File Dvulgaris micrograph.JPG thumb right The sulfatereducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris the bar in the upper right is 0.5 micrometer long. Sulfatereducingbacteria are those bacteria and archaea ... Verlag pages 88 90 ref In a sense, they breathe sulfate rather than oxygen. Sulfatereducingbacteria ... reducingbacteria reduce sulfate in large amounts to obtain energy and expel the resulting sulfides ... title Sulfatereducingbacteria author Larry Barton ed. year 1995 publisher Springer ref Most sulfatereducingbacteria can also reduce other oxidized inorganic sulfur compounds, such as sulfite , thiosulfate , or elemental sulfur see sulfur reducingbacteria . Ecological importance and markers Sulfate occurs widely in seawater, sediment, or water rich in decaying organic material. Sulfatereducing ... color is due to metal sulfides that result from the action of sulfatereducingbacteria. The toxic hydrogen sulfide is a waste product of sulfatereducingbacteria its rotten egg odor is often a marker for the presence of sulfatereducingbacteria in nature. ref name Dyer cite book last Dexter ... University Press year 2003 location Ithaca and London pages url doi id ref Sulfatereducingbacteria ... D. Ward date October 2006 journal Scientific American ref Sulfatereducingbacteria have been considered ... bacteria. Corrosion In engineering, sulfatereducingbacteria can create problems when metal structures ... hydrogen on the metal surface sulfatereducingbacteria then oxidize the hydrogen while creating hydrogen sulfide, thus contributing to corrosion . Phylogeny The sulfatereducingbacteria have been ... The dissimilatory sulfatereducingbacteria authors Pfennig N. and Biebel H. year 1986 publisher Springer ..., Archaeoglobus . References reflist DEFAULTSORT SulfateReducingBacteria Category Bacteria Category ... 2 sub while redox reaction reducingsulfate s to sulfide s, especially to hydrogen sulfide . ref ... http books.google.com books?id yu2lmzwcQ6UC&printsec frontcover&dq sulfatereducing bacteria&hl en&ei ... more details
Sulfur reducingbacteria SRB get their energy by redox reaction reducing elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide . They couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate , succinate or other organic compounds . Several types of bacteria and many non methanogen ic archaea can reduce sulfur. Some bacteria ndash such as Proteus bacterium Proteus , Campylobacter , Pseudomonas and Salmonella ndash have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors. Others, such as Desulfuromonas , use only sulfur. These bacteria can be used in industrial processes to generate hydrogen sulfide for the precipitation of metals. Some bacteria can use both elemental sulfur and sulfate as electron acceptors. See sulfatereducingbacteria . References cite book last1 Brock first1 Thomas D. authorlink1 Thomas D. Brock last2 Madigan first2 Michael T. last3 Martinko first3 John M. last4 Parker first4 Jack title Biology of Microorganisms publisher Prentice Hall date 1994 location New Jersey pages 749 752 isbn 1 4058 5345 X bacteria stub Category Phototrophic bacteria Category Hydrogen biology Category Microbiology cs Sirn bakterie de Schwefeloxidierende Bakterien es Bacteria reductora de azufre fi Rikkibakteerit uk ... more details
are also important in biological responses to pollution for example, sulfatereducingbacteria ... article Taxobox color lightgrey name Bacteria fossil range Archean or earlier Recent image EscherichiaColi ... bacilli domain Bacteria subdivision ranks Phyla ref cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Undef&id 2&lvl 3&lin f&keep 1&srchmode 1&unlock title Bacteria eubacteria accessdate ... br Dictyoglomi br Thermodesulfobacteria br Thermotogae Bacteria IPA en b k t ri en ... s. Typically a few micrometre s in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from sphere s to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth , growing in soil ... Names of large numbers The standard dictionary numbers nonillion 5 10 sup 30 sup bacteria on Earth ... Hogan. 2010. http www.eoearth.org article Bacteria?topic 49480 Bacteria . Encyclopedia of Earth ... DC ref Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many steps in nutrient cycle s depending on these organisms ... and putrefaction . However, most bacteria have not been characterised, and only about half of the phylum phyla of bacteria have species that can be microbiological culture grown in the laboratory ... annurev.micro.57.030502.090759 ref The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology , a branch of microbiology ... cells in the body, with large numbers of bacteria on the skin and as gut flora . ref cite journal ... of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system , and a few are probiotic beneficial . However, a few species of bacteria are pathogenic bacteria pathogenic ... infections and in agriculture, so antibiotic resistance is becoming common. In industry, bacteria ... j.cbpa.2005.02.001 ref Once regarded as plant s constituting the Class Schizomycetes, bacteria ... the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed ... domains are called Bacteria and Archaea . ref name autogenerated2 cite journal author Woese CR ... more details
of the London Metropolitan Police National Identification Service Image Sulfate ion 2D dimensions.png thumb 140px The structure and bonding of the sulfate ion In inorganic chemistry , a sulfate ... File Hydrogen sulfate.svg thumb 120px Hydrogen sulfate br bisulfate The sulfate ion is a polyatomic ... state. The sulfate ion carries a negative two charge physics charge and is the conjugate acid conjugate base of the bisulfate or hydrogen sulfate ion, chem HSO 4 , which is the conjugate base of chem H 2 SO 4 , sulfuric acid . Organic sulfates, such as dimethyl sulfate , are covalent compounds .... The tetrahedral geometry of the sulfate ion is as predicted by VSEPR theory . File Sulfate covalent ionic.svg thumb 240px Two models of the sulfate ion. br 1 with polar covalent bonds only. 2 with an ionic bond. Image Sulfate resonance 2D.png thumb 240px Six resonances The first description ... explanation Elucidate date January 2011 . However, the bonding representation of Pauling for sulfate ... calcium sulfate , strontium sulfate , lead II sulfate , and barium sulfate , which are poorly soluble. Radium sulfate is the most insoluble sulfate known. The barium derivative is useful in the gravimetric analysis of sulfate one adds a solution of, perhaps, barium chloride to a solution containing sulfate ions. The appearance of a white precipitate, which is barium sulfate, indicates that sulfate anions are present. The sulfate ion can act as a ligand attaching either by one oxygen monodentate ... complex PtSO sub 4 sub P C sub 6 sub H sub 5 sub sub 3 sub sub 2 sub where the sulfate ion is acting as a bidentate ligand. The metal oxygen bonds in sulfate complexes can have significant covalent ... sulfate is a common algaecide . Magnesium sulfate , commonly known as Epsom salts , is used in therapeutic baths. Gypsum , the natural mineral form of hydrated calcium sulfate , is used to produce plaster . The sulfate ion is used as counter ion for some cation ic drugs. History Some sulfates were ... more details
sulfate Several common reducing agents and their products class wikitable Agent Product Hydrogen H sup ...A reducing agent also called a reductant or reducer is the element or compound in a reduction oxidation ... Fe CN 6 4 chem Cl 2 2 chem Fe CN 6 3 2 chem Cl The reducing agent in this reaction is ferrocyanide ... sub H sub 6 sub 3 H sub 2 sub C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub In organic chemistry, good reducing agents are reagents that deliver H sub 2 sub . Characteristics of reducing agents Strong reducing agents easily ... are not strongly attracted. These elements tend to be strong reducing agents. Good reducing ... serve as good reducing agents too. The measure of a material to oxidize or lose electrons is known ... be changed to oxidation potential by simply reversing the sign. Reducing agents can be ranked by increasing strength by ranking their oxidation potentials. The reducing agent is stronger when it has ... table provides the reduction potentials of the indicated reducing agent at 25 C. class wikitable Oxidizing agent Reducing agent Reduction potential V Li sup sup e sup sup Li 3.04 Na sup sup ... 4H sub 2 sub O 1.49 To tell which is the strongest reducing agent, one can change the sign of its respective reduction potential to make it oxidation potential. The bigger the number, the stronger the reducing agent. For example, among Na, Cr, Cu and Cl sup sup , Na is the strongest reducing agent and Cl sup sup is the weakest one. Common reducing agents include metals potassium, calcium, barium, sodium ... reducing or oxidizing agent s. Hydrogen gas is a reducing agent when it reacts with non metals and an oxidizing ... as a reducing agent because it donates its electrons to fluorine, which allows fluorine to be reduced ... sup 0 sup sub g sub 2 e sup sup 2 F sup sup sub g sub Importance of reducing and oxidizing agents Reducing ... to take place. The anode is an element that loses electrons reducing agent , thus oxidation always ... 2 sup Iron Fe has been oxidized because the oxidation number increased and is the reducing agent ... more details
File Glucose chain structure.svg thumb Reducing form of glucose File D Fructose chain horiz.svg thumb Reducing form of fructose A reducing sugar is any sugar that, in a solution, has an aldehyde or a ketone group. This allows the sugar to act as a reducing agent , for example in the Maillard reaction and Benedict s reagent Benedict s reaction . Chemistry A sugar is only a reducing sugar if it has an open chain with an aldehyde or a ketone group. Monosaccharide s which contain an aldehyde group are known as aldoses , and those with a ketone group are known as ketoses . Many sugars occur in a chain as well as in a ring structure and in solution it is possible to have an equilibrium between these two forms. File Maltose Gleichgewicht.svg thumb center upright 3 Equilibrium between cyclic and open ... becomes reduced. Thus, a reducing sugar is one that reduces certain chemicals. Even though a ketone ... reducing. Examples Reducing monosaccharides include glucose , fructose , glyceraldehyde and galactose . Many disaccharide s, like lactose and maltose also do have a reducing form, as one of the two ... the anomeric carbon s of the two units are linked together, are non reducing disaccharides. In glucose ... and dextrin the macromolecule begins with a reducing sugar, a free aldehyde. More hydrolyse d starch contains more reducing sugars. The percentage reducing sugars present in these starch derivatives ... to test for the presence of a reducing sugar. The reducing sugar reduces copper copper II ions ... of the amount of reducing sugar present. Sugars having acetal or ketal linkages are not reducing sugars, as they do not have free aldehyde chains. They therefore do not react with any of the reducing sugar test solutions. However, a non reducing sugar can be Hydrolysed Hydrolysis of polysaccharides ... may be a reducing sugar that gives normal reactions with the test solutions. All carbohydrates ... 2009 Carbohydrates DEFAULTSORT Reducing Sugar Category Carbohydrate chemistry Category Biomolecules ... more details
In biochemistry, the term reducing equivalent refers to any of a number of chemical species which transfer the equivalent of one electron in redox reactions ref Cite book last Jain first J.L. title Fundamentals of Biochemistry publisher S. Chand date 2004 isbn 8121924537 ref . Examples of reducing equivalents are A lone electron for example in reactions involving metal ion s A hydrogen atom consisting of a proton and an electron A hydride ion H sup sup which carries two electrons for example in reactions involving Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD References references Category Biochemistry methods Biochem stub ... more details
refimprove date May 2009 A reducing atmosphere , also known as a reduction atmosphere , is an atmosphere atmospheric condition in which oxidation is prevented by removal of oxygen and other oxidising gases or vapours. Usually nitrogen is used or in more extreme conditions hydrogen gas. In that case the atmosphere is reducing. It is used in annealing metallurgy annealing ovens for relaxation of metal stress mechanics stresses without corroding the metal. The same principal applies to planets. Early earth had a reducing atmosphere, along with Mars and Venus. Later events stabilized earth s atmosphere to permit the evolution of life. ref Cite web url http eesc.columbia.edu courses ees climate lectures earth.html title Early Earth and the Evolution of the Atmosphere accessdate author authorlink coauthors date 2010 08 17 year month work EESC 2100 Spring 2007 publisher columbia.edu pages language archiveurl archivedate quote ref A reducing atmosphere is also used in order to produce specific effects on ceramic wares being fired. A redox reduction atmosphere is produced in a fuel fired kiln by reducing the draft and depriving the kiln of oxygen . This reduced level of oxygen causes incomplete combustion of the fuel and raises the level of carbon inside the kiln. At high temperatures the carbon will bond with and remove the oxygen in the metal oxides used as colorants in the glazes. This loss of oxygen results in a change in the color of the glazes because it allows the metals in the glaze to be seen in an unoxidized form. A reduction atmosphere can also affect the color of the clay body. If iron is present in the clay body, as it is in most stoneware , then it will be affected by the reduction atmosphere as well. In most commercial incinerators, exactly the same conditions are created to encourage the release of carbon bearing fumes. These fumes are then oxidized in reburn tunnels where oxygen is injected progressively. The exothermic oxidation reaction maintains the temperature ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 Indicator bacteria are certain species of bacteria used by health authorities to detect contaminated water. Each gram of human feces contains approximately 12 billion val 1.2 e 9 bacteria, among them may include pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella , associated with gastroenteritis . In addition, feces may contain pathogenic virus es, protozoa and parasitism parasites . If ingested, these organisms would cause disease. When testing drinking water for contamination, the variety and often low concentrations of pathogens makes them difficult to test for individually. Health authorities therefore use the presence of other more abundant and more easily detected fecal bacteria as indicators of the presence of fecal contamination. Indicator bacteria are not themselves dangerous to the health but are used to indicate the presence of a health risk. The most popularized known indicator bacteria are fecal coliforms , which are found in the intestinal tracts of warm blooded animals. Another less commonly used group of indicator organisms are Sulfatereducingbacteria hydrogen sulfide producing bacteria , which are also found in humans as well as the intestinal tracts of birds and reptiles known carriers of Salmonella. World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality state that as an indicator organism Escherichia coli provides conclusive evidence of recent fecal water pollution pollution and should not be present in water meant for human consumption. It is generally assumed that higher the number of coliform organisms found in a 100ml sample, the higher the risk for waterborne disease. DEFAULTSORT Indicator Bacteria Category Bacteriology Category Microbiology Category Water pollution Category Water quality indicators ... more details
may be successful in removing or reducing iron bacteria include physical removal, pasteurization, and chemical ...Refimprove date September 2007 Image Iron bacteria in runoff.JPG thumb right 250px Iron bacteria in surface water In the management of water supply water supply water well well s, iron bacteria are bacteria ... with iron bacteria. Iron bacteria are a natural part of the environment in most parts of the world ... colored deposits. In the process, the bacteria produce a brown slime that builds up on well screens, pipes, and plumbing fixtures. Bacteria known to feed on iron are Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans . Habitat Iron bacteria colonize the transition zone where de oxygenated water ... the de oxygenated water reaches a source of oxygen, iron bacteria use that oxygen to convert the soluble ... is often the underlying cause of an iron bacteria population. Groundwater may be naturally de ... 1979 isbn 0 07 035447 2 p.544 ref Other conditions associated with iron bacteria result from the anaerobic aqueous environment rather than the iron bacteria visibly colonizing that habitat. Corrosion ... or decay results from enzymatic conversion of soil sulfate s to volatile hydrogen sulfide as an alternative ... which indicate that iron bacteria may be present in well water Iron bacteria often produce unpleasant ... bacteria will usually cause yellow, orange, red, or brown stains and colored water It is sometimes possible to see a rainbow colored, oil like sheen on the water. Iron bacteria produce a sticky slime ... growth may also be seen, particularly in standing water such as a toilet tank. Image Iron bacteria burn.JPG right thumb A burn in Scotland with Iron bacteria. The dramatic effects of iron bacteria are seen ... the water. More serious problems occur when bacteria build up in well systems. Iron bacteria in wells ... Iron bacteria can be introduced into a well or water system during drilling, repair, or service. Elimination of iron bacteria once a well is heavily infested can be extremely difficult. Normal ... more details
bacteria can reverse their swimming direction and swim backwards under reducing conditions less than ...Magnetotactic bacteria or MTB are a polyphyletic group of bacteria discovered in the 1960s, that orient along the magnetic field magnetic field lines of Earth s magnetic field . To perform this task, these bacteria ... taxis involves a stimulus response mechanism . In contrast to the magnetoception of animals, the bacteria contain fixed magnets that force the bacteria into alignment even dead cells align, just like ... The first description of magnetotactic bacteria appeared in 1963 in a publication of the Microbiology ... Universita di Pavia. ref While observing bog sediments under his microscope, he noticed a group of bacteria ... according to the direction of the North Pole , and hence called them magnetosensitive bacteria . The first peer reviewed article on magnetotactic bacteria appeared in a 1975 article in Science by Richard ... had similarly observed bacteria capable of orienting themselves in a certain direction Blakemore realised ... Blakemore, Richard title Magnetotactic Bacteria year 1975 journal Science volume 190 pages 377 379 pmid 170679 issue 4212 ref These bacteria have been the subject of many experiments they have even ... of magnetotactic bacteria to the Earth s magnetic field arises from the fact these bacteria ... bacteria are reported to precipitate either magnetite or greigite . These crystals, and sometimes ... of fossil magnetotactic bacteria journal Earth Science Reviews year 2007 doi 10.1016 j.earscirev.2007.08.001 ... lodestones.shtml Living Lodestones Magnetotactic bacteria , Strange Horizons, 2001 ref Biology Several ... Magnetite producing magnetotactic bacteria are usually found in an Anoxic waters oxic anoxic transition ... of magnetotactic bacteria can produce magnetite even in Hypoxia environmental anaerobic conditions, using nitric oxide , nitrate , or sulfate as a final acceptor for electron s. The greigite mineralising ... title Controlled biomineralization of magnetic minerals by magnetotactic bacteria year 1995 journal ... more details
Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are proteobacteria that are phototroph ic, that is capable of producing energy through photosynthesis . ref name bryantfrigaard cite journal author D.A. ..., tubes, or sheets, increasing the available surface area. Like most other photosynthetic bacteria, purple bacteria do not produce oxygen , because the reducing agent electron donor involved in photosynthesis is not water. In some, called purple sulfur bacteria , it is either sulfide or elemental sulfur . The others, called purple non sulfur bacteria aka PNSB , typically use hydrogen although some ... show the purple bacteria make up a variety of separate groups, each closer relatives of non photosynthetic proteobacteria than one another. History Purple bacteria were the first bacteria discovered ... by first establishing the bacteria s reactions to different concentrations of oxygen. What was found was that the bacteria moved quickly away from even the slightest trace of oxygen. Then a dish of the bacteria was taken, and a light was focused on one part of the dish leaving the rest dark. As the bacteria cannot survive without light, all the bacteria moved into the circle of light, becoming very crowded. If the bacteria s byproduct was oxygen, the distances between individuals would become larger and larger as more oxygen was produced. But because of the bacteria s behavior in the focused light, it was concluded that the bacteria s photosynthetic byproduct could not be oxygen. Taxonomy Purple non sulfur bacteria are found among the Alphaproteobacteria alpha and Betaproteobacteria ... e.g. Rhodoferax Purple sulfur bacteria are included among the Gammaproteobacteria gamma subgroup , and make up the order purple sulfur bacteria Chromatiales . The similarity between the photosynthetic ... bacteria Category Microbiology ca Bacteri porpra cs Purpurov bakterie de Purpurbakterien et Purpurbakterid es Bacteria p rpura he mk ja no Purpurbakterier ... more details
wiktionarypar bacteria The bacteria are a major group of Prokaryote prokaryotic living organisms. Bacteria may also refer to Bacteria malware or Rabbit Programs, a type of malicious software Bacteria, a fictional country in The Great Dictator Bacteriidae , a family of South American stick insect s disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2008 Phototrophic bacteria or photolithotrophic bacteria are lithotrophic bacteria that use photosynthesis as their source of energy. Gallery gallery Image Chlorofl.jpg Chloroflexus aurantiacus Image Halobacteria.jpg Cluster cells of Halobacterium gallery Photolithotrophic bacteria Category Phototrophic bacteria ja ... more details
unreferenced date July 2010 Atypical bacteria are bacteria which remain colourless after gram staining . See also Gram negative bacteria Category Bacteriology microbiology stub ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Putrefying bacteria is the term used to describe bacteria involved in putrefaction of living matter. Putrefying bacteria turn nitrogen proteins into ammonium compounds. Nitrifying bacteria turn the ammonium compounds into nitrates. See also Decomposition Anaerobic organism DEFAULTSORT Putrefying Bacteria Category Alchemical processes Category Microbiology bacteria stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, Zoamastogopera , found in the stomach of termites, enable them to digest cellulose . Some types of cyanobacteria are endosymbiont to types of lichens and sponges. Symbiotic bacteria are able to live in or on plant or animal tissue biology tissue . In digestive systems, symbiotic bacteria help break down foods that contain fibre . They also help produce vitamins . br Symbiotic bacteria can live near hydrothermal vents. They usually have a mutual relationship with other bacteria. Some live in giant tube worm tube worm s. A use for symbiotic bacteria has recently been in paratransgenesis for controlling important vectors for disease, such as the transmission of Chagas disease by Triatoma Triatome kissing bug s. br DEFAULTSORT Symbiotic Bacteria Category Symbiosis Category Bacteriology Category Microbiology Bacteria stub Ecology stub fr Bact rie symbiotique ... more details
unreferenced date June 2008 Siderophilic bacteria are bacteria that require or are facilitated by free iron . They may include Vibrio vulnificus , Listeria monocytogenes , Yersinia enterocolica , Salmonella enterica serotype Typhymurium , Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli . One possible symptom of haemochromatosis is susceptibility to infections from these species. Certain non bacterial microorganisms such as Rhizopus arrhizus and Mucor may also be siderophilic. See also Iron bacteria Iron in microbiology Category Bacteria Category Microbiology bacteria stub fi Siderofiilit ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Knallgas bacteria is a name sometimes used for bacteria which oxidize hydrogen . See microbial metabolism Microbial metabolism Hydrogen oxidation hydrogen oxidation . These bacteria include Hydrogenobacter thermophilus , Hydrogenovibrio marinus , and Helicobacter pylori . There are both Gram positive and negative knallgas bacteria. Most grow best under microaerophilic conditions. They do this because the hydrogenase enzyme used in hydrogen oxidation is inhibited by the presence of oxygen, but oxygen is still needed as a terminal electron acceptor . The word Knallgas is Swedish language Swedish and German language German for bang gas and means a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen see oxyhydrogen . DEFAULTSORT Knallgas Bacteria Category Bacteria Category Microbiology bacteria stub cs Vod kov bakterie ru ... more details
Thermoduric bacteria are bacteria which can survive, to varying extents, the pasteurisation process. ref name indo cite news url http www.independent.ie farming dairy the heatresisting bacteria 1388056.html title The heat resisting bacteria last Donworth first John date 2008 05 27 work Irish Independent publisher Independent News and Media accessdate 2009 08 11 ref Species of bacteria which are thermoduric include Bacillus , Clostridium and Enterococci . ref name glan cite web url https agrilink.ie MilkNews2007 4241 20Thermoduric 20Bacteria.pdf last Murphy first Pat title Control of Thermoduric Bacteria in Raw Milk Supplies publisher Glanbia accessdate 2009 08 11 ref References Reflist bacteria stub Category Food science ... more details
Psychrotrophic bacteria are bacteria that are capable of surviving or even thriving in a cold environment. They can be found in soils ref cite web url http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 120081154 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 title An Ecological Study of the Psychrotrophic Bacteria of Soil, Water, Grass and Hay Druce 2008 Journal of Applied Microbiology Wiley Online Library publisher .interscience.wiley.com date accessdate 2010 09 01 ref , in surface and deep sea waters ref cite web url http www.springerlink.com content 0kcy3gl47cftrj0w title Marine Biotechnology, Volume 3, Number 5 publisher SpringerLink date accessdate 2010 09 01 ref , and in foods ref cite web url http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1G1 14605181.html title Psychrotrophic Bacteria in Foods Disease and Spoilage. Food Trade Review publisher Encyclopedia.com date 1993 09 01 accessdate 2010 09 01 ref . Psychrotrophic bacteria are of particular concern to the dairy industry ref cite web url http www.leonthemilkman.com 2006 03 18 the case of psychrotrophic bacteria title Leon the Milkman s Blog The case of Psychrotrophic bacteria publisher Leonthemilkman.com date 2006 03 18 accessdate 2010 09 01 ref . Most are killed by pasteurization however, they can be present in milk as post pasteurization contaminants due to less than adequate sanitation practices. According to The Food Science Department at Cornell university Cornell University , psychrotrophs are bacteria capable of growth at temperatures at or less than 7 C 44.6 F . At freezing temperatures, growth of pyschrotrophic bacteria becomes negligible or virtually stops. ref http 74.125.93.132 search?q cache 7i8krEBo1GgJ foodscience.cornell.edu cals foodsci extension upload Bact Milk Shelf Life Doc.doc 22Psychrotrophic bacteria 22&cd 2&hl en&ct clnk&gl us&client ..., Cornell University. . Retrieved 22 November 2009. ref Psychrotrophic bacteria also fall under the more general category of psychrophiles . Notes reflist Category Bacteriabacteria stub fr Psychrotrophe ... more details
Exogenous bacteria are bacteria introduced to closed biological systems from the external world. They exist in water, earth, and the air. Examples are cholera , Legionella , salmonella , rickettsia , mycobacterium , and bacillus anthracis. Endogenous bacteria are part of our normal internal flora . Sources div class references small Lowy, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Lecture I Bacterial Classification, Structure and Function, Part I August 31, 2004, Transcribed by Anjail Shar. http healthsciences.columbia.edu dept ps 2007 mid mid01.pdf references div Category Microbial growth and nutrition Category Bacteriology Category Microbiology bacteria stub ... more details
Lipophilic bacteria fat liking bacteria are bacteria that may proliferate in lipids . Types They include lipophilic corynebacteria . ref name cmr http cmr.asm.org cgi reprint 10 1 125.pdf Clinical Microbiology of Coryneform Bacteria GUIDO FUNKE,1 ALEXANDER VON GRAEVENITZ,1 JILL E. CLARRIDGE III,2 AND KATHRYN A. BERNARD3 Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Zu rich, Zu rich, Switzerland1 Laboratory Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas2 and Special Bacteriology Laboratory, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada3 ref . Propionibacterium acnes is a type of liphophilic bacteria ref http www.muzisyenlerkulubu.com acnetreatments.asp Natural Acne Treatments Guide How to get rid of pimples ref , releasing fatty acids and worsening comedone s. However, the group of lipophilic bacteria are not pathogenic, i.e. they don t cause food poisoning or food infection ref name jensen http www.springerlink.com content 2203u0385q2n1v5r fulltext.pdf The Action of Microorganisms on Fats By L. B. JENSEN and D. P. GRETTIE Swift & Company Laboratories, Chicago, Ill. Published 1933, so feel free to replace ref Health risks Most materials in laboratories and health care centers have small amounts of lipids on their surface, and thus may support the proliferation of lipophilic bacteria. ref http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0886335004006741 Postoperative endophthalmitis. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery, Volume 30, Issue 11, Pages 2441 2444 C. Ferrer ... name jensen , this is not a serous threat. Lipophilic bacteria may also proliferate in diet fat. However ... of the fat ref name jensen Commercial Use Many liopohilic bacteria are a good source of Biosurfactants, hence are used commercially, e.g. Bacillus lichenoformis . These kind of bacteria produce Biosurfactant ... ones. References reflist Extremophile Category Bacteria Category Microbiology medicine stub ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2008 Denitrifying bacteria form a necessary part of the process known as denitrification as part of the nitrogen cycle , their primary purpose being to metabolism metabolise nitrogenous Chemical compound compounds , with the assistance of the nitrase reductase enzyme , to turn oxide s back to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxides for energy generation. This process takes place only in the absence of oxygen , as most denitrifying bacteria are facultative aerobes prefers to use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptors , however, they could also utilize nitrate instead. Therefore, denitrification can only be synthethised under anaerobic circumstances. This is the main reason why denitrification mostly occurs in the deep substrata of the soil , or in areas of stagnant water . This process of denitrification lowers the fertility of the soil and thus is less common in areas where the land is rather well Cultivation cultivated . But this loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere can eventually be regained via introduced food and water, as part of the nitrogen cycle. Some nitrogen may also be nitrogen fixation fixated by species of nitrifying bacteria and the cyanobacteria . Denitrification also becomes the key pathway for dissimilative nitrate reduction dissimilation , which ... converted back to gaseous nitrogen as opposed to that of nitrifying bacteria 2NO sub 3 sub sup sup 10e ... consisting of two atoms and six molecules of water. Denitrifying bacteria themselves include several ... is roughly balanced by that which is released into the soil by nitrifying bacteria, forming the relatively reliable cycle. Denitrifying bacteria A Group of bacteria that reduce nitrates ... Nitrogen to cycle see Nitrogen cycle back into the atmosphere . These bacteria have also been implicated in depletion of soil fertility, and thereby agricultural productivity See also Nitrifying bacteria Nitrogen cycle Category Bacteria Category Nitrogen metabolism Category Soil biology Category Microbiology ... more details
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