Politics A supermajority or a qualified majority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level or type of support which exceeds a simple majority over 50 . In some jurisdictions, for example, parliamentary procedure requires that any action that may alter the rights of the minority has a supermajority ... with entrenched clause s, commonly require supermajority support in a legislature . A supermajority ... type of supermajority is a majority of the entire membership that is based on the total number of voting ... membership is a supermajority that is based on the total number of the established fixed membership ... are filled. However, the United Nations Security Council does require a supermajority of the fixed ... s 15 members i.e., a three fifths supermajority must vote in favor of a draft United Nations Security ... member states. The Indian Constitution requires a supermajority of two thirds of members present ... relating to provincial secession has obtained a clear majority , implying that some sort of supermajority is needed. If it is determined it has not obtained a supermajority, the results of the referendum ... ways 1 by two thirds supermajority votes of each house of Congress, or 2 by a constitutional convention ... Veto United States vetoes a bill, Congress may veto override override the veto by a two thirds supermajority ... under this method, the only time it has done so. A treaty may be ratified by a two thirds supermajority ..., or a federal judge . Removal from office requires a two thirds supermajority of the Senate. In 1868 ... Clinton his impeachment in 1998 fell far short of the two thirds supermajority. Under threat of impeachment ... was removed from office. Each chamber may expel one of its own members by a two thirds supermajority ... thirds supermajority in the Senate is 67 out of 100 senators, while a two thirds supermajority in the House ... 67 senators or 290 representatives to achieve this supermajority. Apart from these constitutional requirements, a United States Senate Senate rule requires a supermajority of three fifths to move ... more details
Super majority amendment is a defensive tactic requiring that a substantial majority, usually 67 and sometimes as much as 90 , of the voting interest of outstanding capital stock to approve a merger . This amendment makes a hostile takeover much more difficult to perform. In most existing cases, however, the supermajority provisions have a board out clause that provides the board with the power to determine when and if the supermajority provisions will be in effect. Pure supermajority provisions would seriously limit management s flexibility in takeover negotiations. See also Mergers & acquisitions Takeover Supermajority External links http www.investopedia.com terms s supermajority.asp Investopedia.com http www.flchamber.com docs IntheNews PalmBeachPost Supermajority 031307.pdf Supermajority Issue Fuels Conflict Among Lake Worth Voters http www.secinfo.com dR7Km.61yn.htm SECinfo.com corporate finance and investment banking Category Stock market econ stub ... more details
Ballot Measure 25 of 1996 was a piece of direct legislation in the U.S. state of Oregon . The measure, which was successful, requires a three fifths supermajority in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly for any revenue raising legislation. ref http wweek.com editorial 3224 7461 ref See also Oregon Ballot Measures 47 1996 and 50 1997 , which established a different supermajority requirement List of Oregon ballot measures References Reflist Category Oregon ballot measures Oregon gov stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Orphan date September 2008 Elections An electorum is the minimum number of voters required to take part in a ballot to allow its result to be valid. It is similar to a quorum but applies specifically to ballots where voters electors cast their votes without a meeting taking place. Examples of an electorum in use include a referendum to change a country s constitution requiring a minimum turnout such as the Serbian constitutional referendum, 2006 , in which a minimum turnout of 50 was required. See also Supermajority Category Voting systems Election stub ... more details
Senate the other six in any case by a three fifths supermajority. This members are drafted out of a list ... fifths supermajority. See also Spanish Judiciary Constitutional Court of Spain Supreme Court of Spain ... more details
unreferenced date November 2010 The Binding Triad is a proposal to Amendments to the United Nations Charter amend the United Nations Charter to allow the United Nations General Assembly to pass binding resolutions with the approval of a supermajority of members. For a resolution to be binding, it would require the support of nations Comprising a majority of members of the United Nations . Whose combined contributions in dues comprise a majority of the U.N. budget. Whose combined populations comprise a majority of the world population. The Binding Triad appeals to some world federalists because it could theoretically institute a world government with only one change to the U.N. Charter. However, further amendments would be needed to secure representative government. In addition, it is unclear what impact such a change would have on the role of the United Nations Security Council , which enacts and enforces its own resolutions. External links http www.cwps.org bt.html Category United Nations reform UN stub ... more details
Voting basis refers to what number or percentage of votes are required for a proposal to be adopted, or for a candidate to be elected. Two elements make up a voting basis the proportion that must agree majority, two thirds, three quarters, etc. and the set of members to which the proportion applies e.g. the members present and voting the members present the entire membership of the organization the entire electorate etc. ref cite parl title RONR pages 389 ref Voting bases include Plurality voting system simple majority or first past the post the largest number of votes, even if less than fifty percent , absolute majority over fifty percent , and supermajority the proportion required is greater than fifty percent, e.g. two thirds . References reflist Category Parliamentary procedure ... more details
Politics of Iraq further President of Iraq The Presidency Council of Iraq is an entity currently operating under the auspices of the transitional provisions of the Constitution of Iraq and previously under the Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period Transitional Administrative Law . The Presidency Council functions in the role of the President of Iraq until one successive term after the Constitution is ratified ref Constitution of Iraq , http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2005 10 12 AR2005101201450.html Article 134 1 ref and a government is seated. ref Constitution of Iraq , Article 139 ref The Presidency council consists of one President of Iraq President and two deputies, or Vice President of Iraq Vice Presidents , and the Presidency Council must make all decisions unanimously. ref Constitution of Iraq , Article 134 4 ref The members of the Presidency Council are elected with one list by a two thirds majority in the Iraqi Council of Representatives . ref Constitution of Iraq , Article 134 2 A ref The Presidency Council has the right to veto legislation passed by the Council of Representatives which may override the veto with a three fifths supermajority. ref Constitution of Iraq , Article 134 5 C ref Under the TAL the override required a two thirds supermajority. History The first Presidency Council was elected by the National Assembly on 6 April 2005, after more than two months of negotiations between the United Iraqi Alliance and Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan political factions. ref See Iraqi Transitional Government for more details ref Kurd ish leader Jalal Talabani became President, with Shi ite UIA and Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq SCIRI member Adel Abdul Mehdi Adel Abdul Mahdi and outgoing Sunni President Ghazi al Yawar as his deputies. The second Presidency Council, the first under the new Constitution of Iraq , consisted of President Jalal Talabani , and Vice Presidents Adel ... more details
wikisource Charter of the United Nations Chapter XVIII Amendments Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter deals with amendments. The process is essentially modeled after the amendment process for the United States Constitution in that A two thirds supermajority is required for adoption Ratification by a supermajority of the respective states is required There are two methods of proposing amendments The more common of those methods is for the first branch in the case of the UN, the General Assembly to submit an amendment to the states Another method, not actually used in practice, is to call a convention to propose amendments. The amendment procedure itself contains a provision that does not allow states in the case of the UN, the permanent five members of the UN Security Council to be deprived of their suffrage in this case, their veto and or permanent UNSC membership without their consent. This is analogous to the entrenched clause contained in Article Five of the United States Constitution . There have been several amendments to the United Nations Charter since 1945 , mostly to reflect increases in the size of the organization. However, the fundamental structure has remained the same. Nonetheless, the UN amendment process arguably favors the flexibility and continued existence of the organization more than the League of Nations amendment process specified by Article 26 of the Covenant of the League of Nations , which stated, Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Assembly. No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the League. References wikisource Covenant of the League of Nations reflist UN Charter DEFAULTSORT Chapter 18 Of The United Nations Charter Category Divisions and sections of the Un ... more details
ElectionsCA Proposition 39 was an initiative state constitutional amendment and statute which appeared on the California state elections, 2000 November 7th, 2000, California general election ballot. It was passed with 5,431,152 Yes votes, for 53.4 percent of the total votes cast. ref http www.sos.ca.gov elections sov 2000 general measures.pdf Office of the California Secretary of State State Ballot Measures, retrieved on May 2nd, 2009 . ref Its principal effect is to amend California Proposition 13 1978 Proposition 13 , thus lowering the required supermajority necessary in order for voters to impose municipal bond local school bond acts , from 2 3rds of all votes cast, to fifty five percent 11 20ths . ref http www.smartvoter.org 2000 11 07 ca state prop 39 League of Women Voters Proposition 39 School Facilities. 55 Local Vote. Bonds, Taxes Accountability Requirements, 2000 . ref Proposition 39 was essentially a milder version of Proposition 26, which would have ended the Proposition 13 supermajority altogether, ref http www.smartvoter.org 2000 03 07 ca state prop 26 League of Women Voters Proposition 26 School Facilities. Local Majority Vote. Bonds, Taxes 2000 . ref but which was defeated with 3,521,327 Yes votes, for 48.7 percent of the total votes cast, in the March 7th, 2000 California primary election . ref http www.sos.ca.gov elections sov 2000 primary measures.pdf Office of the California Secretary of State State Ballot Measures, retrieved on May 2nd, 2009 . ref References reflist Category California ballot propositions, 2000 39 Category Amendments to the California constitution 2000 Category Taxation in California Category Property taxes ... more details
Ordinarium Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae is a document written by Jacobi Gaytani that furthered the development of the papal conclave by establishing a voting procedure currently referred to as approval voting . ref name colomer Josep M. Colomer and Iain McLean. 1998 . Electing Popes Approval Balloting and Qualified Majority Rule . The Journal of Interdisciplinary History , Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1 22. ref The document is notable in that it is not a papal bull or decree but was treated as law by subsequent papal elections. ref name colomer Gaytani a participant in five papal conclaves between 1305 and 1352 included no restriction on the number of candidates a cardinal could include on his ballot during a scrutiny , but advised not to choose too many for decency and expediency . ref name colomer The combination of approval voting with the pre existing requirement of a two thirds supermajority has several bizarre consequences for example, it can result in more than one candidate receiving a supermajority even if only one third of the electorate chooses more than one candidate. ref name colomer Each round of voting was also treated as distinct that is candidates remained eligible in all future scrutinies even if they had not received a single vote previously. ref name colomer Approval voting was used in the forty one conclaves from 1294 to 1621, after which it was replaced with a categoric vote by Eterni Pacis 1621 and Decet Romanum Pontificem 1622 . ref name colomer Notes reflist Category Election of the Pope ... more details
ref Montenegro When Montenegro voted to split from Yugoslavia, the EU insisted on a supermajority of 55 for it to recognise the result. This supermajority is the only way of implementing something akin ... more details
A collective action clause CAC allows a supermajority of Bond finance bondholders to agree a debt restructuring that is legally binding on all holders of the bond, including those who vote against the restructuring. Bondholders generally opposed such clauses in the 1980s and 1990s, fearing that it gave debtors too much power. However, following Argentina s December 2001 default on its debts in which its bonds lost 70 of their value, CACs have become much more common, as they are now seen as potentially warding off more drastic action, but enabling easier coordination of bondholders. External links Haldane, Andrew G, Penalver, Adrian, Saporta, Victoria, Shin, Hyun Song 2005 , http www.bankofengland.co.uk publications workingpapers wp249.pdf Optimal collective action clause thresholds , Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin , Spring 2005 Martin Gunkel Oktober 2006, Bew ltigung von Staatsinsolvenz durch collective action clauses?, Diplomica GmbH, Hamburg, ISBN 3 8366 5135 1, Zugl. Berlin, Techn. Univ., Diplomarbeit, 2006. It is a summary about the discussion of cac as instrument to solving state insolvency and include a rich literature review DEFAULTSORT Collective Action Clause Category Commercial bonds econ stub law term stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date August 2008 Wikify date December 2009 Exit consent is a formal agreement that allows a majority group of creditor s holding sovereign bond s to change the non financial terms of the bonds in a way that makes the bonds effectively worthless for the minority holdouts, motivating them to accept a restructuring offer. Thus creditors willing to restructure can outmaneuver holdouts by using the supermajority voting features of existing bonds to secure changes, which reduce their value as they are tendered in exchange for restructured debt. Reason Government bond issued by sovereign nation s are often perceived as safe investments. But over time, countries in difficulty economic situations have needed to restructure their debt structure, or see its national economy collapse. During that process, it must restructure the outstanding debt by offering its old bonds holders new instruments that reflect new financial terms. It is a process that sees the emergence of holdout creditors who refuse the proposed restructuring, posing a problem to the reorganization process the holdout problem . Therefore, the threat of an exit consent is used to encourage or coerce minority creditors to accept the exchange offer so they are not left with diminished bonds. DEFAULTSORT Exit Consent Category Bonds Finance stub ... more details
primary source date March 2011 The Legal Framework Order, 2002 LFO was issued by Pakistan i president Pervez Musharraf in August 2002. It provided for the general elections of 2002 and the revival of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan , but added numerous amendments to the Constitution. The following month, the Supreme Court Pakistan Supreme Court overruled Musharraf, ruling that the amendments would have to be ratified by Parliament in the manner provided in the unamended 1973 Constitution &mdash the amendments would have to be approved by two thirds of both houses of the bicameral body. After the Pakistani general election, 2002 October 2002 general elections , although Musharraf s supporters had a majority in Parliament, they did not have the required two thirds supermajority to ratify the LFO. Parliament was effectively deadlocked by strident opposition from Musharraf s opponents for over a year. In December 2003, a faction was persuaded to vote for a compromise amendment bill, the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan . With this amendment, parts of the LFO were incorporated into the Constitution. External links http www.pakistani.org pakistan constitution musharraf const revival lfo.html Text of LFO 2002 Category Constitution of Pakistan ... more details
The New Hampshire Republican State Committee is the affiliate of the Republican Party United States Republican Party in New Hampshire . The Republican Executive Committee is headed up by Chairman and former New Hampshire gubernatorial primary candidate, Jack Kimball. Current Elected Officials The New Hampshire Republican Party currently holds a supermajority in both the New Hampshire Senate and the New Hampshire House of Representatives. Republicans also hold one of the state s U.S. Senate seats and both of the state s U.S. House seats. Federal U.S. Senate Kelly Ayotte U.S. House of Representatives Frank Guinta , New Hampshire s 1st congressional district 1st District Charles Bass , New Hampshire s 2nd congressional district 2nd District Former chairpersons This list is automatically pulled from the category Former Chairpersons of the New Hampshire Republican State Committee categorytree mode pages hideroot on Former Chairpersons of the New Hampshire Republican State Committee categorytree External links http www.nhgop.org New Hampshire Republican State Committee US party stub Category Politics of New Hampshire Republican State Committee Category Republican Party United States by state New Hampshire State Republican Parties in the US ... more details
A special law or qualified majority law is a type of legislation in Belgium which requires a qualified majority in both chambers of the bicameral Belgian Federal Parliament to be adopted, amended or repealed. The Constitution of Belgium Belgian Constitution determines which laws require a qualified or special majority . Special laws are primarily used in institutional matters and in matters concerning the competences of the Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium communities and regions of Belgium. One of the best known examples is the Special Law of 8 August 1980 on the Reform of the Institutions. A special law must be adopted by both the Belgian Chamber of Representatives Chamber of Representatives and the Belgian Senate Senate in accordance with Article 4, last paragraph, of the Constitution of Belgium Belgian Constitution , which provides that a special law requires a majority of votes cast in both the Dutch language Dutch speaking and the French language French speaking language group, on the condition that an absolute majority of the members of each language group is present, and the total number of votes in favour in both language groups must constitute a supermajority of two thirds of the total number of votes cast. law stub Belgium stub Category Belgian legislation de Sondergesetz Belgien es Ley de mayor a especial B lgica fr Loi sp ciale nl Bijzondere wet ... more details
Image Serbia Aleksinac.png 250px thumb right Municipality of Aleksinac in Serbia Bankovac Serbian is a village in Serbia situated in the municipality of Aleksinac , in the Ni ava District . The population of the village is 178 people with Serbs as supermajority 2002 census . 1991 census 205 inhabitants Destinations Cleanup date March 2009 near destinations like Timacus Minus about 11 km, Thermal baths Ribarska about 19 km, Headed Kula, about 21 km, Mediana about 22 km, Thermal baths Niska about 27 km, Velika Plana, about 29 km, Sokobanja about 25 km, Monastery Naupara about 36 km, Kur umlija , about 51 km, Monastery Ljubostinja about 64 km, Spa breaks about 52 km, itkovac about 8 km, Aleksinac about 12 km, Kru evac, about 36 km. coord 43 26 N 21 44 E display title region RS type city source GNS enwiki Category Populated places in Central Serbia Category Ni ava District Ni avaRS geo stub fr Bankovac sr ... more details
orphan date June 2009 Quia propter was a document issued by the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 on the subject of papal elections. ref name colomer cite journal first Josep M. last Colomer first2 Iain last2 McLean year 1998 title Electing Popes Approval Balloting and Qualified Majority Rule journal The Journal of Interdisciplinary History volume 29 issue 1 pages 1 22 authorlink Josep Colomer ref It recognized three processes for unanimous agreement papal acclamation acclamation , scrutiny balloting , and compromissum compromise committee . ref name colomer Acclamation was rare, and often driven more by crown dynamics than discussion among the electors. ref name colomer Compromise committees were also rare, as they required unanimous agreement to be initiated although, once formed, only two thirds of the commission would be required . ref name colomer The requisite majority by balloting was considered a process for determining divine unanimity, that is, sanior et maior pars Latin sounder and greater part . ref name colomer The requirement of a two thirds supermajority had been in place since the Third Lateran Council 1179 , which followed the disputed election of Pope Alexander III . ref name colomer Notes reflist Category Election of the Pope RC stub ... more details
of voters is different from 4, because the Nakamura number of the majority rule is 3. For supermajority ... . Supermajoritarian rules, such as the three fifths supermajority rule required to end a filibuster .... Other experts argue that this solution is questionable. Supermajority rules do not guarantee that it is a minority that will be protected by the supermajority rule they only establish that one of two ... and one is protected or privileged by the supermajority rule, there is no guarantee that the protected ... cgi viewcontent.cgi?article 1001&context csd title The Tyranny of the Supermajority How ... Supermajority rules are often used in binary decisions where a positive decision is weightier than ... of innocence on which the US legal system is based. Rousseau advocated the use of supermajority ... to ensure that more than half approves of the new proposal. Under supermajority rules, a minority ... name Tyranny To support the view that majority rule protects minority rights better than supermajority ... rule may offer better protection than supermajority rules, argues that majority rule may nonetheless ... more details
a supermajority of two thirds of both houses this means two thirds of those members voting in each .... With the legislative method, a proposed amendment must be approved by an supermajority absolute supermajority ... may, by a two thirds supermajority absolute supermajority , submit to the voters at a general election ... in 1876, has been amended more than 400 times. A proposed amendment must be approved by an supermajority absolute supermajority of two thirds of the elected membership of each house of the legislature ... two thirds supermajority in the National Assembly, and do not have to be considered by the NCOP ... also be passed by the NCOP with a supermajority of at least six of the nine provinces. If an amendment ... values, is a specially entrenched clause and can only be amended by a three quarters supermajority ... more details
ElectionsCA Proposition 56 was a California ballot proposition on the March 2, 2004 ballot. It failed to pass with 2,185,868 34.3 votes in favor and 4,183,188 65.7 against. It was intended to penalize the Government of California state s elected officials for every day that the state budget is overdue. The proposition would also have lowered the threshold required pass a budget and enact new budget related taxes to 55 from the two thirds supermajority vote currently required. The two thirds requirement was implemented with the passage of California Proposition 13 1978 California Proposition 13 in 1978 . Prop 56 was officially known as the Budget Accountability Act . Official summary Permits California State Legislature Legislature to enact budget and budget related tax and appropriation bills with 55 vote rather than 2 3 vote currently required. Requires that Legislature, Governor of California Governor permanently lose salary, expenses for each day budget is late. Requires that Legislature stay in Legislative session session until budget is passed. Requires budget summary in state ballot pamphlet and link to Internet website with legislators voting records on budget and related taxes. Requires 25 of certain state revenue increases be deposited in reserve fund, which cannot be used to increase spending. Summary of Legislative Analyst s Estimate of Net State and Local Government Fiscal Impact This measure would have varying state fiscal impacts from lowering the legislative vote requirement for budget related spending and tax increases including changes in spending and potentially significant increases in state tax revenues in some years. Fiscal impacts would depend primarily on the composition and actions of future Legislatures. External links http primary2004.ss.ca.gov propositions prop56 title.html Voter Information Guide with text of Proposition 56 Category California ballot propositions, 2004 56 California stub ... more details
NOTOC A special rule of order is parliamentary procedure term for a rule adopted by the organization that relate to procedure or to the duties of officers within meetings. Explanation and use Special rules of order with a few exceptions supersede the rules in an adopted parliamentary authority such as Robert s Rules of Order Newly Revised Robert s Rules of Order . These rules continue in existence from one meeting to the next. Robert s Rules of Order Newly Revised RONR Special rules can be adopted by a two thirds vote with previous notice or a Supermajority majority of the entire membership of the group. In conventions, a mixture of standing and special rules that are adopted at the start of the convention are called convention standing rule in RONR . These, when adopted as a package generally require a two thirds vote. ref cite parl title RONR RONR ref The Standard Code TSC The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure TSC , refer to these types of rules as standing rules , and do not require a simple majority vote without previous notice. ref cite parl title TSC TSC ref One of the most common types of these rules is the rule to set limits on the amount of time, or the number of times, a member may speak in debate or to prohibit some type of motion. Related concepts Standing rules in RONR adopted rules that do not relate to procedure. Under TSC special rules as rules adopted just for one situation and do not have continuing existence. See also Rules of order Parliamentary authority References reflist Parliamentary Authorities Rule Shift Function, Parliamentary Journal , January 2005, pp. 3 11 Category Parliamentary procedure ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Testimonial party Lang nl beginselpartij is a political party that focuses on its principles, instead of adapting them to local or temporal issues in the pursuit of coalition government participation. It is a specific phenomenon in the Netherlands , because of the Dutch system of proportional representation , in which any party which has over 0.66 of the vote can enter parliament, resulting in a large number of relatively small political parties, none of which are able to obtain a supermajority in the house of representatives. As a result, Dutch political parties will negotiate and compromise to form a coalition government. Testimonial parties will not compromise, and combined with that fact that they are usually small parties, participation in a coalition government is extremely unlikely. Examples of parties that have referred to themselves as testimonial include the orthodox Protestant Reformed Political Party SGP and the animal rights Party for Animals . In contrast, the term program party is used for parties oriented at coalition participation. In other countries In New Zealand, Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand may have been an exported version of a testimonial party to a foreign national context, whose mixed member proportional representation electoral system discouraged the success of such small fundamentalist based political parties. See also Protest party compare to extra parliamentary opposition , which refuses to organizationally back candidates for political office. single issue politics DEFAULTSORT Testimonial Party Category Political parties by ideology Category Politics of the Netherlands Category Proportional representation electoral systems nl Beginselpartij ... more details
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