Marxism Surplusproduct German Mehrprodukt is a concept explicitly theorised by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy . Marx first began to work out his idea of surplusproduct in his 1844 notes ... of new products in a defined time interval into the necessary product and the surplusproduct . Economically ..., their total reproduction cost . The surplusproduct is whatever is produced in excess of those necessaries ... communal or state resources, or by some other means. Use of the surplusproduct In producing, people ... 24 32. ref This social surplusproduct can be destroyed, or wasted held in reserve, or hoarded consumed ..., or employ other people to farm it. If the surplusproduct is simply held in reserve, wasted or consumed ... J. Wenke, Patterns in Prehistory . ref The existence of a surplusproduct normally assumes the ability ... 9, section 4, Marx actually defines the capitalist surplusproduct exclusively in terms of the relationship ... is not simply a physical surplusproduct a stockpile of additional goods . The concept expresses .... Thus, as the surplusproduct increases, the necessary product per person also increases, which usually ... of the historical origin of the surplusproduct For most of human prehistory , Marxian writers like Ernest Mandel and V. Gordon Childe argued, there existed no economic surplusproduct of any ... Kluwer, 2001, p. 241 . ref The formation of a reliable surplusproduct makes possible an initial ..., a secure surplusproduct makes possible population growth , i.e. less starvation, infanticide ... authority, etc. to gain control over the social surplusproduct as the people in this elite group assert their social power, everyone else is forced to leave the control over the surplusproduct ... that point on, the surplusproduct is formed within a class relationship, in which the exploitation ... from the surplusproduct, via taxes, tributes, rents and confiscations. Because the ruling elite controls the production and distribution of the surplusproduct, it thereby also controls the state. In turn ... more details
wiktionary surplusSurplus means when there is more supply than demand, as in extra resources. Surplus may refer to The Surplus , an episode of The Office Surplus Terrorized into Being Consumers , a documentary film Economic surplus , one of various supplementary values Government budget surplus Economic surplus in surplus economics or surplusproduct in Marxian economics See also Intitle surplus Deficit disambiguation disambig es Super vit fr Surplus it Surplus pt Superavit ru simple Surplus ... more details
Infobox Television episode Title The Surplus Series The Office Image Image Office US The Surplus.jpg 250px Caption Dwight and Angela are married. Season 5 Episode 10 Airdate December 4, 2008 Production 509 Writer Gene Stupnitsky br Lee Eisenberg Director Paul Feig Guests Episode list List of The Office U.S. TV series episodes Prev Frame Toby Next Moroccan Christmas The Surplus is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the television program television series The Office U.S. TV series The Office , and the show s eighty second episode overall. The episode aired in the United States on December 4, 2008 on NBC . In this episode, the office is at odds over whether to spend a budget surplus on new chairs or a new photocopier , with Jim, Pam, and Oscar in particular trying to convince Michael how to spend the money. Meanwhile, Andy and Angela visit Schrute Farms to discuss their wedding plans. Synopsis Oscar Martinez Oscar Oscar Nunez informs Michael Scott The Office Michael Steve Carell that the office must spend a 4300 surplus or lose it in next year s budget. When Michael opens up the floor for suggestions, factions break out and officemates square off against one another in order to get what they want. Oscar suggests that they replace the photocopier copier while Pam Beesly Pam Jenna Fischer suggests they buy new chairs. Jim Halpert Jim John Krasinski takes Oscar s side, much to Pam s shock, because he started making copies himself since he and Pam started dating asking Pam to make copies makes him feel awkward and knows how bad the copier is, while the rest of the employees ... informs Michael that he has the option of turning in the surplus, which would result in him getting ... four copies, doing so in the same way Pam had mock threatened him earlier. Reception The Surplus was voted ... links http www.nbc.com the office episode guide season 5 59811 the surplus episode 510 59981 The Surplus ... Surplus, The Category The Office U.S. season 5 episodes Category 2008 television episodes ... more details
capital . The net operating surplus NOS is thus the residual balancing item in the product account ... productSurplus value United Nations System of National Accounts UNSNA References 2008 UNSNA standard ...nofootnotes date April 2010 Operating surplus is an accounting concept used in national accounts statistics ... a better measure of business profits. According to the 2008 SNA, it is the measure of the surplus ... surplus is a component of value added and GDP . The term mixed income is used when operating surplus cannot be distinguished from wage income, for example, in the case of sole proprietorships . Most of operating surplus will normally consist of gross Profit accounting profit income. In principle ... a valuation adjustment reflecting average prices during the accounting period. Operating surplus ... of operating surplus in UNSNA A simple definition of business profit would be sales less costs , and the accounting derivation of operating surplus is similar although the SNA concept of entrepreneurial ... subsidies received IT SU equals net operating surplus NOS In simple equations, NOS GV CE IT SU CFC or NOS NV CE IT SU Operating surplus can of course also be stated gross GOS GOS NOS CFC In this case ... from operating surplus. Operating surplus also excludes property incomes considered to be unrelated to value adding production. Mixed income The category of operating surplus is applied to the whole ... income other than wages or salaries, which is included in operating surplus. In practice, all ... by households, an activity that is considered to generate no surplus. Some countries separately itemise ... surplus in UNSNA The size of total operating surplus is in theory not affected by whether the assets .... Thus, the size of net operating surplus will vary according to whether fixed assets are rented, or purchased. Enterprises may furthermore invest surplus capital in financial assets or real estate assets ... in production, and is therefore excluded from operating surplus except for what is called the services ... more details
, the term surplus may also refer to surplus value , surplusproduct and surplus labour . Overview On a standard supply and demand diagram, consumer surplus is the area triangular if the supply ... Shortage Surplus economics SurplusproductSurplus value Utility Value added Welfare economics ...About consumers and producers surplus information about other surpluses deficit disambiguation deficit ... on a supply and demand chart In mainstream economics , economic surplus also known as total welfare or Marshallian surplus after Alfred Marshall refers to two related quantities. Consumer surplus or consumers surplus is the monetary gain obtained by consumers because they are able to purchase a product for a price that is less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus or producers surplus is the amount that producers benefit by selling at a market price that is higher ... , the economic surplus denotes the total income which the ruling class derives from its ownership ..., in the supply demand diagram, producer surplus is the area below the equilibrium price but above the supply .... Calculation from supply and demand The consumer surplus individual or aggregated is the area ... case the equilibrium price . If the demand curve is a straight line, the consumer surplus ... functions, these areas are not triangles but can still be found using integral calculus. Consumer surplus ... in the equilibrium quantity, then consumer surplus falls. Distribution of benefits when price falls ... surplus increases. This benefits two groups of people. Consumers who were already willing ... more consumer surplus, and additional consumers who were unwilling to buy at the initial price but will buy at the new price and also receive some consumer surplus. Consider an example of linear supply and demand curves. For an initial supply curve S sub 0 sub , consumer surplus is the triangle above ... by the demand line . If supply expands from S sub 0 sub to S sub 1 sub , the consumers surplus ... more details
Surplus economics is the study of economics based upon the concept that economies operate on the basis of the production of a surplus over basic needs. Economic Surplus By economic surplus is meant all production which is not essential for the continuance of existence. That is to say, all production about which there is a choice as to whether or not it is produced. The economic surplus begins when an economy is first able to produce more than it needs to survive, a surplus to its essentials. This definition is no more arbitrary than defining all resources as scarce by definition by declaring all wants infinite. In fact it is much less so since the line between existence and non existence is a real one. This is different to the standard use of the term surplus economics surplus in economics. facts date December 2010 Alternative definitions are The difference between the value of a society s annual product and its socially necessary cost of production. Davis, p.1 The range of economic freedom at its society s disposal, extent able to engage in socially discretionary spending that satisfies more than the basic needs of its producers. Dawson & Foster in Davis, p.45 Income minus essential consumption requirements. Lippit in Davis p.81 The difference between what a society can produce and what ..., limited because wants are characterised as unlimited. Surplus economics argues that rather than limited ... a danger to the production processes and the command over resources that created an economic surplus in the first place. facts date December 2010 Surplus economics seeks to answer such questions as Why ... even the staggering levels of surplus of modern economies because this assumption suits the needs ... 2010 See also Economic surplus Scarcity rent Georgism References Monopoly capital an essay on the American economic and social order , Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy The Economic surplus in advanced economies , John B. Davis Ed The economic surplus and neo Marxism , Ron J. Stanfield Further reading ... more details
as a permanent surplusproduct can be produced, the moral political question arises as to how it should be distributed, and for whose benefit surplus labour should be performed. The strong defeat the weak, and it becomes possible for a social elite to gain control over the surplus labour and surplusproduct of the working population they can live off the labour of others. Labour which is sufficiently productive so that it can perform surplus labour is, in a cash economy, the material foundation for the appropriation of surplus value from that labour. How exactly this appropriation will occur ... worked but also reaps a benefit , namely the extra value the employee creates the surplusproduct ... AShaikh Levyxrus.pdf See also Surplus value Surplusproduct Economic surplus Rate ...Marxism Surplus labour is a concept used by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy . It means ... necessary labour . According to Marxian economics , surplus labour is usually unpaid labour . Marxian economics regards surplus labour as the ultimate source of capitalist profits. Origin of surplus labour Marx explains the origin of surplus labour in the following terms Quotation It is only after ... socialised, that a state of things arises in which the surplus labour of the one becomes a condition ... accompanying relations springs up from an economic soil that is the product of a long process of development ..., but of a history embracing thousands of centuries. ref 1 The historical emergence of surplus ... of gaining an income a surplus value from this trade. But, initially, this does not involve any capitalist .... During a lengthy historical process, the old ways of extracting surplus labour are gradually replaced by commercial forms of exploitation. Surplus labour and exploitation Exploitation occurs when those appropriating surplus labour &mdash whether in the form of surplus value, surplusproduct or direct surplus labour &mdash are different than those performing surplus labour. Just as there are attempts ... more details
and surplusproduct . In the Communist Manifesto , Marx and Engels wrote Quotation The bourgeoisie ... 594 597 . Interpretations Surplus value may be viewed in five ways As a component of the new value product ... Marx calls the necessary product and the surplusproduct , or paid labour and unpaid labour. Surplus ... between social classes or nations in the process of the division of the social product. Surplus value ... to product value which has already been created previously. The rate of surplus value in production ... units the surplusproduct divided by necessary product . see Das Kapital , vol. 1, chapter 28 . The five ... further rate of exploitation and surplusproduct . However, the basic meaning of the rate of surplus ... is not recorded in gross product measures after all, it isn t new production , nevertheless a surplus ... product and surplus value are equated, while value and price are identical, but the distribution ... of production Return on capital Superprofit Economic surplusSurplusSurplus labour Surplusproduct ...Marxism File Surplus value.jpg thumb The production of surplus value, from Karl Marx s Capital in Lithographs , by Hugo Gellert , 1934 Surplus value is a concept used famously by Karl Marx in his critique ... www.marxists.org archive marx works 1867 c1 ch08.htm ref Quotation Surplus value and the rate of surplus ... the form of surplus value as profit are visible surface phenomena Karl Marx, Capital Vol. 3 , Pelican ... was mainly due to the competitive striving to obtain maximum surplus value from the employment ... resources. To the extent that increasingly the economic surplus is convertible into money and expressed ... slumbered in the lap of social labor? Theory The problem of explaining the source of surplus value is expressed by Friedrich Engels as follows Quotation Whence comes this surplus value? It cannot come ... as follows Quotation If the exchange value of a product equals the labour time contained in the product, then the exchange value of a working day is equal to the product it yields, in other words ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 A Surplus note is a Bond finance bond like instrument issued by an insurance company . These securities are subordinated obligations, and fall at the very bottom of the operating insurance company s Financial capital capital structure. They are issued primarily by mutual insurance companies, which are not public and owned instead by their policy holders. Surplus notes are debt like in that they pay a coupon and have a finite maturity. However, in many cases, state insurance regulators have allowed insurance companies to classify the capital raised via surplus notes as surplus which is the statutory equivalent of Shareholders equity equity , because surplus note holders are last in line to make a claim on the company s assets in a Default finance default scenario, much like where equity holders reside in a public company. The motivation for mutual companies to issue these instruments was to raise surplus or equity in response to new risk based capital guidelines developed in the early 1990s. Because mutual companies are owned by policyholders, not shareholders, there was no alternative method to raise surplus or equity. While surplus note holders have last claim on the assets of the operating insurance company, it is important to realize that this claim is at the operating company level, which is still ahead of holding company obligations. DEFAULTSORT Surplus Note Category Corporate finance Category Notes ... more details
Vent for surplus is a theory that was formulated by Adam Smith and later revised by Hla Myint on his thesis of South East Asia. The theory states that when a country produces more than it can consume it produces a surplus. This underutilization causes an inward movement on the production possibilities frontier. Trade with another country is then used to vent off this surplus and to bring the production possibilities frontier back to full capacity. References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.economyprofessor.com economictheories vent for surplus.php Vent for Surplus Category International trade economics stub ... more details
Image Van Nuys Surplus.JPG thumb 200px right Van Nuys Army & Navy Surplus Store A surplus store or disposals store sells items that are used, or purchased but unused, and no longer needed. The surplus is often military, government or industrial excess often called army navy stores in America. A surplus store may also sell items that are past their use by date . Military surplus main Military surplus An army surplus store or navy surplus store is any store, usually retail , which sells military surplus general equipment that was intended for the military but is unable to be used or originally purchased in excess by the military. These stores often sell camping equipment or military clothing especially jackets and helmets . Following the First ref p.45 White, Sarah Madison Women Remember Growing Up in Wisconsin s Capital Arcadia Publishing, 2006 ref and Second World Wars large amounts of former military clothing and equipment were sold in these stores ref p.16 Drake, Albert The Age of Hot Rods Essays on Rods, Custom Cars and Their Drivers from the 1950s to Today McFarland, 2008 ref Similar names In the United Kingdom UK , the Army & Navy Stores United Kingdom Army & Navy Stores was a department store owned by House of Fraser on Victoria, London Victoria Street , London . See also Eastman Army Camp Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Surplus Store Category Surplus stores Category Militaria Category Retailing Economy stub retailing stub fr Surplus militaire ... more details
Military surplus are goods, usually mat riel , that are sold or otherwise disposed of when no longer needed by the military . Entrepreneur s often buy these goods and resell them at surplus store s. Military surplus rarely includes weapons or munitions , though they are occasionally found in such stores. Usually the goods sold by the military are clothing , equipment , and tool s of a generally useful nature. Also, embroidered patches , name tags, and other items that can be used with a military uniform. Occasionally, vehicles will be sold as well jeeps, trucks, etc. . Demand for such items comes from various collectors, survivalist s, and fans of airsoft gun s and paintball . See also Military surplus stores Performance based logistics Surplus Property Act USA References Reflist mil stub Category Militaria pl Demobil ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date October 2008 Target surplus represents the amount of additional capital held by a financial institution beyond the Bank regulation regulatory requirements in order to ensure that the chances of breaching Capital requirement capital adequacy or solvency requirements are significantly reduced. economics stub Category Financial regulation ... more details
Accounting Capital surplus term that frequently appears as a balance sheet item as a component of shareholders equity . Capital surplus is used to account for that a company law firm raises in excess of the par value nominal value of the shares common stock . Taken together, common stock and sometimes preferred stock issued and paid plus capital surplus represent the total amount actually paid by investors for shares when issued assuming no subsequent adjustments or changes . Shares for which there is no par value will generally not have any form of capital surplus on the balance sheet all funds from issuing shares will be credited to common stock issued. Some other scenarios of causing Capital Surplus include Government donate a piece of land to the company. The Capital surplus Share premium account SPA is not distributable, however, in restricted circumstances it can be reduced to write off the expenses commission relating to the issue of those shares to make a bonus issue of fully paid up shares. It may also be used to account for any gains the firm may derive from selling treasury stock , although this is less commonly seen. Capital Surplus is also a term used by economists to denote capital inflows in excess of capital outflows on a country s balance of payments . Background Many firms authorize shares with some nominal par value, often the smallest unit of currency commonly in use such as one penny or 0.01 , in many jurisdictions due to legal requirements. The firm may then sell these shares for a much higher price as the par value is a largely archaic and fictional concept . Any premium received over the par value is credited to capital surplus. Share premium account According to Companies Act 1985 s.130 and companies ordinance 1984 Nepal s.84 ref http www.pcp.org.pk ... Surplus http beginnersinvest.about.com cs investinglessons l blles3capsurres.htm Capital Surplus and Proprietorship Reserves References references DEFAULTSORT Capital Surplus Category Accounting terminology ... more details
Sunny s Surplus f.k.a. Sunny s Great Outdoors and Sunny s The Affordable Outdoor Store was, at its peak, a chain of 15 surplus store s in Washington, D.C. , Maryland , Northern Virginia , and Delaware . The chain was founded in 1948 to sell World War II surplus. It later added camping gear and in 1990 renamed itself. Sunny s was a Baltimore, Maryland Baltimore landmark and has appeared in Barry Levinson s movie Liberty Heights and show Homicide Life on the Street . The chain s dog in the gas mask commercial was awarded a Clio award Clio . In early January 2007, Sunny s began liquidation sales as it prepared to close down all of its locations after the Elkridge, Maryland Elkridge based company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the second time in a decade. March 16, 2007, marked the final day in which the company s remaining stores a handful of stores up until this point had closed were open for business. In late October and early November 2007, Sunny s reopened its doors with three Maryland stores, in Annapolis, Maryland Annapolis , Westminster, Maryland Westminster , and Frederick, Maryland Frederick . These stores were again closed in late March 2008. References http www.tmcnet.com usubmit 2007 11 09 3082674.htm Surplus chain reopens doors Sunny s is back from Chapter 11, this time with three stores, not 15. November 09, 2007 Baltimore Sun, The KRT Via Thomson Dialog NewsEdge http www.gazette.net stories 040408 businew201447 32363.shtml Bankruptcy forces Sunny s Surplus stores to close, again Outdoor goods chain donates inventory to Goodwill by Rebecca McClay. Friday, April 4, 2008. Gazette.Net Category Surplus stores retail company stub ... more details
File Stoat and chipmunks.png thumb right A stoat surplus killing chipmunks Surplus killing is the behavior predator s exhibit when they kill more prey than they can immediately use. They may partially consume, cache, or abandon intact prey. This behavior has been observed in zooplankton , damselfly naiad biology naiads , predaceous mite s, weasel s, honey badger s, wolf wolves , orca s, red fox es, spotted hyena s, spider s, brown bear , lynx , mink , house cats , and human s. The term was invented by Dutch biologist Hans Kruuk after studying spotted hyenas in Africa ref name Hyena cite book author Kruuk, Hans title The Spotted Hyena A study of predation and social behaviour year 1972 isbn 0563208449 page 335 ref and red foxes in England. ref name RWTF cite book author Macdonald, David title Running with the Fox year 1987 isbn 0 044 40199 X page 224 ref It is likely that this is a antipredator adaptation survival mechanism , the selection for aggressiveness toward prey being an evolution ary development toward becoming a more successful hunter. Most cases of surplus killing occur when the prey is disadvantaged in some fashion. Under those conditions, the predator s energy expenditure and risk are low. Citation needed date September 2011 See also Bison hunting 19th century bison hunts ... 20killing 22 SUSPECTED SURPLUS KILLING OF HARBOR SEAL PUPS PHOCA VITULINA BY KILLER WHALES ORCINUS ... Trust, http www.wolftrust.org.uk a d7 depredation surplus.html Wolf Depredation Surplus Killing . Wildlife Online Foxes Surplus Killing, http www.wildlifeonline.me.uk questions answers foxes.html kill ... jacksonwolves7 .htm Jackson Trio makes some surplus kills . High Country News, Zachary Smith, http www.hcn.org servlets hcn.Article?article id 15048 Wolf pack wiped out for surplus killing . Victor Van ... newsletters newsletter9 2.htm terns Surplus killing of Roseate Terns and Common Terns by a mink . Category Predation pl Surplus killing zh ... more details
Infobox Book name Cognitive Surplus Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age image File Cognitive Surplus cover.jpg 200px image caption First edition hardcover author Clay Shirky language English language English genre Non fiction publisher Penguin Group release date media type Print Hardcover Hardback pages 242 isbn 978 1594202537 Cognitive Surplus Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age is a 2010 non fiction book by Clay Shirky . The book is an indirect sequel to Shirky s Here Comes Everybody ... acknowledges that the activities that we use our cognitive surplus for may be frivolous such as creating ... reviews cognitive surplus by clay shirky 2027393.html title Cognitive Surplus, By Clay Shirky work .... ref cite book last Shirky first Clay title Cognitive Surplus Creativity and Generosity in a Connected ... to them. Shirky Cognitive Surplus Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age p. 3 Chapter list Gin, Television, and Cognitive Surplus comparison of the Gin Craze to contemporary television viewing ... Surplus has been widely praised as another convincing installment in Shirky s long history of thought ... news url http www.guardian.co.uk books 2010 jun 27 cognitive surplus clay shirky book review work The Guardian date June 27, 2010 last Chatfield first Tom title Cognitive Surplus by Clay Shirky ref ... Times date July 5, 2010 last Harkin first James title Cognitive Surplus ref However, his approach ... cheerleading cheerleading positive examples of the online use of cognitive surplus. ref .... ref cite web url http bnreview.barnesandnoble.com t5 Reviews Essays Cognitive Surplus ba p 2733 title Cognitive Surplus last Lehrer first Jonah date June, 9 2010 work bnreview.barnsandnoble.com ... References reflist External links http www.ted.com talks clay shirky how cognitive surplus will change the world.html How cognitive surplus will change the world , Shirky s 2010 TED conference TED talk http www.wired.com magazine 2010 05 ff pink shirky Cognitive Surplus The Great Spare Time Revolution ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove August 2007 orphan February 2009 essay like December 2007 A colonial surplus is a way of measuring the effects of the relationship between colony and metropolis. A colony , in the sense of a region being ruled by a foreign overseas power, was in a different position from that of an independent country. As Maddison remarked some time ago of India , The major burden of foreign rule arose from the fact that the British raj was a regime of expatriates. ref The Economic and Social Impact of Colonial Rule in India Chapter 3 p. 19 of Class Structure and Economic Growth India & Pakistan since the Moghuls A. Maddison 1971 ref Such expatriates generate a flow of funds out of the colony. Something similar would have occurred in Latin America during the post Spanish period of informal rule by British and American finance. Simply, the Colonial Surplus is a measurement of the benefits in money terms gained by citizens, business and government of the colonising power metropolis from the colony. It is a measure of exploitation. It describes and calculates part of the economic relationship between colonising power and colony. The part it describes is revenue to the metropolis. The colonial surplus measures in money terms what the metropolis gets out of its colony, its gains. It includes the sum of the trading and financial relationship between the two. and it covers gains made by other nationals operating in the colony . The foremost part deals with the balance of trade and services. The presence of a Colonial Surplus may be evidenced by an export surplus on the part of the colony that was outstandingly large. The export surplus must be particularly large for it has ... surplus. But it is better if there is a Balance of Payments account for the colony. Better ... the size of the Colonial Surplus, if any. Included in this calculation would be items not only ... arrangements were made for the transfer of funds that that should be included in the Colonial Surplus ... more details
The surplus procedure SP is a fair division protocol for dividing goods in a way that achieves proportional Equity economics equitability . It can be generalized to more than 2 people and is strategyproof . For 3 or more people it is not always possible to achieve a division that is both equitabile and envy free . The surplus procedure was devised by Steven Brams Steven J. Brams , Michael A. Jones, and Christian Klamler in 2006. ref http www.ams.org notices 200611 fea brams.pdf Better Ways to Cut a Cake by Steven J. Brams, Michael A. Jones, and Christian Klamler in the Notices of the American Mathematical Society December 2006. ref Criticisms of the paper There have been a few criticisms of aspects of the paper. ref http arxiv.org abs 0807.3117 Cutting Cakes Correctly by Theodore P. Hill, School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 2008 ref In effect the paper should cite a weaker form of Pareto optimality and suppose the measures are always strictly positive. See also Adjusted winner procedure Approval voting References reflist Category Fair division Category Game theory Category Welfare economics math stub ... more details
wiktionary productProduct may refer to Business Product business , an item that ideally satisfies a market s want or need Product breakdown structure Product project management , a deliverable or set of deliverables that contribute to a business solution Nanoproduct , a product that has been enhanced with nanotechnology Sciences Product biology , something manufactured by an enzyme from its substrate Product chemistry , a substance found when a chemical reaction ends Product mathematics , the result of multiplying Product category theory , a more abstract product Arts and entertainment Product Brand X album Product Brand X album , 1979 Product De Press album Product De Press album , 1982 Product, a three CD compilation set by Buzzcocks .the .product, a notable 64K demo by the demogroup Farbrausch disambiguation bs Proizvod vor ca Producte cs Produkt da Produkt de Produkt et Toode es Producto eu Produktu argipena fr Produit ia Producto disambiguation it Prodotto lt Produktas reik m s nl Product no Produkt pl Produkt pt Produto ro Produs ru simple Product sk Produkt sv Produkt th tr r n uk ur ... more details
A by product is a secondary product derived from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. It is not the primary product or service being produced.A by product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste. International Energy Agency IEA offers the following definition for the purpose of life cycle assessment ref http www.ieabioenergy task38.org systemdefining biomitre technical manual.pdf BIOMITRE Technical Manual, Horne, R. E. and Matthews, R., November 2004 ref ... main products, co products which involve similar revenues to the main product , by products which result in smaller revenues , and waste products which provide little or no revenue . Major by products Animal sources blood meal from slaughterhouse operations poultry by product meal clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered poultry, such as necks, feet, undeveloped eggs, and intestines chrome shavings from a stage of leather manufacture collagen and gelatin from the boiled skin and other parts of slaughtered livestock feather s from poultry processing feather meal from poultry processing fetal pig s lanolin from the cleaning of wool manure from animal husbandry meat and bone meal from the rendering food processing rendering of animal bones and offal poultry litter swept from the floors of chicken coops whey from cheese manufacturing Vegetation acidulated soap stock from the refining of vegetable oil bagasse the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice black liquor from the production of Pulp paper cellulose pulp using the Kraft process bran and cereal germ germ from the milling of whole grain s into refined grains brewer s yeast from ethanol fermentation cereal food fines from breakfast cereal processing corn steep liquor from corn wet milling ... sludge from wastewater treatment waste heat from electricity production and usage See also By product ... ja no Biprodukt pt Subproduto simple By product fi Sivutuote sv Biprodukt th ... more details
citation style date February 2011 File Theproductandlogo.jpg thumb The Product Infobox musical artist name The Product background group or band origin Detroit, Michigan genre Alternative Rock website URL productrock.com years active Start date 2009 Present current members B.J. Perry br R.J. Perry br Rich Bennett br Charlie Jewell br past members Jerome Reilly The Product is an Alternative Rock band based out of Detroit, Michigan . The Product formed in early 2009 with the original line up of B.J. Perry, R.J. Perry, Rich Bennett and Jerome Reilly. Several months later the band parted ways with Jerome, and picked up former band mate and high school friend Charlie Jewell. They have released one E.P. titled Break The Silence along with several singles. History Break The Silence 2009 Their debut EP, Break The Silence, was self released in 2009 and generated an instant buzz throughout the Midwest. ref name Biography http restlessmanagement.com ?p 106 , Biography ref The track Nightmare stayed at Number 1 on Alternative Addiction s top ten Unsigned Bands list for several months. The band went on to tour the Midwest extensively and sold over 4,000 copies of BTS. Also, the track from the E.P. Better Off This Way had a clip appear in the hit MTV show Jersey Shore ref name Jersey Shore http www.mtv.com videos jersey shore season 2 ep 18 drunk punch love 1656631 playlist.jhtml series 2211&seriesId ... 2010 11 01 the product debuts official theme song for tna final resolution on tnastars com ... The song is expected to be re released on The Product s follow up release So Alive expected in 2011. The Product was also named the number one unsigned band of the year by voters on Alternative Addiction.com ... discovery site Daily Unsigned. ref name Daily Unsigned http dailyunsigned.com 2010 12 01 the product ... musicnews article 1911 The Product Ready To Make Their Move , Greg Archilla ref Tour The Product has toured throughout the Midwest gaining a loyal following in those states ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Supply chain surplus is a common term to represent Value addition based pricing value addition by supply chain function of an organisation. It is calculated by the following formula Supply chain surplus revenue generated from a customer total cost incurred to Production economics produce and Delivery commerce deliver the Product business product . ref Chopra, Sunil Peter Meindl, D. V. Kalra. Supply Chain Management . ref References Reflist Business term stub Category Supply chain management ... more details
Orphan date April 2008 Cleanup date December 2007 Consumer surplus can be calculated differently for software products than for other products. Customers tend to buy products with greater consumer surplus. Software companies should know what measure in their market analysis to determine their consumer surplus so that create products that are better at fulfilling their customers. Messerschmitt and Szyperski have studied what factors affect the perceived consumer surplus in the software product market. The value a customer places on software is affected by things such as compatibility with complementary products, degree of adoption in the market, usability, increases in productivity, differentiation from competitors, and innovativeness. These can be customer satisfaction dimensions . On the other hand, many things affect the total cost of ownership of software products besides price. These include implementation, training, management, and operations costs. Additionally, switching costs to competitors play a role because customers may fear that the vendor may discontinue the product or go out of business. These authors suggest that the price of software should be based on its consumer surplus. Pricing strategies can be used to gain the most revenue such as product bundling , forming separable modules, and price discrimination with product variants and target groups. 2004 Calculations of consumer surplus is one way that software firms can keep track of their perception by customers in an integrative way. References Messerschmitt, D. G. and C. Szyperski. Marketplace Issues in Software Planning and Design. IEEE Software. Volume 21, Issue 3 May June 2004 , pp 62 70. Category Microeconomics ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
