Refimprove date October 2008 Structuralgeology is the study of the three dimensional distribution of Rock geology rock units with respect to their deformational histories. The primary goal of structuralgeology is to use measurements of present day rock geometries to uncover information about the history ... in structurally complex areas. Structuralgeology is a critical part of engineering geology , which is concerned with the physical and mechanical properties of natural rocks. Structural fabrics ... earthquake risk can only be investigated by inspecting a combination of structuralgeology and geomorphology ... to understand structuralgeology because structures are sites of groundwater flow and penetration, which ... geology on a planet scale, and is used throughout structuralgeology as a framework to analyze .... Geometries Primary data sets for structuralgeology are collected in the field. Structural ..., lithological units and penetrative fabrics. Rock macro structures On a large scale, structuralgeology ... terrane s of rock or within geological regions. This branch of structuralgeology deals mainly with the orientation ... geology foliations , crenulation s, metamorphic minerals, and timing relationships between these structural ... Vergence geology References reflist refbegin cite book author G.H. Davis and S.J. Reynolds title The structural ... title Earth Structure An Introduction to StructuralGeology and Tectonics edition 2nd url ... line data from carbonate rocks journal Journal of StructuralGeology url http dx.doi.org doi 10.1016 ... Structuralgeology af Strukturele geografie ar ca Geologia estructural cs Strukturn ... the structural evolution of a particular area with respect to regionally widespread patterns ... The study of geologic structures has been of prime importance in economic geology , both petroleum geology and mining mining geology . ref cite book last Russell first William L title StructuralGeology for Petroleum Geologists publisher McGraw Hill location New York year 1955 pages 1 ... more details
, and a new setting for the observations of structuralgeology. The power of the theory of plate tectonics ... shortening, extension geology horizontal extension , or side to side strike slip motion. These structural ... layers , and structuralgeology the study of positions of rock units and their deformation ... Wiley location New York title Geology in the field ref Structural mapping the locations of the major ... pushing a pile of dirt, where the bulldozer is the overriding plate. Main Structuralgeology ... in structuralgeology are those involving orogenic wedge s, which are zones in which mountain s are built ... series of analog experiments year 1998 author Gutscher, M journal Journal of StructuralGeology ...For the scientific journal Geology journal File WasatchFault.JPG thumb 300px Students examining the Wasatch Fault near Salt Lake City , Utah . Geology from the Ancient Greek Greek , g , earth and , logos , study is the science comprising the study of solid Earth , the rock geology rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which it evolves. Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth ... , and paleoclimatology past climates . In modern times, geology is commercially important for mining mineral and petroleum geology hydrocarbon exploration and for evaluating water resources is publicly ... Geology environmental problems, and for providing insights into past climate change plays an essential role in geotechnical engineering and is a major academic discipline . Geology is also a hobby ... Main History of geology Image Geological map Britain William Smith 1815.jpg thumb right William Smith ... York, NY title The map that changed the world William Smith and the birth of modern geology ref The study ... of amber . Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison , are of the opinion that modern geology ... , and geology, but of many of the so called improvements or refinements of civilization, such as street ... included the earliest writings on the geology of India , hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent ... more details
, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay See also Wikisource1911Enc Basin Sedimentary basin Fold geology Folds Syncline Depression geology Drainage basin References Monroe, James S., and Reed Wicander. The Changing Earth Exploring Geology and Evolution. 2nd ed. Belmont Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0 314 09577 2 DEFAULTSORT Structural Basin Category Basins Category Depressions geology Category StructuralgeologyGeology stub be be x old bg ca Conca estructural ...World geologic provinces A structural basin is a large scale structural formation of rock strata formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying stratum strata . Structural basins are geological depressions, and are the inverse of dome geology dome s. Some elongated structural basins are also known as syncline s. Structural basins may also be sedimentary basin s, which are aggregations of sediment that filled up a depression or accumulated in an area however, many structural basins were formed by tectonic events long after the sedimentary layers were deposited. Basins appear on a geologic map as roughly circular or elliptical, with concentric layers. Because the strata dip toward the center, the exposed stratum strata in a basin are progressively younger from outside in, with the youngest rocks in the center. Basins are often large in areal extent, often hundreds of kilometers across. Structural basins are often important sources of coal , petroleum , and groundwater . Examples of structural basins globalize date December 2010 Australia Amadeus Basin Bowen Basin Cooper Basin Europe Hampshire Basin , United Kingdom London Basin , United Kingdom Paris Basin geology Paris Basin , France Permian Basin Europe Permian Basin , Poland , northern Germany , Denmark , The Netherlands , the North Sea , and Scotland United States Appalachian Basin Geology Appalachian Basin , Eastern United ... Dakota Wind River Basin , Wyoming South America Geology of Paraguay Chaco Basin , Argentina ... more details
Structural estimation is a technnique for estimating deep structural parameter Statistics and econometrics parameter s of theoretical model economics economic models . In this sense, structural estimation is contrasted with reduced form estimation, which generally provides evidence about partial equilibrium relationships in a regression analysis regression framework. Specific structural estimation techniques include generalized method of moments and maximum likelihood . Structural estimation is used by economist s, econometrician s, and statistician s. Category Economics models Econometrics stub ... more details
A structural drawing , a type of technical drawing , shows information about architectural foundations, roof, or other structural details. See also Architectural drawing Working drawing engineering stub Category Technical drawing ... more details
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research List of structural elements structural components and structural system s to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants ..., but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered ..., most practicing structural engineers are currently licensed as civil engineer s, but the situation varies from state to state. In the UK, most structural engineers in the building industry are members of the Institution of Structural Engineers rather than the Institution of Civil Engineers . Typical structures designed by a structural engineer include building s, towers , stadium stadia ... may also be designed by a structural engineer. ref Institution of Structural Engineer, http www.istructe.org structuralengineers db 35.asp What do they do? , viewed on 22 May 2007 ref Most structural engineers are employed in the construction industry, however there are also structural engineers in the aerospace ... surveyors , and Construction management construction managers . Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate structural .... Education The education of structural engineers is usually through a civil engineering bachelor s degree, and often a master s degree specializing in structural engineering. The fundamental core subjects for structural engineering are strength of materials or solid mechanics , Structural Analysis Static & Dynamic, , material science , numerical analysis and conceptual structural design . Reinforced concrete , composite structure , timber , masonry and structural steel designs are the general structural design courses that will be introduced in the next level of the education of structural engineering. The structural analysis courses which include structural mechanics , Structural Dynamics structural dynamics and structural failure analyses are designed to build up the fundamental ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor i.e. regulatory protein . It may code for a Protein Structural proteins structural protein , an enzyme , or an RNA molecule not involved in regulation. Structural genes represent an enormous variety of protein structures and functions, including structural proteins, enzymes with catalytic activities and so on. These genes are needed for the morphological or functional traits of the cell. In Eukaryotes, these occur in spilt form, segmented into introns and exons. But Prokaryotes, these are continuous. The structural genes are concerned with the synthesis of polypeptide chain or a number of polypeptide chains and are also concerned with the synthesis of different types of RNA required during protein synthesis. In the Lac Operon concept , these genes are associated with the synthesis of those enzymes that are needed for the catabolism of Lactose. In lac operon, there are three structural genes a, Lac Z gene for beta galactosodase enzyme. b, Lac Y gene for galactose permease enzyme. c, Lac A gene for thio galactoside trans acetylase enzyme. DEFAULTSORT Structural Gene Category Genes Category Gene expression Genetics stub ja ur ... more details
Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri main Steel Structural steel see also Steel frame Steel is an iron ... . It has similar structural properties to steel, although its strength varies significantly. It is rarely ... or steel provide. The most commonly used in structural applications are glass reinforced plastic ... structural tension, it also cannot carry bending, so masonry walls become unstable at relatively small ..., stone is rarely used as a primary structural material, often only appearing as a cladding, because ... Happold main Timber Timber is the oldest of structural materials, and though mainly supplanted by steel ... and allows the structure to retain some strength for a reasonable length of time. Other structural ... 84670 6. Hoogenboom P.C.J., Discrete Elements and Nonlinearity in Design of Structural Concrete Walls , Section 1.3 Historical Overview of Structural Concrete Modelling, August 1998, ISBN 90 9011843 .... ISBN 0 07 248305 9. Prentice, John E. 1990 . Geology of Construction Materials . Springer. ISBN 0 412 29740 X. Schlaich, J., K. Sch fer, M. Jennewein 1987 . Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete ... of Iron in All Ages . Ayer Publishing. ISBN 0 8337 3463 6. Category Structural engineering ... more details
Image Hancock tower 2006.jpg right thumb John Hancock Center , in Chicago , a work of structural art ... right thumb Salginatobel Bridge , in Switzerland , a work of structural art designed by Robert Maillart Certain works of structural engineering design are also works of structural art . Such works can be classified as structural art when they attain excellence in the three areas of efficiency, economy ... Basic Books location New York ref ref name structural art article 1 cite journal last1 Billington first1 David year 1984 title Bridges and the new art of structural engineering journal American Scientist volume 72 issue 1 pages 22 31 ref . A key part of the concept of structural art is that the structural ... of structural art without also being a successful work of structural engineering design, yet many works of structural engineering design that are safe and serviceable do not rise to the level of structural art because they fail to be economical, efficient, or elegant. Structural art is a topic of active ... . While structural artists often collaborate with architects, the discipline of structural art is based upon engineering rather than architectural design Origin of the concept The idea of structural art as a creative subdiscipline of structural engineering originates from the scholarship of Prof. David ... and the Bridge , and arose out of scholarly study of great works of structural design made by engineers starting in the late 18th century with the beginning of the wide availability of iron as a structural ... structural artists is that they either were builders themselves John Roebling or had a builder s mentality Fazlur Khan . Other scholars of structural engineering design have published works that can be considered part of the body of knowledge on structural art. Notable among these is Alan Holgate ref name The Art in Structural Design cite book last Holgate first Alan title The Art in Structural ... said that a work of structural art should be interpreted in terms of the Three S s the scientific ... more details
File Argonne s Midwest Center for Structural Genomics deposits 1,000th protein structure.jpg An example of a protein structure determined by the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics. thumb 300px Structural ... . The principal difference between structural genomics and protein structure prediction traditional structural prediction is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of every protein ... solved homologs. Because protein structure is closely linked with protein function, the structural ... protein functions, structural genomics can be used to identify novel protein folds and potential targets for drug discovery. Structural genomics involves taking a large number of approaches to structure ... based on sequence or homology modeling structural homology to a protein of known structure ... to traditional structural biology , the determination of a protein structure through a structural .... This raises new challenges in structural bioinformatics , i.e. determining protein function from its Three dimensional space 3D structure. Structural genomics emphasizes high throughput determination ... links centers of structural genomics . While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural genomics pursue structures of proteins on a genome ... structures is at times questioned. A Science article from January 2006 analyzes the structural genomics field. ref cite journal author Chandonia JM, Brenner SE title The impact of structural genomics ... 347 ref One advantage of structural genomics, such as the Protein Structure Initiative , is that the scientific ... not have corresponding publications. This requires new ways of communicating this structural information to the broader research community. The Bioinformatics core of the Joint center for structural ... structural genomics centers. Goals One goal of structural genomics is to identify novel protein ... structure determination methods of structural genomics have the potential to inform our understanding ... more details
The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to structural load load resisting sub system of a structure. The structural system transfers load s through interconnected List of structural elements structural components or members. Commonly used structures can be classified into five major categories, depending on the type of primary stress that may arise in the members of the structures under major design loads. However any two or more of the basic structural types described in the following may be combined in a single structure, such as a building or a bridge in order to meet the structures functional requirements. ref name Kassimali Kassimali, A. 1999 . Structural analysis. 2nd edition. Pacific Grove, C.A. PWS Pub ref Tensile structure s Members of tensile structures are subjects to pure tension under the action of external loads. Because the tensile stress is uniformly distributed over the cross sectional area of members, the material of such a structure is utilized in the most efficient manner. Compressive strength Compressive structures Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of axial loads. Because compressive structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of such a failure should be considered ... rise buildings The structural system of a high rise building is designed to cope with the vertical gravity loads and lateral loads caused by wind or seismic activity. The structural system consists only of the members designed to carry the loads, all other members are referred to as non structural. A classification for the structural system of a high rise was introduced in 1969 by Fazlur Khan and was extended ... defines if a structural system is an interior or exterior one. ref name AliStruct Cite journal title Structural Developments in Tall Buildings Current Trends and Future Prospects first1 Mir M. last1 ... Superleggera References reflist DEFAULTSORT Structural System Category Structural system civil engineering ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For other uses of analog, see Analog disambiguation . In chemistry , a structural analog structural analogue , also known as chemical analog or simply analog , is a chemical compound compound having a structure similar to that of another one, but differing from it in respect of a certain component. It can differ in one or more atom s, functional group s, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. A structural analog can be imagined to be formed, at least theoretically, from the other compound. Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily functional analog s and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. In drug development large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure activity relationship study. See also Derivative chemistry Homology chemistry Homolog , a compound of a series differing only by repeated units Functional analog , compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties Transition state analog DEFAULTSORT Structural Analog Category Chemical nomenclature Physical chemistry stub de Analogon Chemie et Struktuurianaloog ja pl Analog chemia pt An logo qu mica sr Strukturni analog ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 Structural Soil is a medium that can be compacted to Road surface pavement design ... Urban. Structural Soil. Urban Horticulture Institute. Cornell University, 1996. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http ... thumb Structural Soil Diagram Problems with Typical Installations Previously the main problem facing ... Island Plan Viewx800.gif thumb Plan View of Structural Soil Extents CU Structural Soil Structural ... rights to Cornell s CU Structural Soil Urban Tree Planting Mix. It is marketed as CU Structural Soil for quality control and is produced by a network of qualified AMEREQ licensed companies. CU Structural Soil on average costs 35 42 per ton . Other companies have formed their own brand of structural soil based on Cornell s work. For example, STALITE has developed STALITE MATRIX Structural Soil .... 20 Apr 2010. http amereq.com pages 2 index.htm . ref ref Structural Soil. America s Premier Paver. Pine Hall Brick, n.d. Web. 20 Apr 2010. http www.americaspremierpaver.com alliedproducts structural soil.htm . ref ref name second Bassuk, Nina. CU Structural Soil An Update after More than a Decade ... above, structural soil is composed of crushed stone typically limestone or granite narrowly graded ... blend is produced. Structural soil is not typically stockpiled it should be mixed and installed soon ... drip irrigation. Cornell also suggests a minimum of 24 to 36 for CU Structural Soil depth and they have established no minimum for length and width of installation, however, because it is a structural soil it was designed to go under the entire pavement area. Testing has shown that structural soil ... Dickinson Eds. 2008. Managing Stormwater for Urban Sustainability using Trees and Structural ... Detailx800.gif thumb left Plan View of Structural Soil Extents File 3Street Tree Planting View 2x800.gif thumb Typical Street Planting Section with Structural Soil Continued Development Cornell is continuing its development of CU Structural Soil, expanding its use as the need for trees and other greenery ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Semantics Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some critical theorists suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions outside of these interactions language may become meaningless. See also Prototype Semantics Cognitive Semantics Cognitive Linguistics Principle of compositionality Ferdinand de Saussure Category Logical positivism DEFAULTSORT Structural Semantics Ling stub bn nl Structuralistische semantiek pt Sem ntica estrutural ... more details
In physics , structural theory explains the large variety in chemical compound s in terms of atom s making up molecule s, the order in which atoms are put together in molecules and the electron s that hold them together. According to structural theory from a structural formula of a molecule alone it is possible to derive all physical and spectroscopic data and predict chemical reaction chemical reactivity ref Organic Chemistry , Morrison & Boyd, 4th Ed. Allyn & Bacon New York 1986 ref . Development of structural theory was initiated by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov to whom is attributed the following quote ref http www.lse.ac.uk collections CPNSS pdf DP withCoverPages DP64 DP64F 03 C.pdf ref the chemical nature of a compound molecule depends on the nature and quantity of its elementary constituents and its chemical structure. References Reflist Category History of chemistry tl Teoryang pambalangkas ... more details
Structural parasitology is the study of the structures of proteins for interesting Parasitism parasites . It applies the techniques of structural biology such as X ray crystallography or NMR to determine the 3 D structures of protein molecules involved in a parasitic relationship. One goal is to distinguish the workings of functional pathways in these organisms in comparison to humans. More importantly, it is hoped that structures of parasite proteins will lead to faster discovery of drugs for diseases neglected by pharmaceutical companies. This is a challenging field because parasite proteins are often more difficult to express using a heterologous system. The challenge is particularly great for proteins from eukaryotic parasites. Once expressed, many parasitic proteins are also resistant to crystallization because they contain Genetic insertion inserts which are not commonly found in human or prokaryotic proteins. Parasites of interest include Plasmodium , Trypanosoma , Leishmania , Giardia , Entamoeba , Cryptosporidium , Helminth and Toxoplasma , most of which are agents for Neglected Diseases . Many academic labs around the world study structural parasitology. Two groups in particular have contributed many parasite structures the SGPP Structural Genomnics of Pathogenic Protozoa and the SGC Structural Genomics Consortium . External links http thesgc.org SGC website http sgpp.org SGPP website Category Parasitology ... more details
Structural change of an economy refers to a long term widespread change of the fundamental structure, rather than microscale or short term output and employment. For example, a subsistence economy is transformed into a manufacturing economy, or a regulated mixed economy is liberalized. A current structural change in the world economy is globalization . Fisher 1939 ref Fisher, A 1939 Production Primary, Secondary and Tertiary, Economic Record, June ref and Clark 1940 ref Clark, C 1940 The Conditions of Economic Progress ref look at patterns in changes in sectoral employment. The logic of their arguments being that patterns of production are functions of the level of income and that resource and production shifts are an integral part of development. The major determinant of these shifts is the income elasticity of demand. Goods or sectors for which there is a high income elasticity of demand will grow in importance as income grows. Countries start with their production dominated by primary production, then secondary activities start to dominate and finally the tertiary sector dominates. The role of technical progress is crucial in the process of structural change as suggested by Paolo Leon 1967 ref Leon, P. 1967 Structural Change and Growth in Capitalism, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore ref and Luigi Pasinetti 1981 ref Pasinetti, L. 1981 , Structural Change and Economic Growth a Theoretical essay on the dynamics of the wealth of nations, Cambridge University Press ref . Structural change can be initiated by policy decisions or permanent changes in resources, population or the society ... reaching implications on the economies dependent on the state run Soviet economy. Structural change ... in structural unemployment . Short term economical challenges can be managed with short term Fiscal ... years. Managing structural change requires long term investments such as education , and Microeconomic ... and Structural Change http www.dol.gov sec media speeches 20031215 G 8.htm ref References ... more details
under construction in 2007 since completed Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the structural analysis analysis and design of structure s that support or resist structural load load s. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering , but it can also be studied in its own right. ref cite web url http structures.ucsd.edu index.php?page structural engineering about us history title History of Structural Engineering publisher University of San Diego accessdate 2007 12 02 ref Structural engineer s are most commonly involved in the design ... of machinery , medical equipment , vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects the item s function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design ... to endure massive loads as well as changing climate and natural disasters. Structural engineering theory is based upon physics physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials. Structural engineering design utilises a relatively small number of basic structural elements to build up structural system s that can be very complex. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials ... db 35.asp title What is a structural engineer publisher Institution of Structural Engineers accessdate ... visible on any retail computer monitor A structural engineer Main Structural engineer File Rivers .... Under construction. C cuta , Colombia . Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and structural analysis analysis . Entry level structural engineers may design the individual structural .... More experienced engineers would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building. Structural engineers often specialize in particular fields, such as bridge ... mechanical structures such as vehicles or aircraft. Structural engineering has existed since humans ... more details
Not to be confused with Structural abuse Structural violence is a term first used in the 1960s commonly ... adultism adultism , nationalism , heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung. Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent ... defines structural violence as the increased rates of death and disability suffered by those who occupy ... direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art ..., Vol. 27, No. 3 Aug., 1990 , pp. 291 305 ref Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence ... of cultural violence highlights the way in which the act of direct violence and the fact of structural ... of structural violence . The violence in structural violence is attributed to the specific organizations ... of view on how structural violence affects the health of subaltern or marginalized people, medical anthropologist Paul Farmer writes bquote Their sickness is a result of structural violence neither culture ... processes and forces conspire to constrain individual agency. Structural violence is visited upon all ... Scheper Hughes . Theorists argue that structural violence is embedded in the current world system ..., they argue. Ending the global problem of structural violence will require actions that may ... to minimizing the harmful impacts of structural violence. Others, such as futurist Wendell Bell, see a need for long term vision to guide projects for social justice. Many structural violences, such as racism .... Access to health care Structural violence has affected health care availability in the sense ... Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006. Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 1686 1691. ref Structural violence is the result of policy and social structures, and change can only be a product of altering the processes that encourage structural violence in the first place. Paul Farmer claims that structural interventions are one possible solution. Countries such as Haiti and Rwanda ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 A structural break is a concept in econometrics . A structural break appears when we see an unexpected shift in a macroeconomic time series . This can lead to huge forecasting errors and unreliability of the Economic model model in general ref name guj cite book last Gujarati first Damodar title Basic Econometrics year 2007 publisher Tata McGraw Hill location New Delhi isbn 0070660050 pages 278 284 ref . This issue was popularised by David Hendry . Test In general, the CUSUM cumulative sum and CUSUM sq CUSUM squared tests can be used to test the constancy of the coefficients in a model. The bounds test introduced by Hashem Pesaran , Yongcheol Shin , and Richard Smith can also be used. For a linear model with one known single break in mean, the Chow test is often used. If the single break in mean is unknown, then the sup test may be appropriate. Other challenges are where there are a known number of unknown breaks in mean an unknown number of unknown breaks in mean breaks in variance. The Chow test is not applicable for these situations ref name guj . For nonstationary process, there are many more challenges. For a cointegration model, the Gregory and Hansen test 1996 is used for one unknown structural break, and the Hatemi J test 2007 is used for two unknown breaks. There are several programs that can be used to find structural breaks, including R open source and Gauss. More sophisticated model If there are too many unknown breaks, then just assume the parameter to be time varying. The latest method has been used by Bai and Perron 2003 in which multiple structural breaks can be automatically detected from data. The literature in this regard is very vast starting right from 1987 to 2010. Recently economists are going for both growth rate analysis ... Mukherjee 2009 . See also Structural change The Great Moderation Change detection References references Refimprove date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Structural Break Category Change detection Category ... more details
In polymer chemistry , a structural unit is a building block of a polymer chain. It is the result of a monomer which has been polymerized into a long chain. There may be more than one structural unit in the repeat unit . When different monomers are polymerized, a copolymer is formed. It is a routine way of developing new properties for new materials. Example Consider the example of polyethylene terephthalate PET or polyester . The monomers which could be used to create this polymer are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid HO CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub OH and HOOC C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub COOH In the polymer, there are two structural units, which are O CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O and CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO The repeat unit is CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO O Functionality of structural units The functionality of a monomeric structural unit is defined as the number of covalent bonds which it forms with other reactants. ref http goldbook.iupac.org FT07505.html Definition of functionality in IUPAC Gold Book ref A structural unit in a linear polymer chain segment forms two bonds and is therefore bifunctional , as for the PET structural units above. Other values of functionality exist. Unless the macromolecule is cyclic, it will have monovalent structural units at each end of the polymer chain. In Branching polymer chemistry branched polymers , there are trifunctional units at each branch point. For example in the synthesis of PET, a small fraction of the ethylene glycol can be replaced by glycerol which has three alcohol groups. This trifunctional molecule inserts itself in the polymeric chain and bonds to three carboxylic acid groups forming a branch point. Finally, the formation of cross link ed polymers involves tetrafunctional structural units. For example, in the synthesis of cross linked polystyrene , a small fraction of monomeric styrene or vinylbenzene is remplaced by 1,4 divinylbenzene or para divinylbenzene . Each of the two vinyl ... more details
. Note also that, even when two genes encode secondary structural elements of a motif in the same order ... helix end folded over to bind a zinc ion . Important in DNA binding proteins. seealso structural ... http www.expasy.org prosite Database of protein families and domains Structural Classification of Proteins SCOP http scop.mrc lmb.cam.ac.uk scop Structural classification of Proteins CATH http www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk ... campass pass.html PASS2 Protein Alignments as Structural Superfamilies SMoS http caps.ncbs.res.in SMoS SMoS Database of Structural Motifs of Superfamily S4 http www1.i2r.a star.edu.sg azeyar SuperSSE ... 915 921 year 2007 pmid 17557333 doi 10.1002 prot.21473 DEFAULTSORT Structural Motif Category Protein structural motifs Category Protein structure ja sv Strukturmotiv uk ... more details
Structural capital is the supportive infrastructure, processes and databases of the organisation that enable human capital to function. ref Maddocks, J. & Beaney, M. 2002. See the invisible and intangible. Knowledge Management, March, 16 17. ref Structural capital includes such traditional things as buildings, hardware, software, processes, patents, and trademarks. In addition, structural capital includes such things as the organization s image, organization, information system, and proprietary databases. Because of its diverse components, structural capital can be classified further into organization, process and innovation capital. Organizational capital includes the organization philosophy and systems for leveraging the organization s capability. Process capital includes the techniques, procedures, and programs that implement and enhance the delivery of goods and services. Innovation capital includes intellectual properties and intangible assets. ref Edvinsson, L. & Malone, M.S. 1997. Intellectual Capital Realizing your Company s True Value by Finding Its Hidden Roots. New York Harper Business. ref Intellectual properties are protected commercial rights such as copyrights and trademarks. Intangible assets are all of the other talents and theory by which an organization is run. See also Intellectual capital References reflist business term stub Category Capital es Capital estructural ... more details
Image Schenkerian Ursatz 321IVI.png thumb Fundamental structure. audio Ursatz.mid Play In Schenkerian analysis , a structural level is a representation of a musical composition piece of music at a different level of abstraction, with levels typically including foreground, middleground, and background. ref Bello, Juan Pablo, ed. 2008 . Kirlin, Philip B. and Utgoff, Paul E. A Framework for Automated Schenkerian Analysis , ISMIR 2008 , p.363. ISBN 9780615248493. ref According to Schenker musical form is, an energy transformation a transformation of the forces which flow from the background to the foreground through the structural levels. ref Tymieniecka, Anna Teresa, ed. 2006 . Inhabited Time Couperin s Passacaille , Logos of Phenomenology and Phenomenology of the Logos , p.189. ISBN 9781402037177. Cites Free Composition 1935 . ref For example, while details such as melodic notes exist at the lowest structural levels, the foreground, in the background the fundamental structure is the most basic structural level of all tonality tonal music , representing the digression from and necessary return to the tonic music tonic that motivates musical form . It may be conceived of in a specific piece as the the opening in the tonic and the return to the tonic with a perfect authentic cadence V I after the musical development development of sonata form sonata allegro form . Sources reflist Schenkerian analysis Category Schenkerian analysis ... more details
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