for the Star Trek Voyager episode Tuvix some RSs mis refer to Tuvix as Symbiogenesis see the article Symbiogenesis is the merging of two separate organisms to form a single new organism. The idea originated with Konstantin Mereschkowsky in his 1926 book Symbiogenesis and the Origin of Species , which proposed that chloroplast s originate from cyanobacteria captured by a protozoa n. ref cite journal author Sapp J, Carrapi o F, Zolotonosov M title Symbiogenesis the hidden face of Constantin Merezhkowsky journal History and philosophy of the life sciences volume 24 issue 3 4 pages 413 40 year 2002 pmid 15045832 doi 10.1080 03919710210001714493 ref Ivan Wallin also supported this concept in his book Symbionticism and the Origins of Species. He suggested that bacteria might be the cause of the origin of species, and that species creation may occur through endosymbiosis. Today both chloroplasts and mitochondrion mitochondria are believed By whom? date January 2012 to have such an origin this is the endosymbiotic theory . In Acquiring Genomes A Theory of the Origins of Species , biologist Lynn Margulis argued later that symbiogenesis is a primary force in evolution . According to her theory, acquisition and accumulation of random mutation s are not sufficient to explain how inherited variations occur rather, new organelle s, bodies, organ anatomy organs , and species arise from symbiogenesis. ref cite journal author Margulis L title Origins of species acquired genomes and individuality journal BioSystems volume 31 issue 2 3 pages 121 5 year 1993 pmid 8155844 doi 10.1016 0303 2647 93 90039 F ref Whereas the classical interpretation of evolution the modern evolutionary synthesis emphasizes competition as the main force behind evolution, Margulis emphasizes cooperation. ref cite journal ... reflist References cite journal author Sapp J, Carrapi o F, Zolotonosov M title Symbiogenesis the hidden ... 00 01703 0 Important publications Konstantin Mereschkowsky. Symbiogenesis and the Origin of Species ... more details
For his brother, a Russian writer Dmitry Merezhkovsky Image Merezhkovsky K S.jpg thumb 200px right Konstantin Mereschkowski Konstantin Mereschcowsky 1855 1921 lang ru , also transliteration transliterated Konstantin Sergeevich Merezhkovsky , Konstantin Sergivich Merezhkovsky , Constantin Sergeevi M rejkovski , Constantin Sergejewicz Mereschcowsky , and Konstantin Sergejewicz Mereschkovsky was a prominent Russia n biologist , botanist and advocate of eugenics active mainly around Kazan , whose research on lichens led him to propose the theory of symbiogenesis that larger, more complexity complex cell biology cells evolution evolved from the symbiotic relationship between less complex ones. He presented this theory in 1909, in his Russian work, The Theory of Two Plasms as the Basis of Symbiogenesis, a New Study or the Origins of Organisms , although the fundamentals of the idea already had appeared in his earlier 1905 work, The nature and origins of chromatophores in the plant kingdom . He was inspired by his work as a leading lichenologist lichens were of major interest at the time as it had recently been shown that they exhibit a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae . Around the turn of the century he collecting collected a sizeable lichen herbarium , containing over 2000 specimens from lands in Russia , Austria and around the Mediterranean . The collection is currently in the possession of Kazan University . He also studied hydras . Merezhkovsky rejected Darwinian evolutionary theory. He did not believe that natural selection could explain biological novelty, positing instead the acquisition and inheritance of microbe s as central. He was criticised by another Russian lichenologist, Alexandr Alexandrovich Elenkin . Although the modern evolutionary synthesis supports Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection, Merezhovsky s ideas of symbiogenesis are reflected in the modern endosymbiont endosymbiotic theory develop ... more details
Taxobox domain Eukarya regnum Excavata unranked phylum Discicristata subdivision ranks Phyla subdivision Euglenozoa Percolozoa Discicristata is a proposed eukaryotic clade. It consists of Euglenozoa plus Percolozoa . ref name pmid14657102 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T title The excavate protozoan phyla Metamonada Grass emend. Anaeromonadea, Parabasalia, Carpediemonas, Eopharyngia and Loukozoa emend. Jakobea, Malawimonas their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa journal Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. volume 53 issue Pt 6 pages 1741 58 year 2003 month November pmid 14657102 doi 10.1099 ijs.0.02548 0 url http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 14657102 ref It was proposed that Discicristata plus Cercozoa yielded Cabozoa . ref name pmid18092388 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T title Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree journal J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. volume 46 issue 4 pages 347 66 year 1999 pmid 18092388 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.1999.tb04614.x url ref See also Excavate References reflist Excavata Category Excavata protist stub fr Discicristata ... more details
Expert subject Molecular and Cellular Biology date February 2009 Viral eukaryogenesis is the hypothesis that the cell nucleus of eukaryotic life forms evolved from a large DNA virus in a form of Endosymbiotic theory endosymbiosis within an archaea cell, being a form of symbiogenesis . It was proposed by Philip Bell in 2001, and gained support as large complex DNA viruses capable of protein biosynthesis such as Mimivirus have been discovered. A number of precepts in the theory are possible. For instance, a helical virus with a Lipid bilayer bilipid Viral envelope envelope bears a distinct resemblance to a highly simplified Cell nucleus cellular nucleus i.e. a DNA chromosome encapsulated within a lipid membrane . To consider the concept logically, a large DNA virus would take control of a bacteria l or archaea l cell. Instead of replicating and destroying the host cell, it would remain within the cell. With the virus in control of the host cell s molecular machinery it would effectively become a nucleus of sorts. Through the processes of mitosis and cytokinesis , the virus would thus hijack the entire cell&mdash an extremely favourable way to ensure its survival. References Reflist Citation doi 10.1007 s002390010215 year 2001 month Sep author Bell, Philip John Livingstone title Viral eukaryogenesis was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus? volume 53 issue 3 pages 251 256 pmid 11523012 journal Journal of molecular evolution Biology stub Evolution stub virus stub Category Evolutionary biology Category Virology Category Symbiosis Category Cell nucleus ca Eucariog nesi viral es Eucariog nesis viral pl Eukariogeneza ... more details
taxobox color taxobox colour incertae sedis domain Eukaryota Taxobox norank entry taxon Bikonta Taxobox norank entry taxon Cabozoa subdivision ranks Supergroups subdivision Rhizaria br Excavata Image AlgaeTree.png thumb 300px Algae tree. Note that not all terms listed in this diagram reflect a modern consensus. In the classification of eukaryote s living organisms with a cell nucleus , Cabozoa was a taxon proposed by Cavalier Smith . ref name pmid18092388 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T title Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree journal J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. volume 46 issue 4 pages 347 66 year 1999 pmid 18092388 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.1999.tb04614.x url ref It was a putative clade comprising the Rhizaria and Excavata . More recent research tends to place the Rhizaria with the Alveolata and heterokont s instead of the Excavata, however. ref cite journal author Burki F, Shalchian Tabrizi K, Minge M, Skj veland , Nikolaev SI, et al. editor1 last Butler year 2007 editor1 first Geraldine title Phylogenomics Reshuffles the Eukaryotic Supergroups journal PLoS ONE volume 2 issue 8 e790 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0000790 pages e790 pmid 17726520 pmc 1949142 ref References reflist See also Corticata Eukaryota classification Category Eukaryotes protist stub ca Cabozou es Cabozoa ga Cabozoa pt Cabozoa ... more details
File Famintsyn.JPG thumb Andrei Sergeyevich Famintsyn lang ru June 17 Old Style O.S. June 29 , 1835, Moscow December 8, 1918, Petrograd was a Russia n botanist , public figure, and academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1884 . Famintsyn attended Saint Petersburg State University and studied under Russian fungal expert Lev Semionovich Tsenkovsky . In 1861, he continued his scientific career as a teacher at his alma mater and became a professor 1867 1889 . In 1890, Famintsyn founded and headed the Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Physiology of the Academy of Sciences today s Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Famintsyn is considered the founding father of the Petersburg school of plant physiologists Ivan Borodin , Alexander Batalin , Dmitry Ivanovsky and others . In 1887, he authored the first Russian textbook on plant physiology . His major works were dedicated to photosynthesis and plant metabolism . He was the first to use artificial light for plant growing and research 1868 . Famintsyn showed that carbon dioxide conversion by plants and formation of starch may occur under artificial lighting. Together with O. Baranetsky, he was the first to separate the green algae cells from lichens . Famintsyn discovered the symbiosis of algae with radiolaria s and developed a theory of symbiogenesis . In 1906 1909, he was the president of the Free Economic Society . In 1915, Famintsyn was elected honorary president of the Russian Botanic Society . GSE Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Famintsyn, Andrei ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1835 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1918 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Famintsyn, Andrei Category 1835 births Category 1918 deaths Category Russian botanists Category Russian inventors Category Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences Category Saint Petersburg State University alumni ru , sv Andrej Famintsyn ... more details
Infobox person name Nils Aall Barricelli image Nils Aall Barricelli.jpg imagesize 200px caption birth name birth date Birth date 1912 01 24 birth place Rome death date Death date and age 1993 01 27 1912 01 24 death place occupation mathematician nationality Norwegians Norwegian Italians Italian relatives signature website footnotes Nils Aall Barricelli 1912&ndash 1993 was a Norwegians Norwegian Italians Italian mathematician . Barricelli s early computer assisted experiments in symbiogenesis and evolution are considered pioneering in artificial life research. Barricelli, who was independently wealthy, held an unpaid residency at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey in 1953, 1954. and 1956. ref Dyson, George. 1997. Darwin Among the Machines. Reading, MA Helix Books, p. 111 ref He later worked at the University of California, Los Angeles , at Vanderbilt University until 1964 , in the Department of Genetics of the University of Washington , Seattle until 1968 and then at the Mathematics Institute of the University of Oslo . Barricelli published in a variety of fields including virus genetics, DNA , theoretical biology , space flight , theoretical physics and mathematical language . ref Gulliksen, Tor. 1997. Email to George Dyson. The Reality Club on Darwin Among the Machines. Edge.org. http www.edge.org discourse dysong darwin.html ref References reflist External links http www.make digital.com make vol08 ?pg 198&u1 texterity Barricelli s Universe make digital.com http www.ted.com index.php talks view id 278 George Dyson TED talk discusses Barricelli Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Barricelli, Nils Aall ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1912 PLACE OF BIRTH Rome DATE OF DEATH died on the 27. of January 1993, 81 years old PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Barricelli, Nils Aall Category 1912 births Category 1993 deaths Category 20th century mathematicians Category Institute for Advanced Study faculty norway scientist stub ... more details
Ivanovsky Andrey Famintsyn , plant physiologist , inventor of grow lamp , developer of symbiogenesis ... Merezhkovsky , major lichenologist , developer of symbiogenesis theory, a founder of endosymbiosis ... more details
of the alien orchids acted as a symbiogenesis symbiogenetic catalyst and is the culprit for the combination ... 2011 05 18 accessdate 2011 05 18 ref One , ref name IUlilly and Symbiogenesis . ref name CLStugttntv ... more details
of the 1960s, and is active in the field of evolutionary biology symbiogenesis with Lynn Margulis ..., Philosophy, Politics, Religion and Symbiogenesis. A complete list of articles by Kenneth ... more details
of genes include the inheritance of Dual inheritance theory cultural traits and symbiogenesis . ref name Chapman98 cite journal title Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis last1 Chapman first1 M. J. last2 ... more details
lamp , developer of symbiogenesis theory Yuri Filipchenko , entomologist, coined the terms microevolution ... , developer of symbiogenesis theory, a founder of endosymbiosis theory Ivan Vladimirovich ... more details
pp semi indef pp move indef two other uses the microorganisms the genus Bacterium genus featured article Taxobox color lightgrey name Bacteria fossil range Archean or earlier Recent image EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg image width 210px image caption Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli bacilli domain Bacteria subdivision ranks Phyla ref cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Undef&id 2&lvl 3&lin f&keep 1&srchmode 1&unlock title Bacteria eubacteria accessdate 2008 09 10 work Taxonomy Browser publisher date ref subdivision Gram positive no Bacterial outer membrane outer membrane Actinobacteria high GC content G C br Firmicutes low GC content G C br Tenericutes no Cell wall wall Gram negative Bacterial outer membrane outer membrane present Aquificae br Deinococcus Thermus br Fibrobacteres Chlorobi Bacteroidetes Sphingobacteria phylum FCB group br Fusobacteria br Gemmatimonadetes br Nitrospirae br Planctomycetes Verrucomicrobia Chlamydiae Planctobacteria PVC group br Proteobacteria br Spirochaete s br Synergistetes Unknown ungrouped Acidobacteria br Chloroflexi br Chrysiogenetes br Cyanobacteria br Deferribacteraceae Deferribacteres br Dictyoglomi br Thermodesulfobacteria br Thermotogae Bacteria IPA en b k t ri en us bacteria.ogg singular bacterium are a large domain biology domain of prokaryotic microorganism s. Typically a few micrometre s in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from sphere s to rods and spirals. Bacteria are present in most habitat s on Earth , growing in soil, Hot spring acidic hot springs , radioactive waste , ref cite journal author Fredrickson JK title Geomicrobiology of high level nuclear waste contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology volume 70 issue 7 pages 4230 41 year 2004 pmid 15240306 pmc 444790 doi 10.1128 AEM.70.7.4230 4241.2004 author separator , author2 Zachara JM author3 Balkwill DL display aut ... more details
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