Cleanup date January 2008 Refimprove date July 2009 File Structuralsteel icons.jpg thumb 500px Various structuralsteel shapes Structuralsteel is steel construction material , a Profile engineering profile ... of Chemistry chemical composition and mechanical properties. Structuralsteel shape, size, composition, strength, storage, etc., is regulated in most industrialized countries. Structuralsteel members ... . In these examples, S denotes structural rather than engineering steel 275 or 355 denotes ... e.g. in the UK, almost all structuralsteel is grades S275 and S355. Higher grades are available ..., 1987, ch 1 page 1 5 ref Carbon steels A36 steel A36 structural shapes and plate A53 steel A53 structural pipe and tubing A500 steel A500 structural pipe and tubing A501 steel A501 structural pipe and tubing A529 steel A529 structural shapes and plate High strength low alloy steels A441 steel A441 structural shapes and plates A572 steel A572 structural shapes and plates A618 steel A618 structural pipe and tubing A992 steel A992 W shapes beams only A270 steel A270 structural shapes and plates Corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels A242 structural shapes and plates Weathering steel A588 structural shapes and plates Quenched and tempered alloy steels A514 steel A514 structural shapes ... Non preloadable bolts EN 15048 1 Fabricated steel EN EN 1090 1 The standard that covers CE Marking of structural .... While rebar is almost always steel, it is not considered a structuralsteel and is described separately ... fireproofing methods for structuralsteel include intumescent , endothermic and plaster coatings ... fire period. Structuralsteel fireproofing materials include intumescent, endothermic and plaster ... end References references External links wikiquote Commons category StructuralsteelStructural ... cis2.html Product Data Standards for StructuralSteel CIS 2, IFC The product data standards facilitate ... them to be very stiff in respect to their cross sectional area. Common structural shapes This section ... more details
are hot or cold rolled into structuralsteel , such as I beam s and rail tracks rails . In modern ..., which define alloys such as A36 steel , the most commonly used structuralsteel in the United States ... bars and mesh in reinforced concrete Railroad tracks Structuralsteel in modern building ...Other uses pp move indef pp semi small yes File Steel wire rope.JPG thumb right The Wire rope steel cable of a coal mining colliery headframe winding tower Steels Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has a carbon content between 0.2 and 2.1 by weight, depending on the steel grade grade ... one another. Varying the amount of alloying elements and the form of their presence in the steel solute ... , ductility , and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron. Alloys with a higher ... castability . ref name EM2 Steel is also distinguishable from wrought iron , which can contain a small ... factors are steel s increased rust resistance and better weldability . Though steel had been ... process in the mid 19th century, steel became an inexpensive mass production mass produced ... of production while increasing the quality of the metal. Today, steel is one of the most common materials ..., infrastructure, tools, ships, automobile s, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel ... properties File Steel pd.svg thumb left 420px Iron carbon phase diagram , showing the conditions necessary ... in an alloy pig iron containing too much carbon to be called steel. ref cite book title Smelting ... to produce steel with desired properties. Nickel and manganese in steel add to its tensile strength ..., at least 11 chromium is added to steel so that a hard passivation oxide forms on the metal surface this is known as stainless steel . Tungsten interferes with the formation of cementite, allowing martensite to form with slower quench rates, resulting in high speed steel . On the other hand, sulfur ... more details
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research List of structural elements structural components and structural system s to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants ..., but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered ..., most practicing structural engineers are currently licensed as civil engineer s, but the situation varies from state to state. In the UK, most structural engineers in the building industry are members of the Institution of Structural Engineers rather than the Institution of Civil Engineers . Typical structures designed by a structural engineer include building s, towers , stadium stadia ... may also be designed by a structural engineer. ref Institution of Structural Engineer, http www.istructe.org structuralengineers db 35.asp What do they do? , viewed on 22 May 2007 ref Most structural engineers are employed in the construction industry, however there are also structural engineers in the aerospace ... surveyors , and Construction management construction managers . Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate structural .... Education The education of structural engineers is usually through a civil engineering bachelor s degree, and often a master s degree specializing in structural engineering. The fundamental core subjects for structural engineering are strength of materials or solid mechanics , Structural Analysis Static & Dynamic, , material science , numerical analysis and conceptual structural design . Reinforced concrete , composite structure , timber , masonry and structuralsteel designs are the general structural design courses that will be introduced in the next level of the education of structural engineering. The structural analysis courses which include structural mechanics , Structural Dynamics structural dynamics and structural failure analyses are designed to build up the fundamental ... more details
Structural engineer Structural Fracture Mechanics Structural failure Structuralsteel Col end Portal ... under construction in 2007 since completed Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the structural analysis analysis and design of structure s that support or resist structural load load s. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering , but it can also be studied in its own right. ref cite web url http structures.ucsd.edu index.php?page structural engineering about us history title History of Structural Engineering publisher University of San Diego accessdate 2007 12 02 ref Structural engineer s are most commonly involved in the design ... of machinery , medical equipment , vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects the item s function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design ... to endure massive loads as well as changing climate and natural disasters. Structural engineering theory is based upon physics physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials. Structural engineering design utilises a relatively small number of basic structural elements to build up structural system s that can be very complex. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials ... db 35.asp title What is a structural engineer publisher Institution of Structural Engineers accessdate ... visible on any retail computer monitor A structural engineer Main Structural engineer File Rivers .... Under construction. C cuta , Colombia . Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and structural analysis analysis . Entry level structural engineers may design the individual structural .... More experienced engineers would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building. Structural engineers often specialize in particular fields, such as bridge ... more details
Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri main SteelStructuralsteel see also Steel frame Steel is an iron alloy with between 0.2 and 1.7 carbon. Steel is used extremely widely in all types of structures, due to its relatively low cost, high strength to weight ratio and speed of construction. Steel is a ductile ..., steel buildings have as much thermal mass as similar concrete buildings. The elastic modulus of steel is approximately 205 GPa Steel is very prone to corrosion rust . Stainless steel main Stainless steel Stainless steel is an iron carbon alloy with a minimum of 10.5 chromium content. There are different types of stainless steel, containing different proportions of iron, carbon, molybdenum , nickel . It has similar structural properties to steel, although its strength varies significantly. It is rarely ... or steel provide. The most commonly used in structural applications are glass reinforced plastic ... Happold main Timber Timber is the oldest of structural materials, and though mainly supplanted by steel ...Image Stress v strain A36 2.svg thumb 250px right Stress strain curve for low carbon steel . Hooke s law ... region br 5. Necking region. br A Apparent stress F A sub 0 sub br B Actual stress F A Structural ... how different materials support and resist loads. Common structural materials are Iron Wrought iron .... It does not corrosion corrode as easily as steel. Cast iron main Cast iron Cast iron is a brittle ... by steel in building structures, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide ... 1 3 silicon. It does not corrode as easily as steel. Steel Image gateway arch.jpg thumb right The 630 ... fracture at point 3 on the curve . Steel is equally strong in tension and compression. Steel ... trebar.jpg thumb right A cage of rebar reinforcing steel main Concrete Concrete is used extremely ... steel reinforcement bars rebars , plates or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen a material ... and in brittle manner under flexural bending or tensile force unless adequately reinforced with steel ... more details
Use dmy dates date August 2010 Mechanical failure modes Structural failure refers to loss of the Structural ... or of the structure itself. Structural failure is initiated when the List of building materials material ... of the limit state design limit states that must be accounted for in structural engineering and structural design . Notable failures Further List of structural failures and collapses Bridges See also ... formal inquiries into a structural failure. The result of the inquiry was that the design of the structure ... iron largely being replaced by steel construction, and a complete redesign in 1890 of the Forth Railway Bridge . As a result, the Forth Bridge was the first entirely steel bridge in the world. ref name ... River bridge officially known simply as Bridge 9340 was an eight lane steel truss arch bridge ... Mary E. Peters Calls on States to Immediately Inspect All Steel Arch Truss Bridges ref after a possible design flaw in the bridge was discovered, related to large steel sheets called gusset ... on the 18th floor caused a structural wall panel to be blown away from the building. The tower ... steel passing between the panels. This also meant that the loads carried by the panel could not be redistributed ... of terrorism in structural design of buildings. ref name Virdi2000 cite book title Abnormal Loading ... accessdate 23 April 2008 ref The impacts dislodged some of the fireproofing from the steel, increasing ... 20It 20 20Revised 206 22 07.pdf id Structural Engineering Report No. 07 05 C605c page 12 accessdate ... accessdate 23 August 2007 format PDF ref Aircraft Main Loss of structural integrity on an aircraft See also Category In flight airliner structural failures Image Boeing B 52 with no vertical stabilizer.jpg ... Mountain crashes . Repeated structural failures of aircraft types occurred in 1954, when 2 de Havilland ... collapse Seismic performance Structural Fracture Mechanics Collapse zone References references ... Agency Failure Knowledge Database DEFAULTSORT Structural Failure Category Building defects ... more details
Structural estimation is a technnique for estimating deep structural parameter Statistics and econometrics parameter s of theoretical model economics economic models . In this sense, structural estimation is contrasted with reduced form estimation, which generally provides evidence about partial equilibrium relationships in a regression analysis regression framework. Specific structural estimation techniques include generalized method of moments and maximum likelihood . Structural estimation is used by economist s, econometrician s, and statistician s. Category Economics models Econometrics stub ... more details
A structural drawing , a type of technical drawing , shows information about architectural foundations, roof, or other structural details. See also Architectural drawing Working drawing engineering stub Category Technical drawing ... more details
Structural analysis is mainly concerned with finding out the behaviour of a structure when subjected to some action. This action can be in the form of load due to the weight of things such people, furniture, wind, snow, etc. or some other kind of excitation such as an earthquke, shaking of the groud due to a blast nearby, etc. In essense all these loads are dynamic including the self weight of the structure because it was some poin in time when these loads were not there. The distinction is made between the dynamic and the static analysis on the basis whether the applied action has enough acceleration in comparison to the structure s natural frequency. If a load is applied sufficiently slowly, the intertia forces Newton s second law of motion can be ignored and the analysis can be simplified as static analysis. Structural dynamics , therefore, is a type of structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structure s subjected to Dynamics physics dynamic actions having high acceleration loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquake s, and blasts. Any structure ... can be used to solve basic structural dynamics problems. Displacements A dynamic load can have a significantly ... Coefficient math and is typically 2 10 depending on the type of construction Bolted steel 6 Reinforced concrete 5 Welded steel 2 Generally damping would be ignored for non transient events such as wind ... by the Energy principles in structural mechanics energy method . For a given mode shape of a multiple ... frequency sub n sub . For an assumed mode shape math bar u x math , of a structural system with mass ... math External links http www.mpihome.com pdf soa structural dynamics testing.pdf Structural Dynamics ... Structural Dynamics and Vibration Laboratory of McGill University http frame3dd.sourceforge.net Frame3DD open source 3D structural dynamics analysis program http www.noisestructure.com products FRF.php Frequency response function from modal parameters Category Structural analysis ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor i.e. regulatory protein . It may code for a Protein Structural proteins structural protein , an enzyme , or an RNA molecule not involved in regulation. Structural genes represent an enormous variety of protein structures and functions, including structural proteins, enzymes with catalytic activities and so on. These genes are needed for the morphological or functional traits of the cell. In Eukaryotes, these occur in spilt form, segmented into introns and exons. But Prokaryotes, these are continuous. The structural genes are concerned with the synthesis of polypeptide chain or a number of polypeptide chains and are also concerned with the synthesis of different types of RNA required during protein synthesis. In the Lac Operon concept , these genes are associated with the synthesis of those enzymes that are needed for the catabolism of Lactose. In lac operon, there are three structural genes a, Lac Z gene for beta galactosodase enzyme. b, Lac Y gene for galactose permease enzyme. c, Lac A gene for thio galactoside trans acetylase enzyme. DEFAULTSORT Structural Gene Category Genes Category Gene expression Genetics stub ja ur ... more details
Image Hancock tower 2006.jpg right thumb John Hancock Center , in Chicago , a work of structural art ... right thumb Salginatobel Bridge , in Switzerland , a work of structural art designed by Robert Maillart Certain works of structural engineering design are also works of structural art . Such works can be classified as structural art when they attain excellence in the three areas of efficiency, economy ... Basic Books location New York ref ref name structural art article 1 cite journal last1 Billington first1 David year 1984 title Bridges and the new art of structural engineering journal American Scientist volume 72 issue 1 pages 22 31 ref . A key part of the concept of structural art is that the structural ... of structural art without also being a successful work of structural engineering design, yet many works of structural engineering design that are safe and serviceable do not rise to the level of structural art because they fail to be economical, efficient, or elegant. Structural art is a topic of active ... . While structural artists often collaborate with architects, the discipline of structural art is based upon engineering rather than architectural design Origin of the concept The idea of structural art as a creative subdiscipline of structural engineering originates from the scholarship of Prof. David ... and the Bridge , and arose out of scholarly study of great works of structural design made by engineers starting in the late 18th century with the beginning of the wide availability of iron as a structural ... structural artists is that they either were builders themselves John Roebling or had a builder s mentality Fazlur Khan . Other scholars of structural engineering design have published works that can be considered part of the body of knowledge on structural art. Notable among these is Alan Holgate ref name The Art in Structural Design cite book last Holgate first Alan title The Art in Structural ... said that a work of structural art should be interpreted in terms of the Three S s the scientific ... more details
File Argonne s Midwest Center for Structural Genomics deposits 1,000th protein structure.jpg An example of a protein structure determined by the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics. thumb 300px Structural ... . The principal difference between structural genomics and protein structure prediction traditional structural prediction is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of every protein ... solved homologs. Because protein structure is closely linked with protein function, the structural ... protein functions, structural genomics can be used to identify novel protein folds and potential targets for drug discovery. Structural genomics involves taking a large number of approaches to structure ... based on sequence or homology modeling structural homology to a protein of known structure ... to traditional structural biology , the determination of a protein structure through a structural .... This raises new challenges in structural bioinformatics , i.e. determining protein function from its Three dimensional space 3D structure. Structural genomics emphasizes high throughput determination ... links centers of structural genomics . While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural genomics pursue structures of proteins on a genome ... structures is at times questioned. A Science article from January 2006 analyzes the structural genomics field. ref cite journal author Chandonia JM, Brenner SE title The impact of structural genomics ... 347 ref One advantage of structural genomics, such as the Protein Structure Initiative , is that the scientific ... not have corresponding publications. This requires new ways of communicating this structural information to the broader research community. The Bioinformatics core of the Joint center for structural ... structural genomics centers. Goals One goal of structural genomics is to identify novel protein ... structure determination methods of structural genomics have the potential to inform our understanding ... more details
Structural adjustments are the policies implemented by the International Monetary Fund IMF and the World ... that the money lent will be spent in accordance with the overall goals of the loan. The Structural .... ref Greenberg, James B. 1997. A Political Ecology of Structural Adjustment Policies The Case of the Dominican Republic. Culture & Agriculture 19 3 85 93 ref Through conditionalities, Structural Adjustment ... have no choice but to comply. Since the late 1990s, some proponents of structural adjustment such as the World Bank, have spoken of poverty reduction as a goal. Structural Adjustment Programs were ... has turned out to be quite similar to the original content of bank authored Structural Adjustment ... for structural adjustment can include Cutting expenditures, also known as austerity . Focusing economic ... have also been sometimes labeled as the Washington Consensus . History Structural adjustment ... mainly focused upon a country s macroeconomic policy. Structural Adjustment Policies, as they are known ... criticism is that the structural adjustment s terms have become a template for the governance of much ... to them are much worse. Structural adjustment became a major tool for global development of a system ... Privatisation A common policy required in structural adjustment is the privatization of state owned ..., SAPs are extremely detrimental for poor countries who have structural adjustment programs in place ... to the alleged purpose of structural adjustment programs. Agriculture The agricultural, anti ... structural adjustment, farmers were introduced to fertilizers that left the land nutrient barren and unusable ... in the west African Savannah resettlement, structural adjustment and conservation. The journal of political ecology 5 1 23 52 ref blockquote Despite the growth in the GDP, structural adjustment does ... of purchasing power of a cheaper currency. ref Greenberg, James B. 1997. A Political Ecology of Structural ... steel in China is much greater, than it would be in the U.S. Another example would be the run off of chemicals ... more details
The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to structural load load resisting sub system of a structure. The structural system transfers load s through interconnected List of structural elements structural components or members. Commonly used structures can be classified into five major categories, depending on the type of primary stress that may arise in the members of the structures under major design loads. However any two or more of the basic structural types described in the following may be combined in a single structure, such as a building or a bridge in order to meet the structures functional requirements. ref name Kassimali Kassimali, A. 1999 . Structural analysis. 2nd edition. Pacific Grove, C.A. PWS Pub ref Tensile structure s Members of tensile structures are subjects to pure tension under the action of external loads. Because the tensile stress is uniformly distributed over the cross sectional area of members, the material of such a structure is utilized in the most efficient manner. Compressive strength Compressive structures Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of axial loads. Because compressive structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of such a failure should be considered ... rise buildings The structural system of a high rise building is designed to cope with the vertical gravity loads and lateral loads caused by wind or seismic activity. The structural system consists only of the members designed to carry the loads, all other members are referred to as non structural. A classification for the structural system of a high rise was introduced in 1969 by Fazlur Khan and was extended ... defines if a structural system is an interior or exterior one. ref name AliStruct Cite journal title Structural Developments in Tall Buildings Current Trends and Future Prospects first1 Mir M. last1 ... Superleggera References reflist DEFAULTSORT Structural System Category Structural system civil engineering ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For other uses of analog, see Analog disambiguation . In chemistry , a structural analog structural analogue , also known as chemical analog or simply analog , is a chemical compound compound having a structure similar to that of another one, but differing from it in respect of a certain component. It can differ in one or more atom s, functional group s, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. A structural analog can be imagined to be formed, at least theoretically, from the other compound. Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily functional analog s and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. In drug development large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure activity relationship study. See also Derivative chemistry Homology chemistry Homolog , a compound of a series differing only by repeated units Functional analog , compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties Transition state analog DEFAULTSORT Structural Analog Category Chemical nomenclature Physical chemistry stub de Analogon Chemie et Struktuurianaloog ja pl Analog chemia pt An logo qu mica sr Strukturni analog ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 Structural Soil is a medium that can be compacted to Road surface pavement design ... Urban. Structural Soil. Urban Horticulture Institute. Cornell University, 1996. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http ... thumb Structural Soil Diagram Problems with Typical Installations Previously the main problem facing ... Island Plan Viewx800.gif thumb Plan View of Structural Soil Extents CU Structural Soil Structural ... rights to Cornell s CU Structural Soil Urban Tree Planting Mix. It is marketed as CU Structural Soil for quality control and is produced by a network of qualified AMEREQ licensed companies. CU Structural Soil on average costs 35 42 per ton . Other companies have formed their own brand of structural soil based on Cornell s work. For example, STALITE has developed STALITE MATRIX Structural Soil .... 20 Apr 2010. http amereq.com pages 2 index.htm . ref ref Structural Soil. America s Premier Paver. Pine Hall Brick, n.d. Web. 20 Apr 2010. http www.americaspremierpaver.com alliedproducts structural soil.htm . ref ref name second Bassuk, Nina. CU Structural Soil An Update after More than a Decade ... above, structural soil is composed of crushed stone typically limestone or granite narrowly graded ... blend is produced. Structural soil is not typically stockpiled it should be mixed and installed soon ... drip irrigation. Cornell also suggests a minimum of 24 to 36 for CU Structural Soil depth and they have established no minimum for length and width of installation, however, because it is a structural soil it was designed to go under the entire pavement area. Testing has shown that structural soil ... Dickinson Eds. 2008. Managing Stormwater for Urban Sustainability using Trees and Structural ... Detailx800.gif thumb left Plan View of Structural Soil Extents File 3Street Tree Planting View 2x800.gif thumb Typical Street Planting Section with Structural Soil Continued Development Cornell is continuing its development of CU Structural Soil, expanding its use as the need for trees and other greenery ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Semantics Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some critical theorists suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions outside of these interactions language may become meaningless. See also Prototype Semantics Cognitive Semantics Cognitive Linguistics Principle of compositionality Ferdinand de Saussure Category Logical positivism DEFAULTSORT Structural Semantics Ling stub bn nl Structuralistische semantiek pt Sem ntica estrutural ... more details
In physics , structural theory explains the large variety in chemical compound s in terms of atom s making up molecule s, the order in which atoms are put together in molecules and the electron s that hold them together. According to structural theory from a structural formula of a molecule alone it is possible to derive all physical and spectroscopic data and predict chemical reaction chemical reactivity ref Organic Chemistry , Morrison & Boyd, 4th Ed. Allyn & Bacon New York 1986 ref . Development of structural theory was initiated by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov to whom is attributed the following quote ref http www.lse.ac.uk collections CPNSS pdf DP withCoverPages DP64 DP64F 03 C.pdf ref the chemical nature of a compound molecule depends on the nature and quantity of its elementary constituents and its chemical structure. References Reflist Category History of chemistry tl Teoryang pambalangkas ... more details
Structural parasitology is the study of the structures of proteins for interesting Parasitism parasites . It applies the techniques of structural biology such as X ray crystallography or NMR to determine the 3 D structures of protein molecules involved in a parasitic relationship. One goal is to distinguish the workings of functional pathways in these organisms in comparison to humans. More importantly, it is hoped that structures of parasite proteins will lead to faster discovery of drugs for diseases neglected by pharmaceutical companies. This is a challenging field because parasite proteins are often more difficult to express using a heterologous system. The challenge is particularly great for proteins from eukaryotic parasites. Once expressed, many parasitic proteins are also resistant to crystallization because they contain Genetic insertion inserts which are not commonly found in human or prokaryotic proteins. Parasites of interest include Plasmodium , Trypanosoma , Leishmania , Giardia , Entamoeba , Cryptosporidium , Helminth and Toxoplasma , most of which are agents for Neglected Diseases . Many academic labs around the world study structural parasitology. Two groups in particular have contributed many parasite structures the SGPP Structural Genomnics of Pathogenic Protozoa and the SGC Structural Genomics Consortium . External links http thesgc.org SGC website http sgpp.org SGPP website Category Parasitology ... more details
Structural change of an economy refers to a long term widespread change of the fundamental structure, rather than microscale or short term output and employment. For example, a subsistence economy is transformed into a manufacturing economy, or a regulated mixed economy is liberalized. A current structural change in the world economy is globalization . Fisher 1939 ref Fisher, A 1939 Production Primary, Secondary and Tertiary, Economic Record, June ref and Clark 1940 ref Clark, C 1940 The Conditions of Economic Progress ref look at patterns in changes in sectoral employment. The logic of their arguments being that patterns of production are functions of the level of income and that resource and production shifts are an integral part of development. The major determinant of these shifts is the income elasticity of demand. Goods or sectors for which there is a high income elasticity of demand will grow in importance as income grows. Countries start with their production dominated by primary production, then secondary activities start to dominate and finally the tertiary sector dominates. The role of technical progress is crucial in the process of structural change as suggested by Paolo Leon 1967 ref Leon, P. 1967 Structural Change and Growth in Capitalism, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore ref and Luigi Pasinetti 1981 ref Pasinetti, L. 1981 , Structural Change and Economic Growth a Theoretical essay on the dynamics of the wealth of nations, Cambridge University Press ref . Structural change can be initiated by policy decisions or permanent changes in resources, population or the society ... reaching implications on the economies dependent on the state run Soviet economy. Structural change ... in structural unemployment . Short term economical challenges can be managed with short term Fiscal ... years. Managing structural change requires long term investments such as education , and Microeconomic ... and Structural Change http www.dol.gov sec media speeches 20031215 G 8.htm ref References ... more details
Not to be confused with Structural abuse Structural violence is a term first used in the 1960s commonly ... adultism adultism , nationalism , heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung. Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent ... defines structural violence as the increased rates of death and disability suffered by those who occupy ... direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art ..., Vol. 27, No. 3 Aug., 1990 , pp. 291 305 ref Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence ... of cultural violence highlights the way in which the act of direct violence and the fact of structural ... of structural violence . The violence in structural violence is attributed to the specific organizations ... of view on how structural violence affects the health of subaltern or marginalized people, medical anthropologist Paul Farmer writes bquote Their sickness is a result of structural violence neither culture ... processes and forces conspire to constrain individual agency. Structural violence is visited upon all ... Scheper Hughes . Theorists argue that structural violence is embedded in the current world system ..., they argue. Ending the global problem of structural violence will require actions that may ... to minimizing the harmful impacts of structural violence. Others, such as futurist Wendell Bell, see a need for long term vision to guide projects for social justice. Many structural violences, such as racism .... Access to health care Structural violence has affected health care availability in the sense ... Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006. Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 1686 1691. ref Structural violence is the result of policy and social structures, and change can only be a product of altering the processes that encourage structural violence in the first place. Paul Farmer claims that structural interventions are one possible solution. Countries such as Haiti and Rwanda ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 A structural break is a concept in econometrics . A structural break appears when we see an unexpected shift in a macroeconomic time series . This can lead to huge forecasting errors and unreliability of the Economic model model in general ref name guj cite book last Gujarati first Damodar title Basic Econometrics year 2007 publisher Tata McGraw Hill location New Delhi isbn 0070660050 pages 278 284 ref . This issue was popularised by David Hendry . Test In general, the CUSUM cumulative sum and CUSUM sq CUSUM squared tests can be used to test the constancy of the coefficients in a model. The bounds test introduced by Hashem Pesaran , Yongcheol Shin , and Richard Smith can also be used. For a linear model with one known single break in mean, the Chow test is often used. If the single break in mean is unknown, then the sup test may be appropriate. Other challenges are where there are a known number of unknown breaks in mean an unknown number of unknown breaks in mean breaks in variance. The Chow test is not applicable for these situations ref name guj . For nonstationary process, there are many more challenges. For a cointegration model, the Gregory and Hansen test 1996 is used for one unknown structural break, and the Hatemi J test 2007 is used for two unknown breaks. There are several programs that can be used to find structural breaks, including R open source and Gauss. More sophisticated model If there are too many unknown breaks, then just assume the parameter to be time varying. The latest method has been used by Bai and Perron 2003 in which multiple structural breaks can be automatically detected from data. The literature in this regard is very vast starting right from 1987 to 2010. Recently economists are going for both growth rate analysis ... Mukherjee 2009 . See also Structural change The Great Moderation Change detection References references Refimprove date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Structural Break Category Change detection Category ... more details
In polymer chemistry , a structural unit is a building block of a polymer chain. It is the result of a monomer which has been polymerized into a long chain. There may be more than one structural unit in the repeat unit . When different monomers are polymerized, a copolymer is formed. It is a routine way of developing new properties for new materials. Example Consider the example of polyethylene terephthalate PET or polyester . The monomers which could be used to create this polymer are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid HO CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub OH and HOOC C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub COOH In the polymer, there are two structural units, which are O CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O and CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO The repeat unit is CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO O Functionality of structural units The functionality of a monomeric structural unit is defined as the number of covalent bonds which it forms with other reactants. ref http goldbook.iupac.org FT07505.html Definition of functionality in IUPAC Gold Book ref A structural unit in a linear polymer chain segment forms two bonds and is therefore bifunctional , as for the PET structural units above. Other values of functionality exist. Unless the macromolecule is cyclic, it will have monovalent structural units at each end of the polymer chain. In Branching polymer chemistry branched polymers , there are trifunctional units at each branch point. For example in the synthesis of PET, a small fraction of the ethylene glycol can be replaced by glycerol which has three alcohol groups. This trifunctional molecule inserts itself in the polymeric chain and bonds to three carboxylic acid groups forming a branch point. Finally, the formation of cross link ed polymers involves tetrafunctional structural units. For example, in the synthesis of cross linked polystyrene , a small fraction of monomeric styrene or vinylbenzene is remplaced by 1,4 divinylbenzene or para divinylbenzene . Each of the two vinyl ... more details
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