Edmond Halley in 1705 in science 1705 . Medicine Angelique du Coudray Ang lique du Coudray demonstrates the first Obstetrics obstetric mannequin. Physics Rudjer Boscovich publishes his atomic theory in Theoria philosophiae naturalis redacta ad unicam legem virium in natura existentium Theory of natural philosophy reduced to one law of the forces existing in nature . Zoology Carolus Linnaeus applies his binomial system to animal classification. Awards Copley Medal John Dollond Births January 20 Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze , chemist died 1836 in science 1836 June 29 Clotilde Tambroni , Italian philologist and linguistic died 1817 in science 1817 October 11 Heinrich Wilhelm Matth us Olbers , astronomer died 1840 in science 1840 Deaths Category 1758 in science fr 1758 en science hu 1758 a tudom nyban ru 1758 sv Vetenskaps ret 1758 ... more details
, or Wolffian bodies and its excretory ducts. He described these in his dissertation Theoria ... to Locy, while Wolff s investigations for Theoria Generationis did not reach the level of Marcello ... Intestinorum rather than his Theoria Generationis embodies his greatest contribution to embryology ... more details
, London, Henry Bynneman, 1580. ref and his own system, Theoria analytica , ref Theoria analytica viam ... in expression and overlaid with scholastic subtleties. Digby tried in his Theoria Analytica to classify ... more details
History and Future of Justice is a book of philosopher and political scientist Vojin Rakic . It advocates the thesis that history is marked by a slow but progressive development of justice . Rakic believes that the end of history will be marked by a condition of perfect freedom and perfect justice. He asserts that, in spite of all the tragic and inhumane events in our history, a view of the overall historical development of humanity reveals a progress from epochs in which only some were free e.g., Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , the Middle Ages to periods in which liberal and democratic concepts are gradually suppressing extremely inegalitarian and authoritarian regime types . The historical development of freedom in humanity Rakic believes to translate in the development of the opportunity of humans to act in a just manner on the basis of their free will . A topical book influenced by History and Future of Justice is The Evolution of God by Robert Wright see Wright, 2009 . For a recent article that applies the ideas from History and Future of Justice to the moral evolution of humanity as a follow up of its physical evolution, see Rakic 2009 . References Raki , Vojin. 2009. From Biology to Ethics the Future of Evolution as Humanity s Path to Juctice . Theoria 52 3 37 47 Wright, Robert. 2009. The Evolution of God . New York Little, Brown and Company Category Ethics books ... more details
Main article Christian contemplation See also Meditation Christian meditation theoria kenotic In Eastern Christianity contemplation theoria literally means to see God or to have the Vision of God. ref ... God, or union with God, is known as theoria . The process of theosis which leads to that state of union with God known as theoria is practiced in the ascetic tradition of Hesychasm . Hesychasm is to reconcile ... between theoria and praxis, nor between the neptic and social Fathers. The neptics are eminently ... more details
Image Trireme.jpg thumb right An ancient Greek trireme . Athenian sacred ships were Classical Athens ancient Athenian ships, often trireme s, which had special religious functions such as serving in sacred procession s theoria or embassies or racing in boat races during religious festivals. ref Jordan, Athenian Navy , 154 157. ref The two most famous such ships were the Paralus ship Paralus and the Salaminia , which also served as the messenger ships of the Athenian government in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. ref Jordan, Athenian Navy , 153. ref Other notable ships included one possibly named the Delias , a triakonter thirty oared galley believed to be the ship in which Theseus had sailed to Crete , and which was involved in several traditional theoria to Delos the vessel was constantly repaired by replacing individual planks to keep it seaworthy while maintaining its identity as the same ship . ref Jordan, Athenian Navy , 160 161. ref For the philosophical question of the ship s identity, see Ship of Theseus . After the reforms of Cleisthenes , a ship was named for each of the ten tribes that political leader had created these ships may also have been sacred ships. ref Jordan, Athenian Navy , 179 see however Lewis, Athenian Navy , 71, for scholarly caution on expanding the number of sacred ships too far. ref The Paralus and the Salaminia , and possibly some other sacred ships, served in the Athenian combat fleet. Those two vessels, being particularly swift, were used as scout and messenger ships, but also fought in the line of battle. ref Jordan, Athenian Navy , 158 159, 167. ref The Paralus and Salaminia , meanwhile, also performed various tasks for the government the Paralus appears to have carried most diplomatic missions, ref Jordan, Athenian Navy , 173. ref and the Salaminia carried official state messages ref Jordan, Athenian Navy , 166. ref most famously, it was sent to arrest Alcibiades while that politician was commanding the Sicilian Expedition . ref Thuc ... more details
wiktionary relativistic relativity Relativity may refer to TOC right Physics Special relativity , a theory of physics formulated by Albert Einstein, Henri Poincar , and Hendrik Lorentz General relativity , Einstein s theory of gravitation Albert Einstein s theory of relativity , which refers to both special relativity and general relativity together Principle of relativity , used in Einstein s theories and derived from Galileo s principle Galilean relativity , Galileo s conception of relativity Numerical relativity , a subfield of computational physics that aims to establish numerical solutions to Einstein s field equations in general relativity Social sciences Linguistic relativity Cultural relativity Moral relativity Popular culture Relativity M. C. Escher Relativity M. C. Escher , a lithograph print by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher Television Relativity Theory The Outer Limits Relativity Theory The Outer Limits , 1998 The Outer Limits episode Relativity TV series Relativity TV series , mid 1990s American drama series Relativity Star Trek Voyager Relativity Star Trek Voyager , 1999 fifth season episode of Star Trek Voyager USS Relativity , the Wells class starship featured in that episode Relativity Farscape episode Relativity Farscape episode , 2001 Farscape episode Music Relativity Records , record label Relativity band , a band founded by Scottish folk musician Phil Cunningham and other members of Silly Wizard Relativity Indecent Obsession album , a 1993 album from band Indecent Obsession Relativity Emarosa album , a 2008 album from band Emarosa Relativity, an EP by Grafton Primary See also Relative disambiguation Relativism , the philosophical view that the meaning and value of human beliefs and behaviors have no absolute reference disambig bn bg cs Princip relativity fa fr Relativit hr Relativnost he la Theoria relativitatis ja ru simple Relativity tl Relatibidad tr G relilik kuram ... more details
Provability logic is a modal logic , in which the box or necessity operator is interpreted as it is provable that . The point is to capture the notion of a proof predicate of a reasonably rich formal theory , such as Peano arithmetic . There are a number of provability logics, some of which are covered in the literature mentioned in the References section. The basic system is generally referred to as GL for Kurt G del G del Martin Hugo L b L b or L or K4W. It can be obtained by adding the modal version of L b s theorem to the logic K or K4 . It was pioneered by Robert M. Solovay in 1976. Since then until his passing in 1996 the prime inspirer of the field was George Boolos . Significant contributions to the field have been made by Sergei Artemov, Lev Beklemishev, Giorgi Japaridze , Dick de Jongh , Franco Montagna, Vladimir Shavrukov, Albert Visser and others. Interpretability logic s present natural extensions of provability logic. See also Interpretability logic Kripke semantics References George Boolos , The Logic of Provability . Cambridge University Press, 1993. http www.csc.villanova.edu japaridz Giorgi Japaridze and Dick de Jongh, http www.csc.villanova.edu japaridz Text prov.pdf The logic of provability . In Handbook of Proof Theory , S. Buss, ed. Elsevier, 1998, pp. 475 546. http www.cs.gc.cuny.edu sartemov Sergei Artemov and http www.phil.uu.nl lev Lev Beklemishev , http www.phil.uu.nl preprints preprints PREPRINTS preprint234.pdf Provability logic . In http dx.doi.org 10.1007 1 4020 3521 7 3 Handbook of Philosophical Logic , D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner, eds., vol. 13, 2nd ed., pp. 189 360. Springer, 2005. Per Lindstr m , Provability logic a short introduction . Theoria 62 1996 , pp. 19 61. Craig Smory ski, Self reference and modal logic . Springer, Berlin, 1985. Robert M. Solovay , Provability Interpretations of Modal Logic , Israel Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 25 1976 287 304. http plato.stanford.edu entries logic provability Provability logic , from the S ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Theory of value is a generic term which encompasses all the theories within economics that attempt to explain the exchange value or price of good economics goods and Service economics services . Key questions in economic theory include why goods and services are priced as they are, how the value of goods and services comes about, and for normative value theories how to calculate the correct price of goods and services if such a value exists . Theories of value fall into two main categories Intrinsic objective theories see main article Intrinsic theory of value Intrinsic theories, as the name implies, hold that the price of goods and services is not a function of subjective judgements. Subjective theories see main article Subjective theory of value Subjective theories hold that for an object to have economic value a non zero price , the object must be useful in satisfying human wants and it must be in limited supply. This is the foundation of the Marginalism marginalist theory of value. In the context of explaining price, the marginal utility theory is not a normative theory of value. In either case what are being addressed are general prices, i.e. prices in the aggregate, not a specific price of a specific good or service in a given circumstance. Theories in either class allow for deviations when a particular price is struck in a real world market transactions, or when a price is set in some price fixing regime. See also Cost of production theory of value Labor theory of value Marginalism Paradox of value Value economics DEFAULTSORT Theory Of Value Economics Category Value theory Category Economic theories Econ theory stub de Werttheorie it Teorie del valore la Theoria valoris nl Waardetheorie economie sv V rdeteori ekonomi ... more details
Refimprove date July 2009 epigraph quote In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice. But, in practice, there is. cite Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut Speculative reason or pure reason is theoretical or logic al, Deductive reasoning deductive thought sometimes called theoretical reason , as opposed to practical active, willing thought. The distinction between the two goes at least as far back as the Ancient Greek philosophy ancient Greek philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , who distinguished between theory theoria, or a wide, bird s eye view of a topic, or clear vision of its structure and practice praxis , as well as productive knowledge techne . Speculative reason is contemplative, detached, and certain, whereas practical reason is engaged, involved, active, and dependent upon the specifics of the situation. Speculative reason provides the universal, necessary principles of logic , such as the principle of non contradiction , which must apply everywhere, regardless of the specifics of the situation. Practical reason , on the other hand, is the power of the mind engaged in deciding what to do. It is also referred to as moral reason , because it involves action, decision, and particulars. Though many other thinkers have erected systems based on the distinction, two important later thinkers who have done so are Aquinas who follows Aristotle in many respects and Kant . References Critique de la raison pure, by Kant, Frammarion, 2 me dition, 2001, Paris Kant s critical philosophy, by Karim Mojtahedi, Publisher Amir Kabir, 1999, Tehran. epistemology DEFAULTSORT Speculative Reason Category Philosophical terminology Category Concepts in epistemology Category Logic fa fr Science sp culative ... more details
The greater fool theory also called survivor investing is the belief held by one who makes a questionable investment , with the assumption that they will be able to sell it later to a greater fool in other words, buying something not because you believe that it is worth the price, but rather because you believe that you will be able to sell it to someone else at an even higher price . ref http www.investopedia.com terms g greaterfooltheory.asp Investopedia definition of Greater Fool Theory ref It is similar in concept to the Keynesian beauty contest principle of stock investing. Some consider it a valid method of making money in the stock market , particularly technical analysis momentum investors however, value investing fundamental investors believe that market participants eventually realize that the price level is too outrageous too high or too low and the Speculation speculative Economic bubble bubble pops. The greater fool theory relies on market optimism and market momentum concerning a particular stock, an industry, or the market as a whole. The opposite of the greater fool theory is value investing , or contrarian investing , which tries to discount, or even actively go against, the prevailing market psychology. Value investors such as Warren Buffett believe that it is corporate profits which are the normal returns from stock investments and any higher return is possible only due to the greater fool theory. See also Bagholder References Reflist Category Investment invest stub la Theoria maioris stulti ja ... more details
Neighborhood semantics , also known as Scott Montague semantics , is a formal semantics for modal logics. It is a generalization, developed independently by Dana Scott and Richard Montague , of the more widely known Kripke semantics relational semantics for modal logic. Whereas a Kripke frame relational frame math langle W,R rangle math consists of a set W of worlds or states and an accessibility relation R intended to indicate which worlds are alternatives to or, accessible from others, a neighborhood frame math langle W,N rangle math still has a set W of worlds, but has instead of an accessibility relation a neighborhood function math N W to 2 2 W math that assigns to each element of W a set of subsets of W . Intuitively, each family of subsets assigned to a world are the propositions necessary at that world, where proposition is defined as a subset of W i.e. the set of worlds at which the proposition is true . Specifically, if M is a model on the frame, then math M,w models square A Longleftrightarrow A M in N w , math where math A M u in W mid M,u models A math is the truth set of A . Neighborhood semantics is used for the classical modal logics that are strictly weaker than the normal modal logic K . Correspondence between relational and neighborhood models To every relational model M W,R,V there corresponds an equivalent in the sense of having point wise equivalent modal theories neighborhood model M W,N,V defined by math N w A M M,w models Box A . math The fact that the converse fails gives a precise sense to the remark that neighborhood models are a generalization of relational ones. Another perhaps more natural generalization of relational structures are general frame general relational structures . References Scott, D. Advice in modal logic , in Philosophical Problems in Logic , ed. Karel Lambert. Reidel, 1970. Montague, R. Universal Grammar , Theoria 36, 373 98, 1970. Chellas, B.F. Modal Logic . Cambridge University Press, 1980. Category Modal logic logic ... more details
Jean Cabassut Cabassutius 1604 1685 was a French Oratorian theologian. Life He was born at Aix en Provence Aix and entered the Oratory at the age of twenty one. Though devoted to his labour he was always ready to interrupt even his most favourite study to assist the needy. He had taught canon law at Avignon for some time, when Girolamo Grimaldi Cavalleroni Cardinal Grimaldi , Archbishop of Aix , took him as companion to Rome, where Father Cabassut remained about eighteen months. Returning to Aix, where he spent the rest of his life, he became a distinguished writer on questions of ecclesiastical history, canon law, and moral theology. Works St. Alphonsus considers him classical. He was a probabiliorist in his moral solutions. The following of his works are worthy of note Notitia Conciliorum Lyons, 1668 . Cardinal Grimaldi induced the writer to enlarge this work and publish it under the title, Notitia ecclesiastica historiarum, conciliorum et canonum invicem collatorum , etc. Lyons, 1680, and other dates Munich, 1758 Tournai, 1851, 3 vols. . Often modified and enlarged, it was once, under the title Cabassutius , an authority for the history of councils. A compendium of the Notitia appeared at Louvain, 1776. Theoria et Praxis Juris Canonici etc. Lyons, 1660, and other dates Rouen, 1703 Venice, 1757 . References Hugo von Hurter , Nomenclator , II, 501 Punkes in Kirchenlexikon , II, 1641 Batterel, Mem. pour servir a Phist. de l Orat. Paris, 1903 , III, 396 412. External links http www.newadvent.org cathen 03126a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article Catholic DEFAULTSORT Cabassut, Jean Category 1604 births Category 1685 deaths Category Oratorians Category French theologians ar ... more details
Organography from Ancient Greek Greek lang grc , organo , Organ anatomy organ and lang grc , wiktionary graphy graphy is the scientific description of the structure and function of the organs of living things. History Organography as a scientific study starts with Aristotle, who considered the parts of plants as organs and began to consider the relationship between different organs and different functions. In the 17th century Joachim Jung ref Joachim Jung, Isagoge phytoscopica 1678 ref , clearly articulated that plants are composed of different organ types such as root, stem and leaf, and he went on to define these organ types on the basis of form and position. In the following century Caspar Friedrich Wolff ref Caspar Friedrich Wolff, Theoria generationis 1759 ref was able to follow the development of organs from the growing points or apical meristems. He noted the commonality of development between foliage leaves and floral leaves e.g. petals and wrote In the whole plant, whose parts we wonder at as being, at the first glance, so extraordinarily diverse, I finally perceive and recognize nothing beyond leaves and stem for the root may be regarded as a stem . Consequently all parts of the plant, except the stem, are modified leaves. Similar views were propounded at by Goethe in his well known treatise ref J.W. Goethe, Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklaren 1790 ref . He wrote The underlying relationship between the various external parts of the plant, such as the leaves, the calyx, the corolla, the stamens, which develop one after the other and, as it were, out of one another, has long been generally recognized by investigators, and has in fact been specially studied and the operation by which one and the same organ presents itself to us in various forms has been termed Metamorphosis of Plants. See also morphology biology References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to ge ... more details
unreferenced date March 2011 For other uses of light, see Light disambiguation . Divine light redirects here &mdash for other uses, see Divine light disambiguation In theology , light or divine light is a term used to refer to an aspect of divine presence , specifically an unknown and mysterious ability of God , angel s, or human beings to express themselves communicatively through spiritual means, rather than through physical capacities. In this context, light can carry the full range of divine or else human understandable concepts ranging from pure emotion up to concepts and conceptualizations. Hence human beings are said to be recipients of knowledge, truth , or illumination , originating from God in a transcendent reality to human beings in the known universe, through spirituality spiritual means . Various local religious concepts exist Inner light Christian concept and Quaker doctrine An Noor Islamic term and concept Ein Sof in Rabbinic Judaism Tabor Light in Eastern Orthodox theology Theoria in Christian theology , illumination on the path to theosis Ayat an Nur in Arabic , the Sign of Light Zoroastrianism Light is the core concept in Iranian mysticism. The main roots of this thought is in the Zoroastrian beliefs, which defines The supreme God Ahura Mazda as the source of light. This very essential attribute is manifested in various schools of thought in the Iranian Religions and philosophy. Latter this notion has been dispensed into the whole Middle East , having a great effect of shaping the paradigms of different religions and philosophies emerging one after another in the region. After the Arab invasion , this concept has been incorporated into the islamic teachings by Iranian thinkers , most famous of them Shahab al Din Suhrawardi , who is the founder of the illumination philosophy. Although this school had stemmed from the Iranian culture and beliefs, it has spread far into Europe and can be seen and traced in the teachings of the Age of Enlightenment En ... more details
In statistics , the term precision can mean a quantity defined in a specific way. This is in addition to its more general meaning in the contexts of accuracy and precision and of precision and recall . There can be differences in usage of the term for particular statistical models but, in general statistical usage, the precision is defined to be the reciprocal of the variance , while the precision matrix is the matrix inverse of the covariance matrix . ref name dodge Dodge Y. 2003 The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , OUP. ISBN 0 19 920613 9 ref One particular use of the precision matrix is in the context of Bayesian analysis of the multivariate normal distribution for example, Bernardo & Smith ref Bernardo, J. M. & Smith, A.F.M. 2000 Bayesian Theory , Wiley ISBN 0 471 49464 X ref prefer to parameterise the multivariate normal distribution in terms of the precision matrix rather than the covariance matrix because of certain simplifications that then arise. History The term precision mensura praecisionis observationum first appeared in the works of Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss 1809 Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium page 212 . Gauss s definition differs from the modern one by a factor of math scriptstyle sqrt2 math . He writes, for the density function of a normal random variable with precision h , math varphi Delta tfrac h surd pi , e hh Delta Delta . math Later Whittaker & Robinson 1924 Calculus of observations called this quantity the modulus , but this term has dropped out of use. ref cite web title Earliest known uses of some of the words in mathematics url http jeff560.tripod.com m.html ref Definition Empty section date July 2010 References references Category Statistical terminology Category Statistical deviation and dispersion Category Bayesian statistics ht Presizyon ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
