Taxobox image Synechococcus PCC 7002 DIC.jpg image width 200px image caption Synechococcus PCC 7002 cells ... genus Synechococcus genus authority Karl Wilhelm von N geli N geli , 1849 subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text Synechococcus from the Greek synechos in succession and the Greek kokkos ... cells per millilitre . Many fresh water freshwater species of Synechococcus have also been described. The genome of Synechococcus elongatus strain PCC7002 has a size of 2.7 base pair Mbp Citation needed date May 2010 , that of the oceanic strain WH8102 is 2.4 Mbp. Introduction Synechococcus ... Society for General Microbiology volume 111 pages 1 61 ref . This definition of the genus Synechococcus ... on the presence of the accessory pigment phycoerythrin . The marine forms of Synechococcus are coccoid .... Perkins, L. W. Haas, D. E. Phillips & K. L. Webb year 1981 title Ultrastructure of a marine Synechococcus ... chemoheterotrophic growth, all marine Synechococcus strains appear to be obligate photoautotrophs ... Synechococcus journal Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences volume 214 pages 71 120 ... urea as a sole nitrogen source. Marine Synechococcus are traditionally not thought to fix nitrogen This perception may be changing . Pigments The main photosynthetic pigment in Synechococcus in chlorophyll ... annurev.mi.31.100177.001301 pmid 410354 ref . In addition Synechococcus also contains zeaxanthin ... Phylogenetic description of Synechococcus is difficult. Isolates are Morphology biology ... C spectrum however indicates that Synechococcus is composed of at least several species. Bergey s Manual Herdman et al. 2001 now divides Synechococcus into five clusters equivalent to genera based on morphology ... ref . Cluster 3 includes phycoerythrin lacking marine Synechococcus that are euryhaline i.e. capable ... been referred to as marine A and B clusters of Synechococcus . These cells are truly marine and have ... carbonic anhydrases. Ecology and distribution Synechococcus has been observed to occur at concentrations ... more details
chembox ImageFile phycourobilin.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 3 2 Z 3 2 carboxyethyl 5 2R 4 ethyl 3 methyl 5 oxo 1,2 dihydropyrrol 2 yl methyl 4 methyl 2 pyrrolylidene methyl 5 2S 3 ethyl 4 methyl 5 oxo 1,2 dihydropyrrol 2 yl methyl 4 methyl 1H pyrrol 3 yl propanoic acid OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 61932 71 6 PubChem 5289229 SMILES CCC1 C C O N C H 1CC2 C C C N2 C C 3 C C C N3 C C H 4C C C O N4 CC C C CCC O O CCC O O C C Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 33 sub H sub 42 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 590.71 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Phycourobilin is a tetrapyrrole orange molecule involved in photosynthesis in cyanobacteria and red algae. This chromophore is bound to the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin , the distal component of the light harvesting system of cyanobacteria and red algae phycobilisome . When bound to phycoerythrin , phycourobilin shows an absorption maximum around 495 nm. This chromophore is always a donor chromophore of phycoerythrin s, since their acceptor chromophore is always phycoerythrobilin . It can also be linked to the linker polypeptides of the phycobilisome , in which its precise role remains unclear. Phycourobilin is found in marine phycobilisome containing organisms, allowing them to efficiently absorb blue green light. In the ubiquitous marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus , the amount of phycourobilin in the phycobilisome s is correlated to the ecological niche the cells inhabit offshore Synechococcus are quite phycourobililin rich, while coastal Synechococcus contain very little or no phycourobilin. This represents a remarkable adaptation of the cyanobacterial light harvesting system, as oceanic waters are relatively richer in blue light than onshore waters. Tetrapyrroles Category Photosynthesis Category Tetrapyrroles ... more details
Taxobox virus group i ordo Caudovirales familia Podoviridae subdivision ranks Sub families subdivision Autographivirinae Picovirinae The Podoviridae are a family of bacteriophage s, including the following genera Genus BPP 1 like viruses type species Salmonella phage BPP 1 Species Bordetella phage BPP 1 , Burkholderia phage BcepC6B , Salmonella phage BPP 1 Genus Epsilon15 like viruses type species Salmonella phage epsilon15 Species Escherichia phage PhiV10 , Salmonella phage epsilon15 Genus LUZ24 like viruses type species Pseudomonas phage LUZ24 Species Pseudomonas phage LUZ24 , Pseudomonas phage PaP3 Genus N4 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage N4 Genus P22 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage P22 Species Enterobacteria phage P22 , Salmonella phage HK620 , Salmonella phage ST64T , Shigella phage Sf6 Genus Phieco32 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage Phieco32 Genus Unassigned Species Endosymbiont phage APSE 1 , Lactococcus phage KSY1 , Phormidium phage Pf WMP3 , Phormidium phage Pf WMP4 , Pseudomonas phage 119X , Pseudomonas phage F116 , Roseobacter phage SIO1 , Vibrio phage VpV262 Subfamilies Podoviridae includes the following subfamilies Subfamily Autographivirinae Genus PhiKMV like viruses type species Pseudomonas phage phiKMV Species Pseudomonas phage LKA1 , Pseudomonas phage phiKMV Genus SP6 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage SP6 Species Enterobacteria phage K1 5 , Enterobacteria phage K1E , Enterobacteria phage K5 , Enterobacteria phage SP6 , Enterobacteria phage Era103 Genus T7 like viruses type species Enterobacteria phage T7 Species Enterobacteria phage T7 , Kluyvera phage Kvp1 , Pseudomonad phage gh 1 Genus Unassigned Species Prochlorococcus phage P SSP7 , Synechococcus phage P60 , Synechococcus phage syn5 br Subfamily Picovirinae Genus AHJD like viruses type species Staphylococcus phage AHJD Species 44AHJD , Staphylococcus phage AHJD , Streptococcus phage C1 Genus Phi29 like viruses type species Bacillus phage p ... more details
that the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. RF 1 was exhibiting circadian rhythms, and in a series ... rhythms described above in the same organism, the unicellular freshwater Synechococcus sp. RF 1. ref Huang T C and Grobbelaar N 1995 The circadian clock in the prokaryote Synechococcus RF 1. Microbiology 141 535 540. ref ref Lin R F, and Huang, T C 2009 Circadian rhythm of Cyanothece RF 1 Synechococcus ... BM, and Borgese MB 1989 A circadian rhythm in cell division in a prokaryote, the cyanobacterium Synechococcus ... of a daily rhythm in the marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus WH7803. Inspired by the research of the aforementioned pioneers, the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus was genetically transformed ... ref Johnson, C.H., and Y. Xu 2009 The Decade of Discovery How Synechococcus elongatus became a model ... entrainment . Thus, the work with various Synechococcus species firmly established that prokaryotic ... transcription imparted by chromosome compaction in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Proc ... . Role of KaiC phosphorylation in the circadian clock system of Synechococcus elongatus PCC ..., Golden SS, LiWang AC 2002 Structure and function from the circadian clock protein KaiA of Synechococcus ... of circadian clock protein KaiA from Synechococcus elongatus. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 20511 20518. ref ... more details
waters. 1979 Discovery of marine Synechococcus by Waterbury ref name Waterbury 79 Waterbury, J ... groups of cells possessing fluorescence fluorescent pigments such as Synechococcus which possess phycoerythrin ... populations on marine samples. Three groups of cells Prochlorococcus , Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes can be distinguished. For example Synechococcus is characterized by the double fluorescence of its ... specific populations for example Synechococcus in order put them in culture, or to make more detailed ... to the genus Synechococcus of a size of 1 m micrometer were first discovered in 1979 by J. Waterbury ... occupies a specific ecological niche in the oceanic environment. The Synechococcus cyanobacterium is generally ... of Sciences of the United States of America 100 10020 5. ref and Synechococcus , ref name Palenik 03 Palenik, B. et al. 2003 . The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus . Nature 424 1037 42. ref and of a strain ... Institute JGI SS120 Genoscope MIT9312 JGI MIT9313 JGI NATL2A JGI CC9605 JGI CC9901 JGI Synechococcus ... Palenik, B. et al. 2006 . Genome sequence of Synechococcus CC9311 Insights into adaptation to a coastal ... more details
enzyme Name nitrate transmembrane transporting ATPase EC number 3.6.3.26 CAS number IUBMB EC number 3 6 3 26 GO code 0015414 image width caption In enzymology , a nitrate transporting ATPase EC number 3.6.3.26 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP H sub 2 sub O nitrateout math rightleftharpoons math ADP phosphate nitratein The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , water H sub 2 sub O , and nitrate , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP , phosphate , and nitrate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase nitrate importing . References reflist 1 cite journal author Omata T year 1995 title Structure, function and regulation of the nitrate transport system of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 journal Plant. Cell. Physiol. volume 36 pages 207&ndash 13 pmid 7767600 issue 2 cite journal author Kuan G, Dassa E, Saurin W, Hofnung M, Saier MH Jr year 1995 title Phylogenetic analyses of the ATP binding constituents of bacterial extracytoplasmic receptor dependent ABC type nutrient uptake permeases journal Res. Microbiol. volume 146 pages 271&ndash 8 pmid 7569321 issue 4 doi 10.1016 0923 2508 96 81050 3 cite journal author Saier MH Jr year 1998 title Molecular phylogeny as a basis for the classification of transport proteins from bacteria, archaea and eukarya journal Adv. Microb. Physiol. volume 40 pages 81&ndash 136 pmid 9889977 doi 10.1016 S0065 2911 08 60130 7 cite journal author Griffiths JK and Sansom CE date title The Transporter Factsbook, Academic Press, San Diego, 1998 journal volume pages Category EC 3.6.3 Category Enzymes of unknown structure hydrolase stub ... more details
Orphan date August 2008 Rfam box acc ATPC secondary structure description ATPC RNA motif abbreviation ATPC avg length 90.70 avg identity 77.00 type Gene se Published PMID 17621584 Weinberg Z ss Published PMID 17621584 Weinberg Z release 9.1 The ATPC RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure found in certain cyanobacteria . ref cite journal author Weinberg Z, Barrick JE, Yao Z, et al. title Identification of 22 candidate structured RNAs in bacteria using the CMfinder comparative genomics pipeline journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 35 issue 14 pages 4809 19 year 2007 pmid 17621584 pmc 1950547 doi 10.1093 nar gkm487 url ref It is apparently ubiquitous in Prochlorococcus marinus , and is present in many species in the genus Synechococcus . The RNA is always found within an operon encoding subunits of ATP synthase , and it is always located downstream of the gene encoding the A subunit of ATP synthase, and upstream of the C subunit gene. This location is consistent with a cis regulatory element , but also with a non coding RNA that is transcribed with the ATP synthase genes. Simple RNA structures called stem loop s have been reported in the ATP synthase operons of various cyanobacteria, ref cite journal author Curtis SE title Structure, organization and expression of cyanobacterial ATP synthase genes journal Photosynth. Res. volume 18 pages 223 244 year 1988 doi 10.1007 BF00042986 ref but not structures such as the 3 stem junction that is the main feature of the ATPC RNA motif. References references External links Rfam id RF01067 name ATPC RNA motif DEFAULTSORT Atpc Rna Motif Category Cis regulatory RNA elements Category Non coding RNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
Bacterioplankton refers to the bacterium bacterial component of the plankton that drifts in the water column. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word lang grc lang grc Latn planktos , meaning wanderer or drifter Thurman, 1997 , and lang la bacterium , a Latin neologism coined in the 19th century by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg . They are found in both seawater and freshwater . Bacterioplankton occupy a range of ecological niche s in aquatic systems. Many are saprotroph ic, and obtain energy by consuming organic material produced by other organisms. This material may be Dissolved Organic Carbon dissolved in the medium and taken directly from there, or bacteria may live and grow in association with particulate material such as marine snow . Many other bacterioplankton species are autotroph ic, and derive energy from either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis . The former are often categorised as phytoplankton picophytoplankton , and include cyanobacteria l groups such as Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus . Bacterioplankton also play roles in ecological pathways such as nitrogen fixation , nitrification , denitrification , remineralisation and methanogen esis. Like other small plankton, the bacterioplankton are predation preyed upon by zooplankton usually protozoa ns , and their numbers are also controlled through infection by bacteriophage s. See also Cyanobacteria Pelagibacter Phytoplankton Plankton Zooplankton References cite book last Thurman first H. V. year 1997 title Introductory Oceanography publisher Prentice Hall College location New Jersey, USA isbn 0 13 262072 3 External links http thalassa.cbl.umces.edu MO2006 Typical Marine bacterioplankton http thalassa.cbl.umces.edu MO2006 marbac.html A list of Seawater Bacteria http halia.hik.se mbd start.jsp Marine Bacterioplankton Database plankton Category Biological oceanography Category Planktology Category Aquatic ecology de Bakterio und Virioplankton et Bakterioplankton fr Bact rioplancton pl Bakteriop ... more details
Taxobox name Chironomidae image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Hexapoda classis Insect a ordo Fly Diptera subordo Nematocera superfamilia Chironomoidea familia Chironomidae genus Cardiocladius genus authority Kieffer, 1911 ref Kieffer 1911. Bull. Soc. Metz, 27 42. Nomenclator Zoologicus ref For the algae Synechococcus Lauterbornia is a genus of midges in the bloodworm family Chironomidae . Members of this genus live in cold water lakes in stenothermic stenothermal or limited temperature change areas. ref Cite book author Adams, William J. Chapman, Gary Landis, Wayne G., editors authorlink coauthors title Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment 10th Volume date 1988 publisher ASTM, 1988. location isbn 978 0 8031 0978 0 pages 78 ref ref name Bliss cite book last Bliss first L. C. authorlink coauthors title Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada A High Arctic Ecosystem publisher University of Alberta Press date 1987 location pages url doi id isbn 9780888641212 ref Lauterbornia coracin is known for inhabiting oligotrophic or nutrient depleted cold lake waters in the Northern Hemisphere . ref cite journal title An investigation of the profundal and sublittoral fauna of Windermere journal Journal of Animal Ecology date 1936 first Carmel last Humphries coauthors volume 5 issue 1 pages 29 52 id url format accessdate 2009 07 27 ref ref name Bliss References reflist Chironomidae stub Category Chironomidae ... more details
File Cyano 2 RNA.svg right frame Consensus secondary structure of Cyano 2 RNAs. This figure is adapted from a previous publication. ref name Weinberg2010 The Cyano 2 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics . ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url pmc 2864571 ref Cyano 2 RNAs are found in Cyanobacteria l species classified within the genus Synechococcus . Many terminal loops in the two conserved stem loop s contain the nucleotide sequecne GCGA, and these sequences might in some cases form stable GNRA tetraloop s. Since the two stem loops are somewhat distant from one another it is possible that they represent two independent non coding RNA s that are often or always co transcription genetics transcribed . The region one thousand base pair s upstream of predicted Cyano 2 RNAs is usually devoid of annotated features such as RNA or protein coding gene s. This absence of annotated genes within one thousand base pairs is relatively unusual within bacteria . See also Yfr1 Yfr2 Cyano S1 RNA motif References references Category Non coding RNA molecular cell biology stub ... more details
in FGL, due to the large Synechococcus population in the lake. ref name Thompson2 Thompson, J. B., Schultze .... ref Calcite precipitates in microenvironments surrounding the Synechococcus and this is believed to dominate ... more details
File Downstream peptide RNA.svg right frame Consensus secondary structure of Downstream peptide RNAs. This figure is adapted from a previous publication. ref name Weinberg2010 The Downstream peptide motif refers to a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics in the cyanobacteria l genus genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus and one phage that infects such bacteria . ref name Weinberg2010 cite journal author Weinberg Z, Wang JX, Bogue J, et al. title Comparative genomics reveals 104 candidate structured RNAs from bacteria, archaea and their metagenomes journal Genome Biol volume 11 issue 3 pages R31 year 2010 month March pmid 20230605 doi 10.1186 gb 2010 11 3 r31 url pmc 2864571 ref It was also detected in marine ocean marine samples of DNA from uncultivated bacteria , which are presumably other species of cyanobacteria. Downstream peptide RNAs are found upstream of short open reading frame s ORFs that are predicted to encode short peptide s usually between 17 and 100 amino acid s . One of the ORFs is apparently down regulated when cells are grown with an insufficient supply of nitrogen sources. ref name Axmann cite journal author Axmann IM, Kensche P, Vogel J, Kohl S, Herzel H, Hess WR title Identification of cyanobacterial non coding RNAs by comparative genome analysis journal Genome Biol. volume 6 issue 9 pages R73 year 2005 pmid 16168080 pmc 1242208 doi 10.1186 gb 2005 6 9 r73 url ref Downstream peptide RNAs overlap a predicted non coding RNA called yfr6 that is over 200 nucleotide s in length, ref name Axmann but it was proposed that only the upstream region corresponding to the Downstream peptide motif functions as an RNA structure. ref name Weinberg2010 A distinct predicted non coding RNA called yfr14 ref cite journal author Steglich C, Futschik ME, Lindell D, Voss B, Chisholm SW, Hess WR editor1 last Matic editor1 first Ivan title The challenge of regulation in a minimal photoautotroph non coding RNAs in Prochlorococcus journal PLoS Genet. volum ... more details
strains, seven marine Synechococcus strains, Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 and Crocosphaera ... and marine Synechococcus isolates, Acaryochloris and Prochloron , the N sub 2 sub fixing ... more details
enzyme Name glutamate dehydrogenase EC number 1.4.1.2 CAS number 9001 46 1 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 2 GO code 0004352 image width caption enzyme Name glutamate dehydrogenase NAD P EC number 1.4.1.3 CAS number 9029 12 3 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 3 GO code 0004353 image width caption enzyme Name glutamate dehydrogenase NADP EC number 1.4.1.4 CAS number 9029 11 2 IUBMB EC number 1 4 1 4 GO code 0004354 image width caption Glutamate dehydrogenase is an enzyme , present in most microbes and the mitochondria of eukaryotes , as are some of the other enzymes required for urea synthesis, that converts glutamate to alpha Ketoglutaric acid Ketoglutarate , and vice versa. In animals, the produced ammonia is, however, usually bled off to the urea cycle . In bacteria, the ammonia is assimilated to amino acids via glutamate and amidotransferases. ref name Lightfoot 1988 cite journal author Lightfoot DA, Baron AJ, Wootton JC year 1988 title Expression of the Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase gene in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC6301 causes ammonium tolerance journal Plant Molecular Biology volume 11 issue 3 pages 335 344 doi 10.1007 BF00027390 ref In plants, the enzyme can work in either direction depending on environment and stress. ref name pmid16046826 cite journal author Mungur R, Glass AD, Goodenow DB, Lightfoot DA title Metabolite fingerprinting in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum altered by the Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase gene journal J. Biomed. Biotechnol. volume 2005 issue 2 pages 198 214 year 2005 month June pmid 16046826 pmc 1184043 doi 10.1155 JBB.2005.198 url issn ref Transgenic plants expressing microbial GDHs are improved in tolerance to herbicide, water deficit, and pathogen infections. ref name Lightfoot 2007 cite journal author Lightfoot DA, Bernhardt K, Mungur R, Nolte S, Ameziane R, Colter A, Jones K, Iqbal MJ, Varsa E, Young B year 2007 title Improved drought tolerance of transgenic Zea mays plants that express the glutamate dehydrogenase gene ... more details
Infobox Park park Hunter s Hot Springs image Old Perpetual geyser.jpg image size 220 px caption Old Perpetual geyser type private park location Lake County, Oregon Lake County , Oregon , United States USA coordinates coord 42.22088 120.36907 type waterbody region US OR display inline,title size convert 40 acre 0 opened Start date 1925 operator Hunter s Hot Springs Resort annual visitors status Private commercial property Hunter s Hot Springs renamed Geyser Hot Springs in 2000 ref name JB are natural Geothermal geology geothermal springs located in Lake County, Oregon Lake County , Oregon , U.S. two miles three km north of Lakeview, Oregon . The springs are named after Harry Hunter, who bought the springs in 1923. The best known feature within the geothermal area is Old Perpetual , Oregon s only continuously erupting geyser . The geyser was formed as a result of a well drilling attempt while Hunter was developing a health resort at the springs. Springs The hot springs were discovered in 1832 by trappers from the Hudson s Bay Company , who noted in their journal that the water was unbearably hot. ref name JB Birkby, Jeff, http books.google.com books?id dz7ZOIPUUoQC&pg PA120&lpg PA120&dq Hunter s hot spring oregon&source web&ots zYdhEDbmiq&sig eqaQql81e CZbAC9BENURa32keQ&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 5&ct result Geyser Hunter s Hot Spring , Touring Washington and Oregon Hot Springs , Globe Pequot Publishers, Guilford, Connecticut, 2002, p. 120. ref They are a small group of alkaline thermal springs in Lake County s Goose Lake Valley , two miles north of Lakeview. ref Miller, Scott R. and Richard W. Castenholz, http aem.asm.org cgi content full 66 10 4222 Evolution of Thermotolerance in Hot Spring Cyanobacteria of the Genus Synechococcus , Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 66, No. 10 , American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., October 2000. ref The temperature of the various springs ranges from 185 to 210 F. ref name HS1 http www.huntersresort.co ... more details
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