Image Diagram of the human heart cropped .svg thumb 300px Systemiccirculation is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen ated blood away from the heart to the body , and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. This physiologic theory of circulation was first described by William Harvey . This term is opposed and contrasted to the term pulmonary circulation first proposed by Ibn al Nafis . ref cite book last Maton first Anthea authorlink coauthors Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright title Human Biology and Health publisher Prentice Hall year 1993 location Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey pages url doi id isbn 0 13 981176 1 ref Course Systemiccirculation refers to the part of the circulatory system in which the blood leaves the heart, services the body s cells, and then re enters the heart. Blood leaves through the left ventricle to the aorta, the body s largest artery. The aorta leads to smaller arteries, arterioles, and finally capillaries. Waste and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the cell into the blood ... tree Oxygenated blood enters the systemiccirculation when leaving the left ventricle , through the aortic semilunar valve . The first part of the systemiccirculation is the aorta , a massive and thick ... atrium of the heart . Coronary vessels Main Coronary circulation The heart itself is supplied with oxygen and nutrients through a small loop of the systemiccirculation. Portal veins The general rule ... portal vein branches into a second capillary system in the liver . Advantage Because the systemiccirculation is powered by the left ventricle which is very muscular , one advantage of this form of circulation as opposed to open circulation , or the gill system that fish use to breathe is that there is simultaneous ... Arteries of lower limbs DEFAULTSORT SystemicCirculation Category Angiology ar ... Dr. Matayoshi See also Pulmonary circulation Double circulatory system References Reflist cardiovascular ... more details
wiktionary systemicSystemic refers to something that is spread throughout, system wide, affecting a group or system such as a body, economy, market or society as a whole. Systemic may also refer to In medicine In medicine, systemic means affecting the whole body, or at least multiple organ system s. It is in contrast with topical or local . Systemic disease , an illness that affects multiple organs, systems or tissues, or the entire body Systemic effect , an adverse effect of a medical treatment that affects the body as a whole, rather than one part Systemiccirculation , carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and then returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart Systemic venous ... Systemic lupus erythematosus , a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease that can affect any part of the body Systemic inflammatory response syndrome , an inflammatory state affecting the whole body, frequently in response to infection Systemic scleroderma , also known as systemic sclerosis, a systemic connective tissue disease Systemic acquired resistance , a whole plant resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen Systemic pesticide , a pesticide that enters and moves freely within the organism under treatment Other uses Systemic bias , the inherent tendency of a process to favor particular outcomes Systemic amateur extrasolar planet search project , a research project to locate extrasolar planets using distributed computing Systemic linguistics , an approach to linguistics that considers language as a system Systemic functional grammar , also called systemic functional linguistics, a model of grammar that considers language as a system Systemic risk , the risk of collapse of an entire financial system or market, as opposed to risk associated with any one entity Systemic shock , a shock to any system strong enough to drive it out of equilibrium, can refer to a change in many fields Systemic therapy , a school of psychology dealing ... more details
wiktionarypar circulationCirculation may refer to Circulatory system , a biological organ system whose primary function is to move substances to and from cells Circulation fluid dynamics , the path integral of the fluid velocity around a closed curve Circulation journal , one of the journals published by American Heart Association Circulation architecture , the flow of people through a building Exhaust gas recirculation , a nitrogen oxide reduction technique used in most gasoline and diesel engines Atmospheric circulation , the large scale movement of air Newspaper circulation , the average number of copies of a newspaper distributed on a day Magazine circulation , the average number of copies of a periodical distributed per edition volume Circulation UK duo , a UK house music duo Circulation problem , a generalization of network flow problems Library circulation , the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library Circulation currency , all currency held by consumers and businesses, but not by financial institutions and governments Circulation Festival, an annual circus and Fire dancing fire performance festival held in Dunedin , New Zealand See also List of circulating currencies disambig ca Circulaci cs Kolob h es Circulaci n fr Circulation gl Circulaci n it Circolazione nl Circulatie pt Circula o ru simple Circulation ... more details
Life threatening disease redirects here . A systemic disease is one that affects a number of Organ anatomy organs and Tissue biology tissues , or affects the body as a whole. ref Dorland s Illustrated Medical Dictionary,28th edition Harcourt Brace & Company . Page 489,1653 ref Although most medical conditions will eventually involve multiple organs in advanced stage e.g. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome , diseases where multiple organ involvement is at presentation Ambiguous date July 2011 or in early stage are considered elsewhere. Examples Chronic fatigue syndrome vasculitis Systemic vasculitis e.g. Lupus erythematosus SLE , Polyarteritis nodosa PAN Sarcoidosis a disease that mainly affects ... in the front part of the neck and protruding eyes. Systemic lupus erythematosus a connective tissue ... of the arteries Sickle cell disease an inherited blood disorder that can block circulation ... play a role in identifying the signs of some systemic diseases. The eye is composed of many different ... to the diagnosis of systemic diseases. Signs of a systemic disease may be evident on the outer surface ... . ref The Eye in Systemic Disease University of Illinois at Chicago 2008 , Available at http www.uic.edu ... can indicate various systemic diseases. Careful examination of the fingernails and toenails may provide clues to underlying systemic diseases, since some diseases have been found to cause disruptions ... disorders. Prim Care 2000 27 333 51. ref Pitting also may be caused by a variety of systemic diseases ... areata , and incontinentia pigmenti . ref Daniel CR 3d, Sams WM Jr, Scher RK. Nails in systemic ... Clues to Systemic Disease American Family Physician, March 15, 2004 , Available at http www.aafp.org afp 20040315 1417.html, Accessed 20 August 2009. ref See also List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations Systemic autoimmune diseases Disease Disseminated disease Localized disease Fred Siguier References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Systemic Disease Category Diseases and disorders Category ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Chronic systemic inflammation SI is the result of release of pro inflammatory cytokine s from immune related cells and the chronic activation of the innate immune system. It can contribute to the development or progression of certain conditions. ref name pmid14676136 Cite journal author Sattar N, McCarey DW, Capell H, McInnes IB title Explaining how high grade systemic inflammation accelerates vascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis journal Circulation volume 108 issue 24 pages 2957 63 year 2003 month December pmid 14676136 doi 10.1161 01.CIR.0000099844.31524.05 url http circ.ahajournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 14676136 ref Mechanisms Inducing SI Release of pro inflammatory cytokine s and activation of the innate immune system may be the result of either external biological or chemical agents or internal genetic mutations variations factors. Lack of Control by Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells and T regulatory Cells While SI may be induced by multiple external factors, research suggests that a lack of control by tolerogenic dendritic cell s and T regulatory cell s Treg is possibly the primary risk factor for the development of SI. In functioning immune responses, T helper and T cytotoxic cells are activated by presentation of antigens by antigen presenting cell s APCs . Chief among these are dendritic cell s DCs . When a DC presents an antigen to a Treg cell, a signal is then sent to the nucleus of the DC, resulting in the production of Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase IDO . IDO inhibits T cell responses by depleting tryptophan and producing kynurenine , which is toxic to the cell. Individuals susceptible to developing chronic systemic inflammation appear to lack proper functioning of Treg cells and TDCs. In these individuals, a lack of control of inflammatory processes results in multiple chemical and food intolerances, autoimmune diseases and many other symptoms and diseases. References Reflist Category Inflammations Medical stub ... more details
Systemic administration is a route of administration that is either enteral parenteral disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
orphan date October 2009 A systemic problem is a problem due to issues inherent in the overall system, ref name NIHb Health Care Renewal The NIH We Have a Systemic Problem , HCRenewal, 2009, webpage http hcrenewal.blogspot.com 2005 02 nih we have systemic problem.html HCR syst prob . ref ref name Data Vulnerability is a Systemic Problem , Torin Monahan, Arizona State University , May 2006, webpage http torinmonahan.com papers Monahan ID theft.pdf TM prob . ref rather than due to a specific, individual, isolated factor. Contrast with pilot error , user error or mistake . A change to the structure, organization or policies in that system could alleviate the systemic problem. On an Ishikawa diagram fishbone diagram of cause and effect links, the source of the problem can be said to be a common cause , rather than a special cause . See also systematic error systemic bias an unbalanced issue due to the system rather than to individuals References Reflist Category Quality control ... more details
Incomplete article date January 2011 Systemic development is an alternative definition of sustainable development which has its basis in systems thinking . Overview Systemic development builds on what Peter Checkland 1993 had implied with his Systems thinking systems practice the recognition that systems were epistemic devices for learning and change. ref Ison, R.L., R.J. Bawden, B. McKenzie, R.G. Packham, N. Sriskandarajah, and R. Armson. 2009. From Sustainable to Systemic Development An Inquiry into Transformations in Discourse and Praxis in Systemic Development Local Solutions in a Global Environment ed. Sheffield, J., Mansfield ISCE Publishing. ref Principles Inclusion of all parties Social learning social pedagogy and institutionalization of systems thinking A dynamic concept rather than a static target See also multicol Boundary critique Interdisciplinary Soft systems methodology Systems philosophy Systems theory Transdisciplinary Terms used in systems theory multicol end References Reflist External links Systemic Development Institute http systemicdevelopment.org homepage DEFAULTSORT Systemic Development Category Thought Category Sustainability Category Sustainable development ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A systemic shock is a Shock mechanics shock to any system that perturbs a system enough to drive it out of Equilibrium systems equilibrium . Systemic shocks occur in a wide range of fields, ranging from medicine see Shock circulatory shock to economics to engineering . Designers of systems usually desire their systems to be able to withstand or recover from foreseeable system shocks therefore, many systems are designed with mechanisms in place to restore an equilibrium state. See also Shock circulatory Category Systems theory DEFAULTSORT Systemic Shock Tech stub Systemstheory stub ... more details
distinguish systematic risk seealso Category Systemic risk Financial risk types In finance , systemic ... crises and systemic risk , George G. Kaufman World Bank ref ref http macroblog.typepad.com macroblog 2009 11 what is systemic risk anyway.html What is systemic risk anyway? , Gerald P. Dwyer ref It can ... research risk Daula slides.ppt Systemic Risk Relevance, Risk Management Challenges and Open Questions ... sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 1008326 Systemic Risk , Steven L. Schwarcz ref It is also sometimes erroneously referred to as systematic risk . Explanation Systemic risk has been compared to a bank ... of protecting a system against systemic risk. ref name Kaufman ref name CRMPG3 http www.crmpolicygroup.org docs CRMPG III.pdf Containing Systemic Risk , CRMPG III, August 6, 2008 ref Governments and market ... in that system. ref name CRMPG3 Systemic risk should not be confused with market or price ... and the market as a whole sinks, the hedges would not be of use. This is the systemic risk to the portfolio. Insurance is often easy to obtain against systemic risks because a party issuing that insurance ... 3 scott.pdf What is Systemic Risk ref ref http mises.org media 4014 The Economics of Legal Tender Laws , Jorg Guido Hulsmann includes detailed commentary on systemic risk inherent in fractional reserve ... about systemic risk, actually exacerbated systemic risk during the financial crisis and forced the government to bail out derivatives traders. Systemic risk can also be defined as the likelihood ..., the systemic risk of a financial institution is the likelihood and the degree that the institution ... 392 file PCI Systemic Risk Definition.pdf Systemic Risk , Property Casualty Insurers Association of America ref Measurement of systemic risk According to the Property Casualty Insurers Association of America, there are two key assessments for measuring systemic risk, the Too Big to Fail policy ... on how correlated an institution s business is with other systemic risks. ref http www.pciaa.net ... more details
This page is about the form of psychotherapy. For systemic medical therapies see, eg. chemotherapy , hormonal therapy , or immunotherapy . Systemic therapy is a form of psychotherapy which seeks to address people not on individual level, as had been the focus of earlier forms of therapy, but as people in relationship, dealing with the interactions of groups and their interactional patterns and dynamics. History Systemic therapy has its roots in family therapy , or more precisely family systems therapy as it later came to be known. In particular, systemic therapy traces its roots to the Milan school of Mara Selvini Palazzoli , but also derives from the work of Salvador Minuchin , Murray Bowen .... Early forms of systemic therapy were based on cybernetics . In the 1970s this understanding ... Haley, Selvini Palazzoli schools of family therapy which would later develop into systemic ... of systemic therapy ca. 1980 and forward has moved away from a modernist model of linear causality ... and linguistically Social constructionism constructed . Praxis of systemic therapy This has a direct impact on the praxis of systemic therapy which approaches problems practically rather than Analysis ... approach, nor does it assign diagnosis who is sick, who is a victim , rather systemic therapy ... of the therapist that they do not hold the power to change people or systems, rather the systemic therapist s role is to help systems to change themselves by introducing creative nudges , Systemic ... Beratung G ttingen Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1998, p 93. ref Thus systemic therapy differs from analytic ... for example the work of de Horst Eberhard Richter Horst Eberhard Richter in systemic therapy s focus ... impulses or childhood Psychological trauma trauma . Systemic therapy also differs from family ..., for example businesses. In addition to families and business, the systemic approach is increasingly ... Systemic coaching Systems psychology References reflist Category Family therapy Category Systems ... more details
selfref For the addressing of systemic bias issues on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia WikiProject Countering systemic bias . Censorship Systemic bias is the inherent tendency of a process to favor particular outcomes. The term is a neologism that generally refers to human systems the analogous problem in non human systems such as measurement instruments or computational mechanics mathematical models used to estimate physical quantities is often called systematic bias , and leads to systematic error in measurements or estimates. Citation needed date June 2011 Bias in human institutions For example, one might refer to the systemic, systematic, or institutional bias of a particular institution in devaluing contributions by women, men or ethnic minorities. For example, a poetry competition that was consistently ... systemic bias within the caste system. Similar to affirmative action, it mandates the hiring ... , many people claim that a reverse systemic bias now exists ref Jaroff, Leon et al. April 4, 1994 http ... travel in a world with a systemic bias to optimism that typically chooses to avoid the topic of the impending ... Inc. Financial Week . ref Systemic versus systematic bias There is some contention over the choice of the word systemic as opposed to systematic . Citation needed date June 2011 Systemic bias ... users seek to draw a distinction between them, suggesting that systemic bias is most frequently associated ... used. Systematic bias is rarely used and systemic bias is never used with that meaning. Citation needed date June 2011 Some authors try to draw a distinction between systemic and systematic corresponding ... of a system and from an individual flaw. In a less formal sense, systemic biases are sometimes said ... compared to racism and caste systemic . Citation needed date June 2011 See also col begin col ... Commerce Dept. Accused Of Systemic Bias . By John Files. October 6, 2005. New .... Systemic Bias To Be Studied . By Deb Riechmann, Associated Press . December 8, 2000. Miami Herald ... more details
The Systemic Constellation process is a trans generational, phenomenological, therapeutic intervention with roots in family systems therapy Psychodrama of Jacob L. Moreno Jacob Moreno , Virginia Satir , Iv n B sz rm nyi Nagy , phenomenology psychology existential phenomenology Brentano , Husserl , Heidegger ... An innovative systemic phenomenological group process from Germany. The Family Journal Counseling ... the author at http www.HiddenSolution.com ref The Systemic Constellation process is sanctioned by family ... ref Procedure of Systemic Constellations Systemic Constellations have applications for family, organizational ... of Systemic Constellations called Family Constellations in a group setting. A group of participants ... of origin, looking for traumatic events from the past that may have systemic resonance. Such events ... ref Ulsamer, B. 2005 . The healing power of the past The systemic therapy of Bert Hellinger. Nevada ... English Language Systemic Constellation Information Exchange http english.constellations lahore.com French Institute of Family and Systemic Constellations http www.hiddensolution.com resources.htm Dan Booth Cohen s Systemic Constellation Links http www.familyconstellations.co.za Tanja Meyburgh, South Africa Training in Systemic Constellations with Albrecht Mahr and Vivian Broughton http www.coreconstellations.co.uk http www.familyconstellationwork.com SW Center for Systemic Constellation Work,Krista Jarrard,San Diego,Ca and Santa Fe, NM http www.meincoach.at aufstellung systemic board.pdf Systemic ... workshops.htm Christine Wilson s Systemic Constellation Links http ... doc 16273054 Overview of Systemic Constellation Work Comparison of Systemic Constellation Work ... http www.USconstellations.com USA, US Conference on Systemic Constellations, October 28 30, 2011 ... Workshop on Systemic Resolutions, May 1 8, 2011, Bernried, Germany http www.hellinger.com.tw index IAC eng.php Taiwan, International Conference on Systemic Constellations, October 7 10, 2011, Taipei ... more details
Merge Systemic functional grammar discuss Talk Systemic functional grammar date October 2011 Expert subject Theoretical Linguistics date May 2007 Confusing date September 2009 Systemic functional linguistics is an approach to linguistics that considers language as a particular kind of system , a social semiotics system. It was developed by Michael Halliday , who took the notion of system from his teacher, J R Firth . Whereas Firth considered systems to refer to possibilities subordinated to structure, Halliday in a certain sense liberated the dimension of choice from structure and made it the central organising dimension of this theory. In other words, whereas many approaches to linguistic description place structure and the syntagmatic axis in the foreground, Hallidayan systemic functional theory adopts the paradigmatic axis as its point of departure. The term systemic accordingly foregrounds Saussure s paradigmatic axis in understanding how language works. For Halliday a central theoretical principle is then that any act of communication involves choices. The choices available in any language variety are mapped using the representation tool of the system network . Systemic functional linguistics is also functional because it considers language to have evolved under the pressure ... systemic functional linguistics rather than just functional grammar or functional linguistics ... relationship between potential and actual. Systemic functional theory assumes a very intimate ... ref name architecture rp 7 the instantiation dimension The system network in systemic linguistics The label Systemic is related to the System Networks used in the description of human languages ... they are applied. The system networks of the lexicogrammar make up systemic functional grammar . A system ... spaces. See also Systemic functional grammar Nominal group language References reflist DEFAULTSORT Systemic Linguistics Category Linguistics pt Lingu stica sist mica ... more details
Infobox disease Name Systemic sclerosis ICD10 ICD10 M 34 m 30 ICD9 ICD9 710.1 ICDO Image Systemic sclerosis ... with systemic sclerosis. OMIM 181750 MedlinePlus 000429 eMedicineSubj derm eMedicineTopic 677 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 ped 2197 DiseasesDB 12845 MeshID D012595 Systemic sclerosis or systemic scleroderma medicine scleroderma ref DorlandsDict seven 000095218 systemic sclerosis ref is a systemic autoimmune disease or systemic connective tissue disease that is a subtype of scleroderma . ref DorlandsDict seven 000095149 systemic scleroderma ref Signs and symptoms Skin symptoms In the human skin skin , systemic sclerosis causes hardening and scarring. The skin may appear tight, reddish or scaly ... skin involvement. ref cite journal author Hinchcliff M, Varga J title Systemic sclerosis scleroderma ... the finger s and toes. Systemic scleroderma and Raynaud s can cause painful ulcers on the fingers or toes ... common in systemic scleroderma, and is often seen near the elbows, knees or other joints . Musculoskeletal ... Systemic sclerosis journal Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology volume 16 issue 5 pages ... test ing ref cite journal author Steen VD title The lung in systemic sclerosis journal Journal ... and management of gastrointestinal dysmotility in systemic sclerosis scleroderma journal Aliment. Pharmacol ... Omeprazole in the long term treatment of severe gastro oesophageal reflux disease in patients with systemic ... survival prognostic factors in thai patients with systemic sclerosis journal Journal of the Medical ... may be indicative. ref cite journal author Steen VD title Renal involvement in systemic sclerosis ... to the systemic form . ref name JimenezDerk cite journal author Jimenez SA, Derk CT title Following the molecular pathways toward an understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis journal Ann ... Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis scleroderma . Subcommittee for scleroderma ... Available online at cite web title 1980 Criteria for the Classification of Systemic Sclerosis ... more details
Systemic candidiasis is an infection of Candida albicans causing disseminated disease and sepsis , invariably when host defenses are compromised. ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 310 See also Candidiasis Skin lesion List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Cutaneous infection stub Category Mycosis related cutaneous conditions ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Systemic vasculitus Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 M 30 m 30 ICD10 M 31 m 30 ICD9 ICD9 446 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Systemic necrotizing vasculitis SNV ref name pmid12777637 cite journal author Cruz BA, Ramanoelina J, Mahr A, et al. title Prognosis and outcome of 26 patients with systemic necrotizing vasculitis admitted to the intensive care unit journal Rheumatology Oxford volume 42 issue 10 pages 1183 8 year 2003 month October pmid 12777637 doi 10.1093 rheumatology keg322 url http rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid ... 10066747 systemic necrotizing vasculitis ref An example is giant cell arteritis . ref name pmid10616017 ... a diagnostic tool for systemic necrotizing vasculitis. French Vasculitis Study Group journal Arthritis ... Hill Consensus Conference , the terms systemic vasculitis or primary systemic vasculitides .... title Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference journal ... of the primary systemic vasculitides in northwest Spain implications of the Chapel Hill Consensus ... pmid 18050229 doi 10.1002 art.23105 ref Polyarteritis nodosa . Systemic necrotizing vasculitis ... ref Pauci immune Wegener s granulomatosis . Systemic vasculitis of medium and small arteries, including ... maculopapular rash skin biopsy showing neutrophils around vessel Henoch Schonlein purpura . Systemic ... to lupus erythematosus systemic lupus erythematosus SLE , rheumatoid arthritis RA , relapsing ... B19 virus. Symptoms and signs Patients usually present with systemic symptoms with single or multiorgan ... vasculitis. If the purpura is in combination with systemic organ involvement, it is most likely ... tissue disorder such as lupus erythematosus systemic lupus erythematosus SLE . A thorough physical .... Electromyography . It is useful if a systemic vasculitis is suspected and neuromuscular ... 655 69 year 2007 pmid 17684188 doi 10.1001 jama.298.6.655 ref References reflist 2 Systemic vasculitis ... more details
File Schurz Corruption.jpg thumb right The Office of Indian Affairs was a corrupt organisation which Carl Schurz reformed Systemic corruption or endemic corruption ref cite web url http www.u4.no document glossary.cfm systemiccorruption title Corruption glossary publisher U4 Anti Corruption Resource Centre accessdate 26 June 2011 ref is corruption which is primarily due to a weaknesses of an organisation or process. It can be contrasted with individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the system. Factors which encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives, discretion discretionary powers monopoly disambiguation monopolistic powers lack of transparency behavior transparency low pay and a culture of impunity . ref citation title Diagnosis corruption pages 135 136 author Lorena Alcazar, Raul Andrade year 2001 isbn 9781931003117 ref Specific acts of corruption include bribery, extortion, and embezzlement in a system where corruption becomes the rule rather than the exception. ref cite book last Znoj first Heinzpeter editor Monique Nuijten, Gerhard Anders title Corruption and the secret of law a legal anthropological perspective url http books.google.com books?id P52bOZFExesC&pg PA53 year 2009 publisher Ashgate isbn 9780754676829 pages 53 54 chapter Deep Corruption in Indonesia Discourses, Practices, Histories ref Scholars distinguish between centralized and decentralized systemic corruption, depending on which level of state or government corruption takes place in countries such as the Post Soviet states both types occur. ref cite book last Legvold first Robert editor Robert I. Rotberg title Corruption, global security, and world orde url http books.google.com books?id 8rRCB7qYuwMC&pg PA197 year 2009 publisher Brookings Institution isbn 9780815703297 page 197 chapter Corruption, the Criminalized State, and Post Soviet Transitions ref clear Examples Under some cases, certain institutions might suffer from systematic corruption. Privatizing pris ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Collateral circulation is when an area of tissue or an organ has a number of different pathways for blood to reach it. This is often as a result of Circulatory anastomosis anastamoses branches formed between adjacent blood vessels. An example of the usefulness of collateral circulation is a systemic thrombo embolism in cats. This is when a thrombus lodges above the external iliac artery Common Iliac Artery , blocking the external and internal iliac arteries and effectively shutting off all blood supply to the hind leg. Even though the main vessels to the leg are blocked, enough blood can get to the tissues in the leg via the collateral circulation in order to keep them alive. Another example in Humans is where a person suffers an acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Attack , collateral circulation in the Heart tissue will sometimes by pass the blockage in the main artery and supply enough oxygenated blood to enable the Cardiac tissue to survive and recover. DEFAULTSORT Collateral Circulation Category Angiology Circulatory stub ... more details
Pulmocutaneous circulation is part of the amphibian circulatory system . It is responsible for directing blood to the skin and lungs. Blood flows from the Ventricle heart ventricle into an artery called the conus arteriosus and from there into either the left or right truncus arteriosus . They in turn each split the ventricle s output into the pulmocutaneous circuit and the systemic circuit . ref Biology, Seventh Edition Neil A. Campbell, University of California, Riverside Jane B. Reece, Berkeley California ref See also Double circulatory system References reflist Category Amphibians Category Cardiovascular physiology amphibian stub ... more details
Hyperdynamic circulation is abnormally increased circulatory volume. Systemic vasodilation and the associated decrease in peripheral vascular resistance results in decreased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and decreased blood pressure , often presenting with a collapsing pulse . In effort to compensate the heart will increase cardiac output and heart rate , which accounts for the decreased pulse pressure and sinus tachycardia . ref Mosby s Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. S.v. hyperdynamic circulation. Retrieved July 28, 2010 from http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com hyperdynamic circulation ref The condition sometimes accompanies septic shock , preeclampsia , and other physiological and psychiatric conditions. Possible causes Renal disease Volume expansion Anemia Anxiety Arteriovenous fistula AV fistulae Beriberi Erythroderma Exercise Liver failure Hepatic failure Hydrocephalus ref Greitz, Dan. Radiological Assessment of hydrocephalus new theories and implications for therapy. Neurosurg Rev 2004 27 145 165. ref Hypercapnia Paget s disease of bone Paget s disease Portal hypertension Pregnancy Pyrexia Thyrotoxicosis Vasodilator drugs References Reflist Category Cardiovascular diseases med stub ... more details
through the systemiccirculation before returning again to the pulmonary circulation. History Pulmonary circulation was first discovered and published by Ibn al Nafis in his Commentary on Anatomy ...Unreferenced date April 2011 Image Illu pulmonary circuit.jpg thumb 400px Diagram of pulmonary circulation. Oxygen rich blood is shown in red oxygen depleted blood in blue. Pulmonary circulation is the half portion of the cardiovascular system which carries Oxygen depleted Blood away from the heart, to the Lungs , and returns oxygenated oxygen rich blood back to the heart. Encyclopedic description and discovery of the pulmonary circulation is widely attributed to Doctor Ibn al Nafis 1213 1288 . The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemiccirculation . A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung. Course Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart again. De oxygenated blood leaves the heart, goes to the lungs, and then re enters the heart oxygen poor blood leaves through the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery, the only artery in the body that carries oxygen poor blood, to the capillaries where carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood cell into the alveoli, and oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood. Blood leaves the capillaries to the pulmonary vein, the only vein in the body that carries oxygen rich blood in the body, to the heart, where it re enters at the left atrium. Right heart Oxygen depleted blood from the body leaves the systemiccirculation when it enters the right heart , more specifically the right atrium through the superior vena cava superior upper vena cava and inferior vena cava inferior lower vena cava . The blood is then pumped through the tricuspid valve or right atrioventricular ... circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation . The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood ... more details
, and little escapes the healthy liver into systemiccirculation. If bile does escape, jaundice may ...Image Enterohepatic.JPG thumb right Enterohepatic Circulation. Distinguish2 the hepatic portal system which directs nutrient rich blood from the intestines to the liver Refimprove date July 2011 Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of biliary acid s from the liver , where they are produced and secreted in the bile , to the small intestine , where it aids in digestion of fats and other substances, back to the liver. ref name urlSect. 6, Ch. 5 Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids cite web url nowiki http www.lib.mcg.edu edu eshuphysio program section6 6ch5 s6ch5 17.htm nowiki Dead link date July 2011 title Sect. 6, Ch. 5 Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids format work accessdate ref Endogenous bacteria play an important role in enterohepatic circulation. ref name urlMetabolic Activities of the Microflora cite book first1 Sherwood L. last1 Gorbach chapter Microbiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract pmid 21413258 chapterurl http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books NBK7670 year 1996 editor1 first Samuel editor1 last Baron title Microbiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract edition 4th isbn 0 9631172 1 1 ref Hepatocytes metabolize cholesterol to cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid . These lipid soluble bile acid s are conjugated mainly to glycine or taurine molecules to form ... which are delivered to the duodenum will be recycled by the enterohepatic circulation. Due to the pH ... bile salts are reabsorbed actively into hepatic portal circulation. Bacteria deconjugate some of the primary ... absorbed into hepatic portal circulation. Finally, the conjugated bile acids which remained un ionized ... about 20 times, often multiple times during a single digestive phase. Drugs Enterohepatic circulation ... remain in the enterohepatic circulation for a prolonged period of time as a result of this recycling process. See also Enteroenteric circulation References reflist External links GPnotebook 1040580666 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A secondary circulation is a circulation induced in a rotating system. For example, the primary circulation of Earth s atmosphere is zonal . If however a parcel of air, that moves in a purely zonal direction, is accelerated or decelerated zonally, the Coriolis force will add a meridional component to its velocity. This meridional circulation is then the secondary circulation. See also Hough function Primitive equations Secondary flow DEFAULTSORT Secondary Circulation Category Geophysics Category Physical oceanography Category Atmospheric dynamics Category Fluid mechanics Fluiddynamics stub nn Sekund r sirkulasjon ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Library circulation or library lending comprises the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library . A circulation or lending department is one of the key departments of a library. The main public service point is the circulation desk or loans desk, usually found near the main entrance of a library. It provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also handled at the circulation desk. Circulation staff may provide basic search and reference services, though more in depth questions are usually referred to reference librarians at the library reference desk . The circulation desk is in most cases staffed by library aides instead of professional librarians. Functions of the circulation desk staff may include Lending materials to library users Checking in materials returned Monitoring materials for damage and routing them to the appropriate staff for repair or replacement Troubleshooting circulation technology, i.e. library circulation software, scanners, printers, etc. Collecting statistics on library use, i.e. patron transactions, material checkouts, etc. See also Interlibrary loan Library reference desk DEFAULTSORT Library Circulation Category Library science Library stub ... more details
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