and thus increases the taxonomicrank assigned by present day taxonomists. ref doi 10.1139 z87 169 ...Cleanup date February 2008 In biological classification , rank is the level the relative position in a taxonomy taxonomic hierarchy . Examples of taxonomic ranks are species , genus , family biology family , and Class biology class . Each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories. The rank ... Code of Zoological Nomenclature defines rank as blockquote The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily ref International Commission on Zoological ... is treated as belonging to an indefinite number of taxa of consecutively subordinate rank, among which the rank of species species is basic. In his landmark publications, such as the Systema Naturae , Carolus Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to kingdom, class, order, genus, species, and one rank ... into an indefinite number of ranks. There are seven main taxonomic ranks kingdom, phylum or division .... class wikitable style margin 0 auto colspan 4 align center bgcolor C1CDC1 Main taxonomic ranks ... colspan 2 species A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name. The basic rank is that of species. The next most important rank is that of genus when an organism is given a species ... important rank, although it was not used by Linnaeus, is that of family. The species name is sometimes ... of the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature superfamily ... to subspecies, and only to some extent to those above the rank of superfamily. In the genus group and species ... infra , meaning lower , to the rank. For example infra order below suborder or infra family below subfamily . Names of zoological taxa A taxon above the rank of species gets a scientific name in one ... name subspecific name for example Canis lupus familiaris . As there is only one rank below that of species ... more details
Taxonomic inflation is a pejorative term for what is perceived to be an excessive increase in the number of recognised taxa in a given context, due not to the discovery of new taxa but rather to putatively arbitrary changes to how taxa are delineated. The best known case is the elevation of a group of subspecies to species rank, through the arbitrary decision that the differences between the various taxa warrant distinguishing them at species rank. Taxonomic inflation is often claimed to occur for Conservation ethic conservation reasons. It may be difficult to make a case for the protection of an isolated and unusual population of a common and widespread species, but it becomes much easier to do so if that population is recognised as a rare subspecies or species. ref name Isaac 2004 cite journal author Isaac, Nick Mallet, James Mace, Georgina year 2004 title Taxonomic inflation its influence on macroecology and conservation journal TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution volume 19 issue 9 pages 464 469 url http www.ucl.ac.uk taxome jim pap isaac04.pdf accessdate 2011 02 23 ref ref name Economist cite journal title Hail Linnaeus journal The Economist issue May 17, 2007 url http www.economist.com node 9191545?story id 9191545 accessdate 2011 02 23 ref References reflist Category Taxonomy ... more details
A taxonomic database is a database created to hold information related to biological taxon taxa for example groups of organisms organized by species species name or other taxonomic identifier for efficient data management and information retrieval as required. Today, taxonomic databases are routinely ... of biodiversity informatics . Goal The goal of a taxonomic database is or should be to accurately ... in both cases modelling the relevant Biological classification taxonomic hierarchy for any taxon ..., author, and for zoological taxa year of original publication , a taxonomic database may frequently incorporate additional taxonomic information such as synonyms and taxonomic opinions, literature sources ... Possibly the earliest documented management of taxonomic information in computerised form comprised the taxonomic coding system developed by Richard Swartz et al. at the Virginia Institute of Marine ... Cite book author Swartz, RC., Wass ML., Boesch DF. title A taxonomic code for the biota of the Chesapeake ... profile including the NODC Taxonomic Code system ref name NODCTaxonomicCode cite web url http www.nodc.noaa.gov General CDR detdesc taxonomic v8.html accessdate 2009 08 06 title NODC Taxonomic ... into the still current Integrated Taxonomic Information System ITIS . A number of other taxonomic ... concentrates on assembling basic name information as a global species checklist, numerous other taxonomic ... descriptions, illustrations, maps, and more. Many taxonomic database projects are currently listed ... of the World database ref . Issues The representation of taxonomic information in machine encodable ... to these and related problems since 1985 is the Taxonomic Database Working Group . See also List of biodiversity databases Database Biological classification Biodiversity informatics Taxonomic Database Working Group Integrated Taxonomic Information System Catalogue of Life http www.eu nomen.eu ... TDWG Taxonomic Database Working Group website Category Catalogues Category Information science ... more details
Rank may refer to Wiktionary rank Wikisource1911Enc rank Position within a command hierarchy requiring obedience Military rank Police rank Fire service rank Nobility , ranks of nobility and peerage Catholic Church hierarchy Diplomatic rankTaxonomicrank , a position within a taxonomy San Andreas Highway Patrol rank An achieved level of performance or credential Academic rank Social class or social rank Dan rank Go ranks and ratings See Video game journalism for video game rankRank chess , a row of the chessboard Rank of a playing card , typically one of ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, jack, queen, king Taxicab stand or taxi rank, a designated area for taxi cabs to queue up whilst waiting for passengers Rank Organisation, a British entertainment company formed in 1937, now part of The Rank Group Rank of pipes in a pipe organ Rank formation Military term for a line of soldiers Mathematics Rank linear algebra , rank of a matrix Rank of a tensor Rank of a Vector bundle Rank of an abelian group See Cartan subgroup for rank of a Lie group Rank set theory Rank graph theory Rank differential topology Rank into rankRank of a matroid , the maximal size of an independent set Rank of a greedoid , the maximal size of a feasible set Rank of a free module Ranking where values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted. Rank test disambiguation Mean reciprocal rank Ranking chart Rank computer programming Rank J programming language Rank type theory Others RANK , a type I membrane protein J. Arthur Rank, 1st Baron Rank and organisations associated with him The Rank Group Rank Organisation Rank Hovis McDougall Rank Group Limited, an investment company owned by Graeme Hart Otto Rank , Austrian psychoanalyst, writer, teacher and therapist Rank album Rank album , a live album by The Smiths Rank , a song by Artwork from A Bugged Out Mix Miss Kittin album A Bugged Out Mix Rank film , a short film directed by David Yates Rank, Nepal PageRank TrustRank disambig de Rank es Rank eo ... more details
PBB geneid 8792 Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor B RANK , also known as TRANCE Receptor, is a type I membrane protein that is expressed on the surface of osteoclasts and is involved in their activation upon ligand binding. RANK is also expressed on dendritic cell s and facilitates immune signaling. RANKL Receptor Activator for NF B Nuclear Factor B Ligand is found on the surface of stromal cell s, osteoblast s, and T cell s. ref name pmid10368775 cite journal author Suda T, Takahashi N, Udagawa ... pmid11861618 cite journal author Theill LE, Boyle WJ, Penninger JM title RANK L and RANK T cells, bone ... pmid 11861618 doi 10.1146 annurev.immunol.20.100301.064753 ref Interactions RANK has been shown to Protein ... containing RANK, TAB2, and TRAF6 journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 22 issue 4 pages 992 1000 publisher ... kappaB RANK . Interaction with tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factors and activation of NF .... title Activation of NF kappaB by RANK requires tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor TRAF ... References Reflist External links MeshName RANK Protein Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading ... roles of the OPG RANK RANKL system in bone oncology. journal Expert Rev Anticancer Ther volume 7 issue ..., Xing L title Biology of RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin. journal Arthritis Res. Ther. volume 9 Suppl ... domain of receptor activator of NF kappaB RANK . Interaction with tumor necrosis factor ... cite journal author Nakagawa N, Kinosaki M, Yamaguchi K, et al. title RANK is the essential ... author Darnay BG, Ni J, Moore PA, Aggarwal BB title Activation of NF kappaB by RANK requires tumor ... Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation ..., Glaccum M, Charrier K, et al. title RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development. journal ..., affecting the signal peptide of RANK, cause familial expansile osteolysis. journal Nat. Genet. volume ... yes update summary no update citations yes de RANK es RANK ... more details
In set theory , a branch of mathematics , a rank into rank is a large cardinal satisfying one of the following four axiom s commonly known as rank into rank embeddings, given in order of increasing consistency strength Axiom I3 There is a nontrivial elementary embedding of V sub sub into itself. Axiom I2 There is a nontrivial elementary embedding of V into a transitive class M that includes V sub sub where is the first fixed point above the critical point set theory critical point . Axiom I1 There is a nontrivial elementary embedding of V sub 1 sub into itself. Axiom I0 There is a nontrivial elementary embedding of L V sub 1 sub into itself with the critical point below . These are essentially the strongest known large cardinal axioms not known to be inconsistent in ZFC the axiom for Reinhardt cardinal s is stronger, but is not consistent with the axiom of choice . If j is the elementary embedding mentioned in one of these axioms and is its critical point set theory critical point , then is the limit of math j n kappa math as n goes to . More generally, if the axiom of choice holds, it is provable that if there is a nontrivial elementary embedding of V sub sub into itself then is either a limit ordinal of cofinality or the successor of such an ordinal. The axioms I1, I2, and I3 were at first suspected to be inconsistent in ZFC as it was thought possible that Kunen s inconsistency theorem that Reinhardt cardinal s are inconsistent with the axiom of choice could be extended to them, but this has not yet happened and they are now usually believed to be consistent. Every I0 cardinal speaking here of the critical point of j is an I1 cardinal. Every I1 cardinal is an I2 cardinal and has a stationary set of I2 cardinals below it. Every I2 cardinal is an I3 cardinal and has a stationary set of I3 cardinals below it. Every I3 cardinal has another I3 cardinal above it and is an n huge cardinal for every n . References citation mr 0376347 last Gaifman ... more details
Robert Brown botanist Robert Brown s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was the first arrangement of what is now Banksia ser. Dryandra Banksia ser. Dryandra . His initial arrangement was published in 1810, and a further arrangement, including an infrageneric classification, followed in 1830. Aspects of Brown ... genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown botanist Robert Brown . In 2007 ... for these groups to be given subgenus rather than sectional rank, ref name Brown 1830 cite book ..., when Carl Meissner published Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra his arrangement . In the interim ... in Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra his 1870 arrangement , placing D. falcata within ..., Alex George published George s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra a new arrangement . He revived ... subgeneric rank, and Eudryandra was replaced by the autonym botany autonym ic subgenus Dryandra subg. Dryandra D. subg. Dryandra . Aphragma was retained, but demoted to series rank within subgenus ... circumscription of Banksia , they transferred Dryandra into Banksia at series rank, so as to cause minimal ... 71 doi 10.1071 SB06016 ref References reflist See also Brown s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia Brown s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra George s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia George s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia George s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra George s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Thiele and Ladiges taxonomic arrangement of Banksia Thiele and Ladiges taxonomic arrangement of Banksia Category 1910 introductions Category 1930 introductions Category Banksia ser. Dryandra Brown s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Category ... more details
Image Flora Australiensis V5 title page.jpg thumb right George Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was first published in Volume V of Flora Australiensis . George Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra now Banksia ser. Dryandra B. ser. Dryandra was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham s Flora Australiensis . ref name Bentham 1870 cite encyclopedia author George Bentham Bentham, George year 1870 title Dryandra encyclopedia Flora Australiensis volume Volume 5 Myoporineae to Proteaceae pages 562 584 location London publisher L. Reeve & Co. ref It replaced Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra the 1856 arrangement of Carl Meissner , and stood for over a century before being replaced by George s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra the 1996 arrangement of Alex George . Background seealso Banksia ser. Dryandra The dryandras are a group of proteaceae proteaceous shrubs endemic to southwest Western Australia . For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown botanist Robert Brown . In 2007 it was transferred into the genus Banksia as B. ser. Dryandra . There are now just under 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties. The first infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra was Brown s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Brown s 1810 arrangement , which listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification. ref name Brown 1810 cite book last Brown first Robert ... location London publisher Taylor ref Twenty years later, Brown published Brown s taxonomic arrangement ... pages 37 40 publisher Taylor location London ref This was followed by Meissner s taxonomic arrangement ... back into Dryandra . ref name Bentham 1870 George Bentham s 1870 taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra ... the accepted arrangement of Dryandra 126 years. It was finally replaced in 1996 by George s taxonomic ... rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra ... more details
Carl Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra , now Banksia ser. Dryandra Banksia ser. Dryandra , was published in 1856 as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle s Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis . ref name Meissner 1856 XLIV cite encyclopedia editor A. P. de Candolle de Candolle, A. P. year 1856 encyclopedia Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis volume XIV author Carl Meissner Meissner, Carl title XLIV. Dryandra pages 467 481 location Paris publisher Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz ref ref name Meissner 1856 XLV cite encyclopedia editor A. P. de Candolle de Candolle, A. P. year 1856 encyclopedia Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis volume XIV author Carl Meissner Meissner, Carl title XLV. Hemiclidia pages 481 482 location Paris publisher Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz ref It replaced Brown s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra the 1830 arrangement of Robert Brown botanist Robert Brown , and remained current until superseded by Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia the 1870 arrangement of George Bentham . Background seealso Banksia ser. Dryandra The dryandras are a group of proteaceae proteaceous shrubs endemic ... genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown botanist Robert Brown . In 2007 it was transferred ... s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Brown s 1810 arrangement , which listed 13 species, but did not attempt ... location London publisher Taylor ref Twenty years later, Brown published Brown s taxonomic arrangement ... 1856 XLV Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra may be summarised as follows ref name Meissner ... it was superseded by Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra George Bentham s arrangement as published ... George s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra a revised arrangement , resurrecting Brown s Dryandra sect. Diplophragma Diplophragma at subgenus rank, and also Meissner s series Dryandra ser. Marginatae ... , so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra at series rank, so as to minimise disruption ... more details
wikispecies Becker The surname Becker , taken as a taxonomic authority, may refer to Alexander K. Becker 1818 1901 , a botanist Herman F. Becker 1907 1985 , a paleobotanist Johann Becker entomologist 1932 2004 , a Brazilian entomologist Johannes Becker 1769 1833 , a botanist L on Becker 1826 1909 , an arachnologist Uwe Becker , a botanist & lichenologist Wilhelm Becker botanist 1876 1928 , a botanist See also Becker disambiguation Taxonomic authority disambiguation ... more details
Carl Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1856, as part of his chapter on the Proteaceae in A. P. de Candolle s Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis . ref name Meissner 1856 cite encyclopedia author Carl Meissner Meissner, Carl year 1856 chapter Proteaceae editor A. P. de Candolle de Candolle, A. P. encyclopedia Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis volume 14 location Paris publisher Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz ref It was the first attempt to provide an infrageneric classification for the genus, aside from Robert Brown botanist Robert Brown s publication of two subgenera in 1810. Meissner s arrangement stood until 1870, when it was superseded by Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia the arrangement of George Bentham . Meissner s arrangement was an excellent survey of the known species at that time, but his infrageneric taxa were all highly heterogeneous. ref name George 1981 The genus Banksia L.f. Proteaceae ref Background seealso Banksia Taxonomy of Banksia Banksia is a genus of around 80 species in the plant family Proteaceae . An iconic Australia n wildflower and popular garden plant , they are recognised by their flower spikes or domes, and their fruiting cones . They grow in forms varying from prostrate woody shrub s to trees up to 35 metres tall, and occur in all but the most arid areas of Australia. As heavy producers of nectar plant nectar , they are important sources of food for nectariferous animals such as honeyeater s and honey possum , and they are of economic importance to the nursery horticulture nursery and floristry cut flower industries. However they are seriously threatened by a number of processes .... The most recent taxonomic arrangement, which had stood since 1830, was Brown s taxonomic arrangement ... Brown s subgenera, but demoted them to sectional rank. He then further divided Eubanksia into four ... three series were heterogeneous. ref name George 1981 Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia ... more details
of the transfer. Thus George s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was set aside. ref name Mast ... in 2005 these taxa thus retain their original, and now invalid, names. George s 1999 taxonomic arrangement ... B. bipinnatifida References reflist See also Brown s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Brown s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Bentham s taxonomic ... 1996 introductions Category Banksia ser. Dryandra George s taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra Category ... more details
Image Banksia prionotes 1 gnangarra.jpg thumb right 300px Banksia prionotes Alex George s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was the first modern day arrangement for that genus. First published in 1981 in the classic monograph The genus Banksia L.f. Proteaceae , it superseded Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia the arrangement of George Bentham , which had stood for over a hundred years. It was overturned in 1996 by Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges, but restored by George in 1999. A recent publication by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele suggests that it will soon be overturned again. Background seealso Banksia Taxonomy of Banksia Banksia is a genus of around 80 species in the plant family Proteaceae . An iconic Australia n wildflower and popular garden plant , they are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting cones . They grow in forms varying from prostrate woody shrub s to trees up to 35 metres tall, and occur in all but the most arid areas of Australia. As heavy producers of nectar plant nectar , they are important sources of food for nectariferous animals such as honeyeater s and honey possum , and they are of economic importance to the nursery horticulture nursery and floristry cut flower industries. However they are seriously threatened by a number of processes including land clearing, frequent burning, and disease, and a number of species are rare ..., culminating in Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia George Bentham s 1870 arrangement . ref ... cuneata 1999 arrangement George s arrangement was superseded by Thiele and Ladiges taxonomic arrangement .... None of Thiele and Ladiges four promotions to species rank was accepted, and none of the thirteen infrageneric taxa introduced by Thiele and Ladiges was retained. George s 1999 taxonomic arrangement ... very greatly different from George s taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyly ... Systematic Botany Society doi 10.1071 SB04015 ref A new taxonomic arrangement was not published ... more details
Robert Brown botanist Robert Brown s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in his 1810 Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen , and expanded in this 1830 supplement to that publication, Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae . It was the first survey of Banksia species to be published, and included descriptions of a number of previously undescribed species. ref name Brown 1810 cite book author Robert Brown botanist Brown, Robert year 1810 title Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen publisher Taylor location London ref ref name Brown 1830 cite book author Robert Brown botanist Brown, Robert year 1830 title Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae publisher Taylor location London ref Background seealso Banksia Taxonomy of Banksia Banksia is a genus of around 175 species in the plant family Proteaceae . An iconic Australia n wildflower and popular garden plant , they are recognised by their flower spikes or domes, and their fruiting cones . They grow in forms varying from prostrate woody shrub s to trees up to 35 metres tall, and occur in all but the most arid areas of Australia. As heavy producers of nectar plant nectar , they are important sources of food for nectariferous animals such as honeyeater s and honey possum , and they are of economic importance to the nursery horticulture nursery and floristry cut flower industries. However they are seriously threatened by a number of processes including land clearing, frequent burning, and disease, and a number of species are rare species rare and endangered species endangered . Brown s 1810 arrangement Specimens of Banksia were first collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander , naturalists on HM Bark Endeavour HM Bark Endeavour during Lieutenant later ... s Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia 1856 revision . Meissner retained Eubanksia and Isostylis , giving them sectional rank. They have since been promoted to subgenus rank by Alex George , although ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Adenanthos George Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Adenanthos was the first comprehensive taxonomic arrangement of that plant genus . It was published in 1870 in his landmark flora of Australia , Flora Australiensis . It would stand for over a hundred years before being superseded by Nelson s taxonomic arrangement of Adenanthos the 1978 arrangement of Ernest Charles Nelson . Background see also Adenanthos Adenanthos is a genus of around 30 species in the plant family Proteaceae . Endemic to southern Australia , they are evergreen woody plant woody shrubs with solitary flowers that are pollination pollinated by birds and, if fertilisation fertilised , develop into achene s. They are not much Plant cultivation cultivated . Common names of species often include one of the terms woollybush , jugflower and stick in the jug . ref name Wrigley 1991 cite book author Wrigley, John Walter Fagg, Murray year 1991 chapter Genus Adenanthos pages 58 73 title Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas, and all other plants in the Australian Proteaceae family edition 1991 reprint publisher Angus & Robertson isbn 0 207 17277 3 ref The first known botanical collection of Adenanthos was made by Archibald Menzies during the September 1791 visit of the Vancouver Expedition to King George Sound on the south coast of Western Australia . However this did not lead to publication of the genus. Jacques Labillardi re collected specimens of Adenanthos cuneatus A. cuneatus from Esperance Bay the following year, and in 1803 Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour collected the same two species as Menzies had 12 years earlier. Labillardi re published the genus in 1805, in his Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen , based on the specimens collected by himself and Leschenault ... cite journal author Nelson, Ernest Charles year 1978 title A taxonomic revision of the genus Adenanthos ... arrangement he divided the genus into two taxonomic section s, Adenanthos sect. Eurylaema A. ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Nelson s taxonomic arrangement of Adenanthos File Adenanthos detmoldii Cranbourne email.jpg thumb right Adenanthos detmoldii A. detmoldii Ernest Charles Nelson s taxonomic arrangement of Adenanthos was the first modern day arrangement of that plant genus . First published in his 1978 Brunonia journal Brunonia article A taxonomic revision of the genus Adenanthos Proteaceae , it superseded Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Adenanthos the arrangement of George Bentham , which had stood for over a hundred years. It was updated by Nelson in his 1995 treatment for the Flora of Australia series Flora of Australia series of monographs. Background Adenanthos is a genus of around 30 species in the plant family Proteaceae . Endemic to southern Australia , they are evergreen woody plant woody shrubs with solitary flowers that are pollination pollinated by birds and, if fertilisation fertilised , develop into achene s. They are not much Plant cultivation cultivated . Common names of species often include one of the terms woollybush , jugflower and stick in the jug . ref name Wrigley 1991 cite book author Wrigley, John Walter Fagg, Murray year 1991 chapter Genus Adenanthos pages 58 73 title Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas, and all other plants in the Australian Proteaceae family edition 1991 reprint publisher Angus & Robertson isbn 0 207 17277 3 ref The first known botanical collection of Adenanthos was made by Archibald Menzies during the September 1791 visit of the Vancouver Expedition to King George Sound on the south coast of Western Australia . However this did not lead ... 1978 cite journal author Nelson, Ernest Charles year 1978 title A taxonomic revision of the genus ... species had been published. That year, Bentham published a fourteenth species and Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Adenanthos the first infrageneric arrangement , dividing the genus into two taxonomic ... was first published in his article A taxonomic revision of the genus Adenanthos Proteaceae , published ... more details
Following is a list of taxonomic authorities by name Adams Andrew Leith Adams 1827 1882 , a Scottish zoologist Arthur Adams zoologist 1820 1878 , an English physician and naturalist, brother of Henry Adams Charles Baker Adams 1814 1853 , an American conchologist Charles Dennis Adams C.D.Adams, 1920 , a botanist Henry Adams zoologist 1813 1877 , an English naturalist and conchologist, brother of Arthur Adams Johannes Michael Friedrich Adams Adams, 1780 1838 , a Russian botanist Joseph Edison Adams J.E.Adams, 1904 1981 , a botanist Laurence George Adams L.G.Adams, 1929 , a botanist Robert Phillip Adams R.P.Adams, 1939 , a botanist Chandler Donald S. Chandler , an entomologist Gregory T. Chandler , a botanist Harry Phylander Chandler 1917 1955 , an American entomologist Marjorie E.J. Chandler , an English paleobotanist Peter Chandler entomologist , an entomologist Clark Austin Hobart Clark 1880 1954 , an American zoologist Benjamin Preston Clark , an English entomologist Eugenie Clark born 1922 E. Clark , an ichthyologist Hubert Lyman Clark 1870 1947 H.L. Clark , a zoologist specialist of echinoderms James Michael Clark J.M. Clark John Clark entomologist 1885 1956 , an Australian entomologist John L. Clark J.L.Clark , a botanist Gray Asa Gray 1810 1888 , an American botanist IPNI A.Gray George Robert Gray 1808 1872 , a British zoologist Son of Samuel Frederick Gray John Edward Gray 1800 1875 , a British zoologist Son of Samuel Frederick Gray IPNI J.E.Gray Michael R. Gray , an Australian arachnologist Samuel Frederick Gray 1766 1828 , a British botanist IPNI Gray Note if the name refers to a botanist, it is most likely Samuel Frederick Gray , if it refers to a zoologist it is more likely to be John Edward Gray Schneider Gotthard Schneider Gotth.Schneider , a German lichenologist and teacher Johann Gottlob Schneider 1750 1822 , a German classicist and naturalist Camillo Karl Schneider C.K.Schneid., 1876 1951 , an Austrian botanist Smith See List of taxonomic authorities named ... more details
Image Flora Australiensis V5 title page.jpg thumb right George Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was first published in Volume V of Flora Australiensis . George Bentham s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham s Flora Australiensis . ref name Bentham 1870 cite encyclopedia author George Bentham Bentham, George year 1870 title Banksia encyclopedia Flora Australiensis volume Volume 5 Myoporineae to Proteaceae pages 541 562 location London publisher L. Reeve & Co. ref A substantial improvement on the previous arrangement, it would stand for over a century. It was eventually replaced by Alex George s 1981 arrangement, published in his classic monograph The genus Banksia L.f. Proteaceae . ref name George 1981 The genus Banksia L.f. Proteaceae ref Background seealso Banksia Taxonomy of Banksia Banksia is a genus of around 80 species in the plant family Proteaceae . An iconic Australia n wildflower and popular garden plant , they are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting cones . They grow in forms varying from prostrate woody shrub s to trees up to 35 metres tall, and occur in all but the most arid areas of Australia. As heavy producers of nectar plant nectar , they are important sources of food for nectariferous animals such as honeyeater s and honey possum , and they are of economic importance to the nursery horticulture nursery and floristry cut flower industries. However they are seriously threatened by a number of processes including land clearing, frequent burning, and disease, and a number of species are rare species rare and endangered species endangered . Specimens of Banksia were first collected ... s arrangement, 60 species were recognised. The most recent taxonomic arrangement, which had stood since 1856, was that of Carl Meissner . Meissner s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia Meissner s arrangement ... highly heterogeneous. ref name Thiele 1996 George Bentham s 1870 taxonomic arrangement of Banksia ... more details
TOC This is a list of hummingbird genus genera in taxonomic order . List of hummingbirds has a complete species list sortable by common and binomial name. Taxonomic lists of both genera and species are available at the subfamily pages Phaethornithinae and Trochilinae . Subfamily hermit hummingbird Phaethornithinae Hermit hummingbirds. Relatively dull. Iridescence slight and typically limited to the upperparts. Most have a dark face and elongated central rectrices with white, buff or ochraceous tips. Long bills slightly decurved in most species, but much variation across group. Genus Anopetia Broad tipped Hermit Genus Eutoxeres sicklebills 2 species Genus Glaucis 3 species Genus Phaethornis typical hermits about 25 species Genus Ramphodon Saw billed Hermit Genus Threnetes barbthroats 2 4 species, depending on taxonomy Subfamily Trochilinae Image Selasphorus rufus.jpg thumb Male Rufous Hummingbird br Selasphorus rufus Image Rubythroathummer65.jpg thumb Male Ruby throated Hummingbird br Archilochus colubris Image Kolibri 001.jpg thumb Male Violet Sabrewing br Campylopterus hemileucurus Typical hummingbirds. An incredible range of colors, shapes and sizes. Bills vary wildly. Sexes usually quite different in color females often have metallic green upperparts and spangles on their white underside. Genus Abeillia Emerald chinned Hummingbird Genus Adelomyia Speckled Hummingbird Genus Aglaeactis sunbeams 4 species Genus Aglaiocercus sylphs 3 species Genus Amazilia 29 species Agyrtria group Agyrtria emeralds Polyerata group Polyerata emeralds Saucerottia group Saucerottia emeralds probably one recently Extinction extinct subspecies Genus Androdon Tooth billed Hummingbird Genus Anthocephala Blossomcrown Genus Anthracothorax mangos 7 species Genus Archilochus genus Archilochus 2 species Genus Atthis genus Atthis 2 species Genus Augastes visorbearers 2 species Genus Avocettula Fiery ... Category Hummingbirds Category Taxonomic lists genera, taxonomic Hummingbirds de Systematik ... more details
In statistics , a rank test is any Statistical hypothesis testing test involving ranking rank s. Examples include Wilcoxon signed rank test Kruskal Wallis one way analysis of variance Mann Whitney U special case Page s trend test Friedman test Rank product s disambig ... more details
unreferenced date September 2007 Gunner Gnr is a military rankrank equivalent to Private rank Private in the British Army Royal Artillery and the artillery corps of other Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth armies. The next highest rank is usually Lance Bombardier , although in the Royal Canadian Artillery it is Bombardier rank Bombardier . Category Military ranks of the British Army Category Military ranks of the Commonwealth Category Artillery speciality mil rank stub ... more details
Driver Dvr was a military rank used in the British Army and the armies of other Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth countries. It was equivalent to the rank of Private rank Private . The rank was initially used in the Royal Artillery for the men who drove the teams of horses which pulled the guns. It was phased out after the First World War when all Royal Artillerymen of the lowest rank were redesignated as Gunner rank Gunners . It was also used in the Royal Australian Artillery and Royal Canadian Artillery . It was also used by all the Private equivalents of the Royal Army Service Corps and later the Royal Corps of Transport , no matter what their trade. When the RCT amalgamated to form the Royal Logistic Corps in 1993 the rank finally disappeared from the British Army. Category Military ranks of the British Army Category Military ranks of Australia Category Military ranks of Canada ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Image rank xerox logo.png right Rank Xerox logo used in 1980s Rank Xerox was formed in 1956 as a joint venture between the Xerox Corporation of United States U.S. and the Rank Organisation of United Kingdom UK , to manufacture and market Xerox equipment initially in Europe and later in Africa and Asia . A further joint venture between Rank Xerox and Modi Group in India formed Modi Xerox now Xerox India to manufacture and sell Xerox equipment in the Indian subcontinent . The initial joint venture was 50 Xerox and 50 Rank Organisation, but this changed after a few years to a 60 40 split. Later, Xerox bought a further share making the split 80 20, and in the late 1990s, completed the purchase, so Rank Xerox formally became Xerox. In 1976, Rank Xerox under David Leadbetter, initiated a unique marketing concept to take xerographic products behind the Iron Curtain. Commissioning London based designer Cairnes Maltby, the latter came up firstly with a train unit comprising five cars. These contained staff accommodations, a kitchen, overnight staff sleeping cabins and a demonstration salon and bar. Pulled by engines of the various countries of the Soviet Bloc, the train reached Russia and a welcome market. The following year Cairnes Design Associates produced the Rank Xerox truck, a mobile exhibition with fold down doors and add on canopied wings. Unlike the train it was capable of reaching the small to medium size cities of the Soviet Bloc. Both train and truck avoided the problems that affected western firms trying to establish a presence in the East. Rank Xerox was the first winner of the European Quality Award in 1992. Rank Xerox was the first sponsor of Southampton F.C. from 1980 until 1983. Rank Xerox was the first sponsor of Hull Kingston Rovers in 1983. See also The comic character RanXerox , initially named after a Rank Xerox photocopier. Category Xerox Category Companies established in 1956 Category Joint ventures ja sv Rank ... more details
For the separate terms rank and file in chess Chess terminology For the chess notation system assigning letters to files and numbers to ranks Algebraic chess notation wiktionary In politics and labor union s the rank and file are the individual members of an organization, exclusive of its leadership. The phrase originated in the military, denoting the horizontal ranks and vertical files of individual foot soldiers, exclusive of the noncommissioned officer military officers . ref cite web title rank and file publisher Dictionary.com, LLC url http dictionary.reference.com browse rank and file accessdate 2011 03 04 ref See also Union democracy References Reflist Category Military terminology Category Political terms Category Rank and file labor unions Mil stub Politics stub de Rank and File ... more details
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