Superdensecoding is a technique used in quantum information theory to send two bits of classical information using only one qubit, with the aid of Quantum entanglement entanglement . Overview Suppose Alice would like to send classical information to Bob using qubit s, instead of classical bit s. Alice would encode the classical information in a qubit and send it to Bob. After receiving the qubit, Bob recovers the classical information via Measurement in quantum mechanics measurement . The question is how much classical information can be transmitted per qubit? Since non orthogonal quantum state s cannot be distinguished reliably, one would guess that Alice can do no better than one classical bit per qubit. Indeed Holevo s theorem this bound on efficiency has been proven formally. Thus there is no advantage gained in using qubits instead of classical bits. However, with the additional assumption that Alice and Bob share an entangled state , two classical bits per qubit can be achieved. The term superdense refers to this doubling of efficiency. Details Crucial to this procedure is the shared entangled state between Alice and Bob, and the property of entangled states that a Maximally entangled state maximally entangled state can be transformed into another state via local manipulation. Suppose parts of a Bell state , say math Psi rangle frac 1 sqrt 2 0 rangle A otimes 1 rangle B 1 rangle A otimes 0 rangle B math are distributed to Alice and Bob. The first subsystem, denoted by subscript A , belongs to Alice and the second, B , system to Bob. By only manipulating her particle locally, Alice can transform the composite system into any one of the Bell states this is not entirely surprising, for entanglement cannot be broken using local operations Obviously, if Alice does nothing ... whatsoever is gained by Eve unless she can interact with Bob s qubit. General dense coding scheme General dense coding schemes can be formulated in the language used to describe quantum channel ... more details
wiktionary codingCoding may refer to Channel coding in coding theory Line coding Computer programming , the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs The process of Statistical classification of information Coding social sciences , refers to an analytical process in which data, in both quantitative form such as questionnaires results or qualitative such as interview transcripts are categorised to facilitate analysis Coding therapy , a controversial therapy used to treat addictions Legal coding , the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation A coding strand of DNA is translated into a protein product Present progressive tense for Code Blue emergency code Code Blue , which is a patient in Cardiac Arrest or Respiratory Arrest See also Code , a rule for converting a piece of information for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture into another form or representation one sign into another sign , not necessarily of the same type Entropy encoding , a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium Source coding Medical coding disambiguation ... more details
Superdense carbon allotropes are proposed configurations of carbon atoms that result in a stable material with a higher density than diamond. Three structures Various configurations were simulated at various temperatures and pressures. This resulted in three structures that appear to be stable enough to have the potential for fabrication. These are termed hP3, tI12 and tP12. However these are not as hard as diamonds, but nearly as dense. They exceed the density of diamond by 3.2 per cent. These are the densest carbon allotropes yet achieved. In addition to other attributes, this characteristic means a higher index of refraction and stronger dispersion of light. ref name PhyRevB ref name newSci ref name physorg hd Band gaps The three structures have band gap s, but each has a dissimilar bandgap compared to the other. During ambient conditions, tP12 phase has the widest band gap of any carbon allotrope at 7.3 eV. It is an insulator. hP3 has a band gap of 3.0 eV, and is a semiconductor . ref name PhyRevB cite journal doi 10.1103 PhysRevB.83.193410 title Denser than diamond Ab initio search for superdense carbon allotropes year 2011 last1 Zhu first1 Qiang last2 Oganov first2 Artem last3 Salvad first3 Miguel last4 Pertierra first4 Pilar last5 Lyakhov first5 Andriy journal Physical Review B volume 83 issue 19 bibcode 2011PhRvB..83s3410Z ref ref name newSci Cite web last Campbell first MacGregor title New super dense forms of carbon outshine diamond publisher New Scientist date June 8, 2011 url http www.newscientist.com article dn20551 new superdense forms of carbon outshine diamond.html format Online magazine article doi accessdate 2011 06 10 ref ref name physorg hd Cite web last first title Researchers predict material denser than diamond publisher Phys.Org date June 8, 2011 url http www.physorg.com news 2011 06 material denser diamond.html format Online magazine article accessdate ... atoms in diamond with carbon tetrahedra. In contrast to superdense allotropes , T carbon would ... more details
Elias coding is term used for one of two types of lossless coding schemes used in digital communications Shannon Fano Elias coding , a precursor to arithmetic coding , in which probabilities are used to determine codewords Universal code data compression Universal coding using one of Elias three universal codes, each with predetermined codewords Elias delta coding Elias gamma coding Elias omega coding Disambig cs Eliasovy k dy ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The temporal coding is a type of neural coding which relies on precise timing of action potential s or inter spike interval s. Combined with traditional rate coding models, temporal coding can provide additional information with the same rate. There is no precise definition of temporal code. Actually almost any coding scheme that is not rate coding can be referred to as a temporal code. Unlike rate coding, the temporal coding model tries to account for short term stimuli producing a small number of spikes. For example, if a neuron is capable of firing at a maximum rate of 100 spikes per second, then a stimulus 10ms would likely elicit only a single spike. This model is especially important for sound localization , which occurs within the brain on the order of milliseconds. The discovery of spike timing dependent plasticity , where synaptic efficacy is modulated by the precise timing of spikes, provides strong evidence that temporal codes are used for cortical information transmission. It should not be confused with the coding of the temporal information. See also Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Neural synchronization References Vanrullen, R., Guyonneau, R., and Thorpe, S. 2005 . Spike times make sense. Trends in Neurosciences , 28 1 1 4. Rullen, R. V. and Thorpe, S. J. 2001 . Rate Coding Versus Temporal Order Coding What the Retinal Ganglion Cells Tell the Visual Cortex. Neural Computation , 13 6 1255 1283. Dayan P, Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 0 262 04199 5 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 0 262 68108 0 Theunissen F, Miller ..., 2, 149 162 1995. Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Notability Notability date December 2008 Diversity coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by Space time code space time coding . Category Radio resource management wireless stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Legal coding is the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation . Objective coding Objective coding is creating an index of Objectivity philosophy objective summary data from a document, and if discoverable , would include such information as dates, author, recipient and title. Subjective coding Subjective coding is the indexing of documents around subjectivity subjective data. This may be gleaned from templates, or more usually from a subjective reading by someone familiar with the topic. This is the more realiable way to determine factors such as importance of the document. External links http www.cenzatech.com legal.html http www.integra india.com litigation services.htm http www.intercomindia.com legal coding objective coding.html http www.intercomindia.com legal coding subjective coding.html http www.cchworkflow.com.au processing services coding.html http www.allzonems.com litigation outsource.htm DEFAULTSORT Legal Coding Category Legal citation Category Document management systems ... more details
cleanup date May 2011 Zen Coding is a set of Plug in computing plug ins for text editors that allow for high speed coding and editing in HTML , XML , Extensible Stylesheet Language XSL , and other structured code formats. The project was created by Sergey Chikuyonok in 2009 and continues to be actively developed by Chikuyonok and Zen Coding users. The tools have been incorporated into a number of high profile text editor s, some plug ins developed by the Zen Coding team and others implemented independently. However, Zen Coding is primarily independent from any text editor, as the engine works directly ... 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding A Speedy Way To Write HTML CSS Code ref Zen Coding is an open source code distributed under an MIT License . Functions Expand abbreviations Zen Coding uses a specific syntax in order to expand small snippets of code, similar to CSS selectors, into full fledged HTML code. ref http mondaybynoon.com 2009 08 17 the art of zen coding bringing snippets to a new level Monday By Noon The Art of zen coding Bringing Snippets to a New ... www.downloadsquad.com 2010 04 30 if you code html zen coding will change your life Download Squad Review ... at the current cursor position. Unlike other HTML pair matchers, Zen Coding searches from the cursors ... 2009 11 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding A Speedy ... Coding team Eclipse software Aptana Eclipse cross platform . TextMate Mac . Coda web development ... text editor plug ins were developed by third party groups with the official Zen Coding engine Adobe ... text editor plug ins were developed independently and with a different Zen Coding engine Emacs cross ... Windows Vim cross platform References Reflist External links http code.google.com p zen coding Zen Coding Google Project Page http www.emeditor.com modules feature1 rewrite tc 37.html How to Use Zen Coding Category Application programming interfaces ko ru Zen Coding ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The rate coding model of neuron al firing communication states that as the intensity of a stimulus increases the frequency or rate of action potential s, or spike firing , increases. Rate coding is sometimes called frequency coding . This phenomenon was originally shown by Edgar Adrian ED Adrian and Yngve Zotterman Y Zotterman in 1926. ref cite journal title The impulses produced by sensory nerve endings Part II The response of a single end organ. author Adrian ED & Zotterman Y. journal J Physiol Lond. year 1926 volume 61 pages 151 171 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC1514782 ref In this simple experiment different weights were hung from a muscle . As the weight of the stimulus increased, the number of spikes recorded from sensory nerves innervating the muscle also increased. From these original experiments Adrian and Zotterman concluded that action potentials were unitary events, and that the frequency of events, and not individual event magnitude, was the basis for most inter neuronal communication. See also Neural coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding References references Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The sparse code is a kind of neural code in which each item is encoded by the strong activation of a relatively small set of neurons. For each item to be encoded, this is a different subset of all available neurons. As a consequence, sparseness may be focused on temporal sparseness a relatively small number of time periods are active or on the sparseness in an activated population of neurons. In this latter case, this may be defined in one time period as the number of activated neurons relative to the total number of neurons in the population. This seems to be a hallmark of neural computations since compared to traditional computers, information is massively distributed across neurons. A major result in neural coding from Olshausen et al. is that sparse coding of natural images produces wavelet like oriented filters that resemble the receptive fields of simple cells in the visual cortex. See also Rate coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Grandmother cell References F ldi k P, Endres D, http www.scholarpedia.org article Sparse Coding Sparse coding , Scholarpedia , 3 1 2984, 2008. Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 0 262 04199 5 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 0 262 68108 0 B. A. Olshausen and D. J. Field. Emergence of simple cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images. Nature, 381 6583 607 9, jun 1996. Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The correlation coding model of neuron al firing claims that correlations between action potential s, or spikes , within a spike train may carry additional information above and beyond the simple timing of the spikes. It has been theoretically demonstrated that correlation between spike trains can only reduce, and never increase, the total mutual information present in the two spike trains about a stimulus feature. ref KO Johnson, J Neurophysiol. 1980 Jun 43 6 1793 815. ref Any degree of correlation reduces the total entropy thus, by Fisher information Fisher s Information Theorem , correlations can only reduce information. However, this does not prevent correlations from carrying information not present in the average firing rate of two pairs of neurons. A good example of this exists in the pentobarbital anesthetized marmoset auditory cortex, in which a pure tone causes an increase in the number of correlated spikes, but not an increase in the mean firing rate, of pairs of neurons. ref Nature. 1996 Jun 13 381 6583 610 3 ref Contrast this with independent spike coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Population coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 references Category Neural coding neuroscience stub uk ... more details
unref date December 2007 essay date November 2011 Speech coding is the application of data compression of digital audio signals containing speech . Speech coding uses speech specific parameter estimation using audio signal processing techniques to model the speech signal, combined with generic data compression algorithms to represent the resulting modeled parameters in a compact bitstream. The two most important applications of speech coding are mobile telephony and Voice over IP . The techniques used in speech coding are similar to that in audio data compression and audio coding where knowledge ..., in voiceband speech coding, only information in the frequency band 400 Hz to 3500 Hz is transmitted but the reconstructed signal is still adequate for intelligibility. Speech coding differs from other forms of audio coding in that speech is a much simpler signal than most other audio signals ..., some auditory information which is relevant in audio coding can be unnecessary in the speech coding context. In speech coding, the most important criterion is preservation of intelligibility and pleasantness ... require low coding delay, as long coding delays interfere with speech interaction. Sample companding viewed as a form of speech coding From this viewpoint, the A law algorithm A law and law ... speech coding scheme is Code Excited Linear Prediction CELP coding, which is used for example in the GSM ... predictive model. In addition to the actual speech coding of the signal, it is often necessary to use channel coding for transmission, to avoid losses due to transmission errors. Usually, speech coding and channel coding methods have to be chosen in pairs, with the more important bits in the speech data stream protected by more robust channel coding, in order to get the best overall coding results .... Major subfields Wide band speech coding AMR WB for WCDMA networks VMR WB for CDMA2000 networks G.722 , G.722.1 , Speex and others for VoIP and videoconferencing Narrow band speech coding FNBDT ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Cover coding is a technique for obscuring the data that is transmitted over an insecure link, to reduce the risks of snooping. An example of cover coding would be for the sender to perform a bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR of the original data with a password or random number which is known to both sender and receiver. The resulting cover coded data is then transmitted from sender to the receiver, who uncovers the original data by performing a further bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR operation on the received data using the same password or random number. DEFAULTSORT Cover Coding Category Cryptography crypto stub ... more details
Universal Coding can refer to one of two concepts in data compression Universal code data compression , a fixed prefix code that, for any probability mass function , has a data compression ratio within a constant of the optimal prefix code Universal source coding , a data compression method that limit mathematics asymptotically approaches the data compression ratio of the optimal data compression method, e.g., LZ77 and LZ78 disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Context date April 2008 Motion coding is a technique that can be viewed as extensions of the standard block matching techniques in other MPEG standard to image sequences of arbitrary shape. Advanced motion compensation such as overlapped motion compensation and coding of motion vectors for 8x8 blocks, could be used. Category Film and video technology design stub Compu stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Population coding is a means by which information is coded in a group of neurons. In population coding, each neuron has a distribution of responses over some set of inputs, and the responses of many neurons may be combined to determine some value about the inputs. In one classic example in primary motor cortex, Georgopoulos and colleagues trained monkeys to move a joystick towards a lit target. ref http homepage.psy.utexas.edu homepage class psy394U hayhoe IntroSensoryMotorSystems week6 Ch38.pdf Intro to Sensory Motor Systems Ch. 38 page 766 ref ref Science. 1986 Sep 26 233 4771 1416 9 ref They found that a single neuron would fire for multiple target directions. However it would fire fastest for one direction and more slowly depending on how close the target was to the neuron s prefered direction. File Screen shot 2012 01 02 at 6.19.08 PM.png thumb Raster plots showing a neuron firing at relatively higher rates as the direction a monkey moves a joystick converges at 180 degrees. Kenneth Johnson originally derived that if each neuron represents movement in its preferred direction, and the vector sum of all neurons is calculated each neuron has a firing rate and a preferred direction , the sum points in the direction of motion. In this manner, the population of neurons codes the signal for the motion. This particular population code is referred to as population vector coding. This particular study divided the field of motor physiologists between Evarts upper motor neuron group, which followed ... of neurons. The Johnson Georgopoulos vector coding is an example of simple averaging. A more sophisticated ... none ref . Contrast this with sparse coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Neural coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience ... Neural coding ... more details
Shape coding is a method of design of a control that allows the control s function to be signified by the shape of the control. It was used successfully by Alphonse Chapanis on airplane controls to improve aviation safety . External links http ergo.human.cornell.edu studentdownloads DEA325pdfs controls.pdf A paper on the design of controls pdf file MPEG 4 Video Object Plane Decoder and the functionality The shape information is referred to as alpha planes. The techniques to be adopted by the standard will provide lossless coding of alpha planes and lossy coding of shapes and transparency information since the shape size scalable, thus allowing a tradeoffs between bit rate and accuracy of shape representation. Furthermore, intra and inter shape prediction is envisioned so as to allow both efficient random access operations as well as efficient compression of shape and transparency information. Alpha planes Binary each pixel is either 0 or 255 . Grey scale each pixel is 8 bit . Category Design design stub ... more details
In coding theory and related engineering problems, coding gain is the measure in the difference between the signal to noise ratio SNR levels between the uncoded system and coded system required to reach the same bit error rate BER levels when used with the error correcting code ECC . Example If the uncoded BPSK system in AWGN environment has a Bit error rate BER of math 10 2 math at the SNR level 4 decibel dB , and the corresponding coded e.g. , BCH code BCH system has the same BER at an SNR level of 2.5dB, then we say the coding gain 4dB 2.5dB 1.5dB, due to the code used in this case BCH . Power limited regime In the power limited regime where the nominal spectral efficiency math rho le 2 math b 2D or b s Hz , i.e. the domain of binary signaling , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal set math A math at a given target error probability per bit math P b E math is defined ... Pulse amplitude modulation PAM or 2× 2 Quadrature amplitude modulation QAM i.e. no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A d 2 min A over 4E b . math ... number of nearest neighbors per transmitted bit math K b A math is equal to one, the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is approximately equal to the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math . However, if math K b A 1 math , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is less than the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math by an amount which depends on the steepness of the math P b ... is math rho 2k n math and the nominal coding gain is kd n . Example The table below lists the nominal spectral efficiency, nominal coding gain and effective coding gain at math P b E approx 10 ... coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal set math A math at a given target error rate ... QAM i.e. no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A 2 rho ... II, Lecture Notes sections 5.3, 5.5, 6.3, 6.4 Category Coding theory Category Error detection and correction ... more details
Network coding is a technique where, instead of simply relaying the Packet information technology packets ... flow network flow in a Network theory network . Network coding is a field of information theory and coding ... In 2003, Li, et al. proved that linear code linear coding is enough to achieve the upper bound in multicast problems ref S. Li, R. Yeung, and N. Cai, Linear Network Coding http pdos.lcs.mit.edu decouto .... ref In 2005, Randall Dougherty , Chris Freiling , and Ken Zeger showed that the linear coding is not sufficient ... of linearity such as convolutional coding , filter bank coding , etc. ref Dougherty, Freiling, and Zeger. Insufficiency of Linear Coding in Network Information Flow. http code.ucsd.edu zeger publications ... coding In a Linear Network coding problem, a group of nodes math P math are involved in moving ... for the cost of 2 messages, a 100 improvement . Random network coding Random Network Coding relies on using random coding random code s at nodes for multicast or in cast networks. It was originally proposed in T. Ho, R. Koetter, M. Medard, D. R. Karger and M. Effros, The Benefits of Coding over ... network coding, interior network nodes independently choose random linear mappings from inputs to outputs ... as the number of source processes. Coding aware routing The example of coding aware routing was first ... 9 8 2 respectively. Without coding, the total number of transmissions needed to deliver one packet ... one coding opportunity at node 4 as node 1 and node 7 exchange packets through node 4, reducing the total ..., it creates coding opportunities at nodes 5 and 6. This leads us to investigate the extent of gain possible when routing is performed with the awareness of coding opportunities. Applications Network coding is seen to be useful in the following areas Alternative to forward error correction and ARQ in traditional ... Network Coding Bot generated title ref Coding aware routing ref http arena.cse.sc.edu papers rocx.secon06.pdf ... xpls abs all.jsp?arnumber 4146919 Welcome to IEEE Xplore 2.0 Looking at Large Networks Coding vs. Queueing ... more details
. Disadvantages of cowboy coding In cowboy coding, the lack of formal software project management ... developers Cowboy coding can be common at the hobbyist or student level where developers may initially ... more than just the basic coding a software project requires. This can result in time required ... with the client concerning requirements. Cowboy coding can accentuate this problem by not scaling ... an incomplete project unusable. Advantages of cowboy coding Developers maintain a free form working ... can begin with cowboy coding techniques before later selling them to commercial use or creating ... cowboy coding removes this burden. By coding in their own time, a hobby project may come to fruition ... cgi wiki?CowboyCoding Cowboy Coding definition at Wards Wiki http cowboyprogramming.com 2007 01 11 delving ... Coding Category Software development philosophies it Cowboy coding uk ... more details
In optics and signal processing , wavefront coding refers to the use of a cubic phase modulating element in conjunction with deconvolution to extend the depth of field of a digital imaging system such as a video camera. Wavefront coding falls under the broad category of computational photography as a technique to enhance the depth of field. Encoding Linear phase mask Wavefront Coding with linear phase masks works by creating an optical transfer function that encodes distance information. ref name LinearPhasePatent http www.patentstorm.us patents 7218448 description.html US Patent 7218448 Extended depth of field optical systems ref Cubic phase mask Wavefront Coding with cubic phase masks works to blur the image uniformly using a cubic shaped waveplate so that the intermediate image, the optical transfer function, is out of Focus optics focus by a constant amount. Digital image processing then removes the blur and introduces noise depending upon the physical characteristics of the processor. Dynamic range is sacrificed to extend the depth of field depending upon the type of filter used. It can also correct optical aberration . ref name StanfordPaper http graphics.stanford.edu courses cs448a 06 winter dowski wavefront coding optics95.pdf Extended depth of field through wave front coding ref The mask was developed by using the ambiguity function and the stationary phase method History The technique was pioneered by radar engineer Edward Dowski and his thesis adviser Thomas Cathey at the University of Colorado at Boulder University of Colorado in the United States in the 1990s. After the university showed little interest in the research ref name KeepingFocus http optics.org cws article articles 18342 Wavefront coding keeps a focus on applications ref they have since founded a company ... Technologies , which has released wavefront coding based mobile camera chips as TrueFocus sensors ... Display.cfm?Section ARTCL&ARTICLE ID 197348&VERSION NUM 1 Wavefront coding finds increasing use Laser ... more details
Merge from Correlation coding Independent spike coding Phase of firing code Population coding Rate coding Sparse coding Temporal coding NeuroElectroDynamics discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Neural coding is a neuroscience related field concerned with how sensory and other ... neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the Stimulus physiology stimulus and the individual ... coding scheme for neural networks , SJ Thorpe Parallel processing in neural systems, 1990 ref . Overview ... , amplitude and shape , they are typically treated as identical stereotyped events in neural coding ... Temporal coding ISI s between two successive spikes in a spike train often vary, apparently randomly ...? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 389 397 ref The study of neural coding involves measuring and characterizing ..., or certain aspects of that stimulus, from the spike sequences it evokes. Coding schemes A sequence, or train , of spikes may contain information based on different coding schemes. In motor neurons ... of the United States of America 94 12740 12741 ref Whether neurons use rate coding or temporal coding is a topic of intense debate within the neuroscience community, even though there is no clear definition of what these terms mean. Rate coding Rate coding is a traditional coding scheme, assuming ..., rate coding is inefficient but highly robust with respect to the ISI noise . ref name Stein The concept ... rate coding, precisely calculating firing rate is very important. In fact, the term firing rate ... over time or an average over several repetitions of experiment. In rate coding, learning is based on activity ... problem with this approach is that it can not be the coding scheme used by neurons in the brain ... neuron and average over N repeated runs. Thus, the time dependent firing rate coding relies on the implicit assumption that there are always populations of neurons. Temporal coding Image with unknown ... in neural coding. ref name thorpe ref name Daniel Daniel A. Butts, Chong Weng, Jianzhong Jin ... more details
No footnotes date October 2011 In computer science CDR coding is a data compression compressed data computing data representation for Lisp programming language Lisp linked list s. It was developed and patented by the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory , and implemented in computer hardware in a number of Lisp machine s derived from the MIT CADR computing system CADR . CDR coding is in fact a fairly general idea whenever a data object A ends in a reference to another data structure B , we can instead place the structure B itself there, overlapping and running off the end of A . By doing this we free the space required by the reference, which can add up if done many times, and also improve locality of reference , enhancing performance on modern machines. The transformation is especially effective for the cons based lists it was created for we free about half of the space for each node we perform this transformation on. It is not always possible to perform this substitution, because there might not be a large enough chunk of free space beyond the end of A. Thus, some objects will end in a real reference, and some with the referenced object, and the machine must be able to tell by reading the final cell which one it is. This can be accomplished with some inefficiency in software by the use of tagged pointer s, which allow a pointer in a final position to be specifically tagged as such, but is best done in hardware. In the presence of mutable object s, CDR coding becomes more complex. If a reference is updated to point to another object, but currently has an object stored in that field ... of the store. This problem is typically avoided by using CDR coding only on immutable object immutable data structures. Unrolled linked list s are simpler and often higher performance than CDR coding ..., CDR coding uses the least amount of space. External links cite web editor1 Mark Kantrowitz editor2 ... Questions title 2 9 What is CDR coding? publisher Advameg, Inc. accessdate 2011 10 09 Category Lisp ... more details
The coding region of a gene , also known as the coding sequence or CDS , is that portion of a gene s DNA or RNA , composed of exon s, that codes for protein. The region is bounded nearer the Directionality molecular biology 5 end 5 end by a start codon and nearer the Directionality molecular biology 3 end 3 end with a stop codon . The coding region in mRNA is bounded by the five prime untranslated region and the three prime untranslated region , which are also parts of the exons. ref cite web last Twyman first Richard title Gene Structure publisher The Wellcome Trust date 1 August 2003 url http genome.wellcome.ac.uk doc WTD020755.html accessdate 6 April 2003 ref The coding region of an organism is sum total of the organism s genome that is composed of gene coding regions. ref Cite book last Goto et al. first Mami title Analysis of CpG Dinucleotide Frequency in Bacterial Genomes with Respect to Genomic Regions and Codon publisher The Fourth Annual International Conference on Computational Molecular Biology, Tokyo, Japan date April 8, 2000 url http recomb2000.ims.u tokyo.ac.jp Posters pdf 112.pdf accessdate 6 April 2009 ref Coding sequence annotation While identification of open reading frames within a DNA sequence is straightforward, identifying coding sequences is not, because the cell translates only a subset of all open reading frames to proteins. ref Citation last1 Furuno first1 Masaaki last2 Kasukawa first2 Takeya last3 Saito first3 Rintaro last4 Adachi first4 Jun last5 Suzuki first5 Harukazu last6 Baldarelli first6 Richard last7 Hayashizaki first7 Yoshihide last8 Okazaki first8 Yasushi title CDS Annotation in Full Length cDNA Sequence journal Genome Research volume 21 issue 9 pages 1478 1487 publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press date September 2011 year 2011 url http genome.cshlp.org content 13 6b 1478.full.pdf html doi 10.1101 gr.1060303 accessdate 18 September 2011 ref Currently CDS prediction uses sampling and sequencing of mRNA from cells, although there is still ... more details
When referring to Transcription genetics DNA transcription , the coding strand is the DNA strand which has the same Nucleobase base sequence as the RNA transcript produced although with thymine replaced by uracil . It is this strand which contains codons , while the non coding strand contains anti codons. Alternative terms for strands Wherever a gene exists on a DNA molecule , one strand is the coding strand or sense strand or non template strand , and the other is the noncoding strand also called the antisense strand antisense is a general term for a sequence of DNA or RNA that is complementary to mRNA http books.google.com books?id BrNpbPkzoxAC&pg PA129&lpg PA129&dq coding strand antisense&source web&ots t6yUAob0Km&sig O3UVL8ZYlFi0ljVYax8hp695sRo PPA75,M1 , anticoding strand, template strand, or transcribed strand . Strands in transcription bubble During Transcription genetics transcription , RNA polymerase unwinds a short section of the DNA double helix near the start of the gene. This unwound section is known as the transcription bubble . The RNA polymerase, and therefore the transcription bubble, travels along the noncoding strand in the opposite, 3 to 5 , direction, as well as polymerizing a newly synthesized strand in 5 to 3 or Upstream and downstream DNA downstream direction. The DNA double helix is rewound by RNA polymerase at the rear of the transcription bubble Lewin, pp 235 http books.google.com books?id BrNpbPkzoxAC&pg PA129&lpg PA129&dq coding strand antisense&source web&ots t6yUAob0Km&sig O3UVL8ZYlFi0ljVYax8hp695sRo PPA75,M1 . Like how a zipper works, only it unzips it and rezips it without going back and forth. RNA DNA hybrid Where the helix is unwound, the coding strand consists of unpaired bases, whilst the template strand consists of an RNA DNA composite, followed by a number of unpaired bases at the rear. This hybrid consists of the most recently added ... York, USA. http books.google.com books?id BrNpbPkzoxAC&pg PA129&lpg PA129&dq coding strand antisense&source ... more details
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