Image Synaptonemal complex.png left 200px thumb The synaptonemalcomplex is a protein structure that forms between homologous chromosomes two pairs of sister chromatids during meiosis and that is thought to mediate chromosome pairing, synapsis , and Genetic recombination recombination Chromosomal crossover crossing over . It is now evident that the synaptonemalcomplex is not required for genetic recombination. Research has shown that not only does it form after genetic recombination but mutant yeast cells unable to assemble a synaptonemalcomplex can still engage in the exchange of genetic information. It is currently thought that the SC functions primarily as a scaffold to allow interacting chromatids to complete their crossover activities. The synaptonemalcomplex is a tripartite structure consisting of two parallel lateral regions and a central element. Three specific components of the synaptonemalcomplex have been characterized SC protein 1 SYCP1 , SC protein 2 SYCP2 , and SC protein 3 SYCP3 . In humans, the SYCP1 gene is on chromosome 1p13 the SYCP2 gene is on chromosome 20q13.33 and the gene for SYCP3 is on chromosome 12q. The synaptonemalcomplex SC was described by Montrose J. Moses in 1956 in primary spermatocytes of crayfish and by D. Fawcett in spermatocytes of pigeon, cat and man. As seen with the electron microscope, the synaptonemalcomplex is formed by two lateral elements , mainly formed by SYCP3 and secondarily by SYCP2, a central element that contains at least two additional proteins and the amino terminal region of SYCP1, and a central region spanned between the two lateral elements, that contains the transverse filaments composed mainly by the protein ... events or crossovers . In cell development the synaptonemalcomplex disappears during the late ... links http www.olympusbioscapes.com gallery 2009 2.html Synaptonemalcomplex by 3D Structured Illumination ... Imaging Competition. http www.olympusbioscapes.com gallery 2009 DEFAULTSORT SynaptonemalComplex ... more details
wiktionary complex complexes A complex is a whole that comprehends a number of intricate parts, especially one with interconnected or mutually related parts for example, a complex of building s . Complex may refer to tocright Biology Multiprotein complex , a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains Complex taxonomy , in biology, a cluster of species so closely related that they intergrade ... complex , a complex system of organisms and dependencies involved in a case of mimicry Chemistry Coordination complex , also called a coordination compound or metal complex , a structure consisting ... complex , a coordination complex with more than one bond Mathematics Complex number , an extension of real numbers obtained by adjoining imaginary numbers Complex system , a system of interconnected simple ... order behavior Complex analysis , the study of functions of complex numbers An element of a complex algebra or field of sets Chain complex , a possibly long sequence of maps Simplicial complex , a kind ... CW complex , or closure finite weak complex, a kind of topological space, a generalization of the simplicial complex Line complex , a 3 dimensional family of lines in space Other scientific uses Complex psychology , a group of mental factors that are unconsciously associated by the individual with a particular subject and influence the individual s attitude and behavior Synonym for a complex system which generally includes all interactions between elements Complex crater , a type of large impact crater morphology As a name Complex artist , an American Rap artist Complex band , a Japanese rock band Complex magazine Complex magazine , a young men s style lifestyle magazine CoMPLEX ucl is an interdisciplinary centre at University College London into biology and biomedicine Complex song Complex song , a song by British musician Gary Numan See also The Complex disambiguation Complexity Complexity disambiguation Complexity theory disambiguation Theory of complex systems The Military ... more details
The Complex may refer to The Complex An Insider Exposes the Covert World of the Church of Scientology , 2008 book by John Duignan The Complex How the Military Invades Our Everyday Lives , 2008 book by Nick Turse The Complex album The Complex album , by Blue Man Group The Complex Valdosta, Georgia , a multi purpose arena See also Complex disambiguation disambig ... more details
In mathematics, complex group may refer to An archaic name for the symplectic group Complex reflection group A complex algebraic group A complex Lie group mathdab ... more details
A complex structure may refer to Almost complex manifold Complex manifold Linear complex structure Complex data structure See also Real structure disambig Category Linear algebra ... more details
The Cassandra Complex is the name of The Cassandra Complex band , an electronic music band The Cassandra Complex EP , a 2003 EP by the band From a Second Story Window disambig ... more details
The MRX complex is a heterotrimeric protein complex consisting of MRE11A Mre11 , Rad50 , and Xrs2 . It is a budding yeast homolog of the mammalian Mre11 Rad50 Nbs1 Mre11 Rad50 Nbs1 MRN DNA damage repair complex. protein stub Category Protein complexes ko MRX ... more details
In mathematics , complex geometry is the study of complex manifold s and functions of many complex variable s. Application of transcendental methods to algebraic geometry falls in this category, together with more geometric chapters of complex analysis . See also Complex analytic space GAGA Several complex variables Complex projective space List of complex and algebraic surfaces Enriques Kodaira classification K hler manifold Stein manifold Pseudoconvexity Kobayashi metric References cite book title Complex Geometry An Introduction first Daniel last Huybrechts publisher Springer year 2005 isbn 3540212906 Category Complex manifolds Category Several complex variables Category Article Feedback 5 mathanalysis stub ar eo Kompleksa geometrio fr G om trie complexe it Geometria complessa nl Complexe meetkunde pt Geometria complexa zh ... more details
The term complex representation has slightly different meanings in mathematics and physics. In mathematics , a complex representation is a group representation of a group or Lie algebra on a complex vector space. In physics , a complex representation is a group representation of a group or Lie algebra on a complex vector space that is neither real representation real nor pseudoreal representation pseudoreal . In other words, the Group mathematics group elements are expressed as complex matrices, and the complex conjugate of a complex representation is a different, non equivalent representation. For compact groups, the Frobenius Schur indicator can be used to tell whether a representation is real, complex, or pseudo real. For example, the N dimensional fundamental representation of SU N for N greater than two is a complex representation whose complex conjugate is often called the antifundamental representation . algebra stub Category Representation theory of groups ... more details
A sports complex is a group of sports facilities. For example, there are stadiums for athletic and football, baseball stadiums, swimming pools, gymnasiums. This area is a sports complex. Examples of a sports complex are Jamsil Sports Complex , South Philadelphia Sports Complex , and South Shore Sports Complex. ref cite web title Sports Activities publisher South Shore Sports Complex url http www.southshoresportscomplex.com sports activities.html accessdate 2012 01 01 ref See also Sport venue Multi purpose stadium Modular stadium Reference Reflist Category Stadiums sport stub ko ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In mathematics , complex dimension usually refers to the dimension of a complex manifold M , or complex algebraic variety V . If the complex dimension is d , the real dimension will be 2 d . That is, the smooth manifold M has dimension 2 d and away from any Mathematical singularity singular points V will also be a smooth manifold of dimension 2 d . The same points apply to codimension . For example a smooth complex hypersurface in complex projective space of dimension n will be a manifold of dimension 2 n &minus 1 . A complex hyperplane does not separate complex projective space into two components, because it has codimension 2. Category Complex manifolds Category Algebraic geometry Category Dimension mathanalysis stub ... more details
In differential geometry , a complex manifold is a manifold with an atlas topology atlas of chart topology ... n sup , such that the Atlas topology transition map s are holomorphic . The term complex manifold is variously used to mean a complex manifold in the sense above which can be specified as an integrable complex manifold , and an Almost complex structures almost complex manifold , as discussed below. Implications of complex structure Since holomorphic function s are much more rigid than smooth function s, the theories of smooth and complex manifolds have very different flavors compact complex manifolds ... submanifold of R sup n sup , whereas it is rare for a complex manifold to have a holomorphic embedding into C sup n sup . Consider for example any compact space compact connected complex manifold M any holomorphic function on it is locally constant by Liouville s theorem complex analysis Liouville ..., except in the case that M is just a point. Complex manifolds that can be embedded in C sup ..., smooth complex affine algebraic varieties. The classification of complex manifolds is much more subtle ... a complex structure can and often does support uncountably many complex structures. Riemann surface s, two dimensional manifolds equipped with a complex structure, which are topologically classified by the genus mathematics genus , are an important example of this phenomenon. The set of complex structures on a given orientable surface, modulo biholomorphic equivalence, itself forms a complex algebraic ... the transition maps between charts are biholomorphic, complex manifolds are, in particular, smooth ... an orientation, as biholomorphic maps are orientation preserving . Examples of complex manifolds Riemann surface s. The Cartesian product of two complex manifolds. The inverse image of any noncritical value of a holomorphic map. Smooth complex algebraic varieties Smooth complex algebraic varieties are complex manifolds, including Complex vector spaces. Complex projective space s, ref This means ... more details
In mathematics , n dimensional complex space is a multi dimensional generalisation of the complex number s, which have both real number real and imaginary number imaginary parts or dimensions. The n dimensional complex space can be seen as n cartesian product s of the complex numbers with itself math C n underbrace C times C times cdots times C n text times math The n dimensional complex space consists of ordered n tuples of complex numbers, called coordinate s math C n z 1, ldots,z n z i in C text for all 1 le i le n math The real and imaginary parts of a complex number may be treated as separate dimensions. With this interpretation, the space math C n math of n complex numbers can be seen as having math 2 times n math dimensions. This can cause confusion. The study of complex spaces, or complex manifold s, is called complex geometry . One dimension The complex line math C 1 math has one real and one imaginary dimension. It is analogous in some ways to two dimensional real space, and may be represented as an Argand diagram in the real plane. In projective geometry , the complex projective line includes a point at infinity in the Argand diagram and is an example of a Riemann sphere . Two dimensions The term complex plane can be confusing. It is sometimes used to denote math C 2 math , and sometimes to denote the math C 1 math space represented in the Argand diagram with the Riemann sphere referred to as the extended complex plane . In the present context of math C n math , it is understood to denote math C 2 math . An intuitive understanding of the complex projective plane is given by Edwards 2003 , which he attributes to Von Staudt . References Djoric, M. & Okumura, M. CR Submanifolds of Complex Projective Space , Springer 2010 Edwards, L. Projective geometry 2nd Ed , Floris, 2003. Lindenbaum, S.D. Mathematical methods in physics , World Scientific, 1996 See also Calabi Yau space Complex polytope Riemann surface Several complex variables Category Complex manifolds Geometry ... more details
In mathematics , a complex line is a one dimension al affine transformation affine subspace of a vector space over the complex numbers . A common point of confusion is that while a complex line has dimension one over C hence the term line , it has dimension two over the real numbers R , and is topologically equivalent to a real plane, not a real line. Category Geometry Category Complex analysis geometry stub ... more details
citations missing date October 2009 The term complex polygon can mean two different things In computer graphics , as a polygon which is neither convex polygon convex nor concave polygon concave . In geometry , as a polygon in the unitary space unitary plane, which has two complex number complex dimensions. Computer graphics Image Complex polygon.svg 160px right thumb A complex self intersecting pentagon In the world of computer graphics, a complex polygon is a polygon which is neither convex polygon convex nor concave. This includes any polygon which Intersects itself. These include star polygon s such as the pentagram Image Pentagram green.svg 40px A star polygon Has a boundary comprising discrete circuits, such as a polygon with a hole in it. Therefore, unlike simple polygon s, a complex polygon may not always be interpreted as a simple polygonal region. Vertices are only counted at the ends of edges, not where edges intersect in space. A formula relating an integral over a bounded region to a closed line integral may still apply when the inside out parts of the region are counted negatively ... number . Geometry In geometry , a complex polygon is a polygon in the complex Hilbert space Hilbert plane, which has two complex number complex dimensions. A complex number may be represented in the form ... root of math 1 math . A complex number lies in a complex plane having one real and one imaginary dimension, which may be represented as an Argand diagram . So a single complex dimension is really two dimensions, but of different kinds. The unitary space unitary plane comprises two such complex planes ... and two imaginary dimensions math ix math and math iy math . A complex polygon is a two dimensional example of the more general complex polytope in higher dimensions. In a real plane, a visible figure can be constructed as the real conjugate of some complex polygon. References Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter Coxeter, H. S. M. , Regular Complex Polytopes , Cambridge University Press, 1974. See also ... more details
The Ski complex is a multi protein complex involved in the 3 end degradation of messenger RNA s. ref cite journal author Araki et al. title Ski7p G protein interacts with the exosome and the Ski complex for 3 to 5 mRNA decay in yeast journal EMBO Journal year 2001 volume 20 pages 4684 93 pmid 11532933 doi 10.1093 emboj 20.17.4684 last2 Takahashi first2 S last3 Kobayashi first3 T last4 Kajiho first4 H last5 Hoshino first5 S last6 Katada first6 T issue 17 pmc 125587 ref The complex consists of three main protein s, the RNA helicase Ski2 and the proteins Ski3 and Ski8 . In yeast, the complex guides RNA molecules to the exosome complex for degradation via a fourth protein, called Ski7 , which contains a GTPase like protein. ref cite journal author Wang et al. title Domain interactions within the Ski2 3 8 complex and between the Ski complex and Ski7p journal RNA year 2005 volume 11 pages 1291 302 pmid 16043509 doi 10.1261 rna.2060405 last2 Lewis first2 MS last3 Johnson first3 AW issue 8 pmc 1370812 ref See also TRAMP complex Non stop decay Nonsense mediated decay References references Biochemistry stub Category Protein complexes Category Gene expression ... more details
Apadana Complex lang fa is a large residential complex in western part of Tehran , Iran . Today it is considered one of Tehran s neighborhoods. It is also the location of one of Tehran Monorail stations. Apadana Complex is located in the north eastern side of Ekbatan Ekbatan Complex . ref name ius http www.iranurbanstudies.com ShowViews.aspx?vid 219 IRAN URBAN STUDIES ref History The construction of the Apadana Complex started in 1970 s. Some parts were finished before 1978. It was first residential in 1987. ref name ius Description There are 46 blocks in Apadana Complex. Each 7 or 8 blocks are categorized in one phase. There are 6 phases in Apadana Complex. Each phase has its own separate and independent administration. ref name ius Other information The population of the Apadana Complex is about 15000. There are 3 shopping centers, 7 schools and a mosque in the Apadana Complex. ref name sh5 http www.shoraye5.ir viewer.php?id 76 ref References Reflist coord 35 42 41 N 51 19 26 E region IR display title Main neighborhoods of Tehran Category Neighbourhoods in Tehran Category Geography of Tehran fa ... more details
For the comic book X Men Messiah Complex Refimprove date November 2009 A messiah complex also known as the Christ complex or savior complex is a state of mind in which an individual holds a belief they are, or are destined to become, a wiktionary savior savior . The messiah complex does not appear in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM . ref name dsm http dsmivtr.org The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association ref Notes reflist Narcissism psych stub DEFAULTSORT Messiah Complex Category Popular psychology Category Narcissism cs Spasitelsk komplex ja pl Kompleks Mesjasza pt Complexo de Messias sv Messiaskomplex ur ... more details
Industrial complex may refer to A factory or collection of buildings relating to industrial production Animal industrial complex , a term from the critical animal studies coined by Barbara Noske to describe the social production of the institutionalized exploitation of nonhuman animals. Military industrial complex , the term referring to a close and symbiotic relationship between a nation s armed forces, and its private industry. Prison industrial complex , the term meaning interest groups that represent organizations that do business in correctional facilities who are believed to be more concerned with making more money than actually rehabilitating criminals or reducing crime rates. College industrial complex , the term referring to the theory that colleges and universities are more concerned with making money than education. Industrial Complex album , a 2010 album by Nitzer Ebb Disambig ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Complex Response An environmental reaction to change that occurs at multiple levels to multiple objects, and can induce a chain reaction of responses to a single initial change. The reaction to a change at multiple, and possibly unforeseen, levels. This could include a chain reaction of responses to a single initial change, resulting in a complex set of results, which in turn, could lead to more, and again possibly unforeseen, change. Succinctly, it is akin to the butterfly effect one small event change can cascade through a given system creating new agents of change, and operating at several levels. The term complex response in most commonly used in fluvial geomorphology , or the study of river systems and changes within those systems. See also complex system unreferenced date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Complex Response Category Complex systems theory Category Geomorphology ... more details
orphan date October 2009 In mathematics , a complex geodesic is a generalization of the notion of geodesic to complex number complex spaces. Definition Let X , be a complex Banach space and let B be the open set open unit ball in X . Let denote the open unit disc in the Complex plane Other meanings of complex plane complex plane C , thought of as the Poincar disc model for 2 dimensional real 1 dimensional complex hyperbolic geometry . Let the Poincar metric on be given by math rho a, b tanh 1 frac a b 1 bar a b math and denote the corresponding Carath odory metric on B by d . Then a holomorphic function f B is said to be a complex geodesic if math d f w , f z rho w, z , math for all points w and z in . Properties and examples of complex geodesics Given u X with u 1, the map f B given by f z zu is a complex geodesic. Geodesics can be reparametrized if f is a complex geodesic and g Aut is a bi holomorphic automorphism of the disc , then f small o small g is also a complex geodesic. In fact, any complex geodesic f sub 1 sub with the same image as f i.e., f sub 1 sub f arises as such a reparametrization of f . If math d f 0 , f z rho 0, z math for some z &ne 0, then f is a complex geodesic. If math alpha f 0 , f 0 1, math where &alpha denotes the Caratheodory length of a tangent vector, then f is a complex geodesic. References cite book author Earle, Clifford J. and Harris, Lawrence A. and Hubbard, John H. and Mitra, Sudeb chapter Schwarz s lemma and the Kobayashi and Carath odory pseudometrics on complex Banach manifolds title Kleinian groups and hyperbolic 3 manifolds Warwick, 2001 editor Komori, Y., Markovic, V. and Series, C. eds series London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser. 299 pages 363&ndash 384 publisher Cambridge Univ. Press location Cambridge year 2003 Category Hyperbolic geometry Category Metric geometry ... more details
In mathematics , a complex torus is a particular kind of complex manifold M whose underlying smooth manifold is a torus in the usual sense i.e. the cartesian product of some number N circle s . Here N must be the even number 2 n , where n is the complex dimension of M . All such complex structures can be obtained as follows take a lattice group lattice in C sup n sup considered as real vector space then the quotient group C sup n sup &Lambda is a compact space compact complex manifold. All complex tori, up to isomorphism, are obtained in this way. For n 1 this is the classical period lattice construction of elliptic curve s. For n 1 Bernhard Riemann found necessary and sufficient conditions for a complex torus to be an algebraic variety those that are varieties can be embedded into complex projective space , and are the abelian varieties . The actual projective embeddings are complicated see equations defining abelian varieties when n 1, and are really coextensive with the theory of theta function s of several complex variable s with fixed modulus . There is nothing as simple as the cubic curve description for n 1. Computer algebra can handle cases for small n reasonably well. By Chow s theorem , no complex torus other than the abelian varieties can fit into projective space. References Citation last1 Birkenhake first1 Christina last2 Lange first2 Herbert title Complex tori publisher Birkh user Boston location Boston, MA series Progress in Mathematics isbn 978 0 8176 4103 0 mr 1713785 year 1999 volume 177 Category Complex manifolds Category Complex surfaces Category Abelian varieties ... more details
Complex organizations may refer to organizations that have many people, processes, rules, strategies, and basic units organizations as studied by the emerging field of Complexity Theory and Organizations the object of study in Charles Perrow s book Complex Organizations See also Strategic complexity disambiguation disambig ... more details
Complex seeing is a type of spectator response that Epic theater epic theatre seeks to provoke in its audience. Complex seeing involves the formation of a critical attitude by the spectator towards the events represented by the drama. theatre stub Category Bertolt Brecht theories and techniques Category Theatre stubs Brecht theory ... more details
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