Structuralbiology is a branch of molecular biology , biochemistry , and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecule s, especially protein s and nucleic acid s, how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function. This subject is of great interest to biologists because macromolecules carry out most of the functions of cell biology cells , and because it is only by coiling into specific three dimensional shapes that they are able to perform these functions. This architecture, the tertiary structure of molecules, depends in a complicated way on the molecules basic composition, or primary structure s. File Hemoglobin t r state ani.gif thumb Hemoglobin , the oxygen transporting protein found in red blood cells Biomolecule s are too small to see in detail even with the most advanced light microscope s. The methods that structural biologists use to determine their structures generally involve measurements on vast numbers of identical molecules at the same time. These methods include X ray crystallography Biological macromolecular crystallography Macromolecular crystallography , Protein NMR NMR , Electron paramagnetic resonance EPR , Cryo electron microscopy cryo EM Multiangle light scattering , Biological small angle scattering Small angle scattering , Ultra fast laser spectroscopy , and Dual Polarisation Interferometry and circular dichroism . Most often researchers use them to study the static native ... nsmb Nature Structural & Molecular Biology magazine website http www.biochemweb.org structural.shtml StructuralBiology The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Category Molecular biology ... . A third approach that structural biologists take to understanding structure is bioinformatics ... Quaternary structure Structural domain Structural motif Protein subunit Molecular model Cooperativity Chaperonin Structural genomics Stereochemistry Resolution electron density Proteopedia The collaborative ... more details
Infobox journal title BMC StructuralBiology cover discipline Structuralbiology abbreviation BMC Struct. Biol. website http www.biomedcentral.com bmcstructbiol publisher BioMed Central country history 2001 present frequency Upon acceptance ISSN 1472 6807 LCCN OCLC 47666349 impact 2.790 impact year 2009 BMC StructuralBiology is an Open access publishing open access peer review ed scientific journal that covers research in structuralbiology . The journal was established in 2001 and is published by BioMed Central . Category BioMed Central academic journals Category Biology journals Category Publications established in 2001 Category English language journals biology journal stub ... more details
Infobox journal title Nature Structural & Molecular Biology cover Image Nat Struct Mol Biol cover.gif editor discipline Structuralbiology , molecular biology peer reviewed language English language English abbreviation Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., NSMB publisher Macmillan Publishers Macmillan country United States frequency 12 year history Nature StructuralBiology 1994 2003 Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 2004 present openaccess No license impact 12.273 impact year 2009 website http www.nature.com nsmb index.html link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1545 9993 eISSN 1545 9985 boxwidth Nature Structural & Molecular Biology is an academic journal publishing research articles, reviews, news and commentaries in structuralbiology and molecular biology , with an emphasis on papers that further a functional and mechanistic understanding of how molecular components in a biological process work together . ref name about http www2.nature.com catalog nsmb Nature Structural & Molecular Biology About the Journal accessed 5 January 2011 ref One of the group of Nature journal Nature journals, it is published by the Nature Publishing Group , a division of Macmillan Publishers Macmillan Publishers Ltd . Founded in 1994 under the title Nature StructuralBiology ISSN 1072 8368 , the journal was renamed to the present title in January 2004. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov journals NLM Catalog Nat Struct Biol search on 9421566 NlmId & 101186374 NlmId accessed 3 December 2008 ref Like other Nature journals, there is no external Editorial Board, with editorial decisions ... of the review process. ref name about Nature Structural & Molecular Biology is published monthly. Articles ... factor was 12.273. ref http www2.nature.com catalog nsmb Nature Structural & Molecular Biology Guide ... index.html Nature Structural & Molecular Biology website Category Biology journals Category Publications ... Group fr Nature Structural & Molecular Biology ru Nature Structural & Molecular Biology ... more details
orphan date May 2010 Molecular and StructuralBiology Division is one of the premium division of CDRI. The division has fine list of top scientists from India . Most of the scientists are working with structure and functions of protein molecules from a range of prokaryotic to eukaryotic kingdom. Former Director of CDRI, Dr C M Gupta has been crowned as Distinguished Biotechnologist from Department of Biotechnology India, is one of the Emeritus Scientist of India . External links http www.cdriindia.org org stru.htm http www.cdriindia.org cmguptabiodata.htm coord missing India Category Research institutes in India India stub ... more details
how these interactions are regulated. Cell biology studies the structural and physiology ... bases of psychology Sociobiology the study of the biological bases of sociology Structuralbiology ...Other uses pp semi protected small yes pp move indef File Biology organism collage.png thumb 300px Biology ... , and Brachypelma smithi science Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life ... Aquarena Wetlands Project glossary of terms. ref Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions ... be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology ref name avila biology cite book author Avila, Vernon L. title Biology Investigating life on earth publisher Jones and Bartlett location Boston ... condition Living organisms consume and transform energy . Subdisciplines of biology are recognized ... examines the rudimentary chemistry of life molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell biology cell physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissue biology ... of biology File Tree of life by Haeckel.jpg thumb Ernst Haeckel s Tree of Life 1879 The term wiktionary biologybiology is derived from the Greek Language Greek word lang grc wikt , bios , life ... of amphibians by deletion of the initial amphi . Although biology in its modern form is a relatively ... subcontinent , and China . However, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study ... 384 BC 322 BC who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially ... Islamic world who wrote on biology included al Jahiz 781 869 , Al Dinawari 828 896 , who ... hierarchy of life. Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Antony van Leeuwenhoek s dramatic ... pointed to the central importance of the cell biology cell . In 1838 and 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden ... to be known as cell theory . ref Sapp, Genesis , chapter 7 Coleman, Biology in the Nineteenth Century ... more details
Structural parasitology is the study of the structures of proteins for interesting Parasitism parasites . It applies the techniques of structuralbiology such as X ray crystallography or NMR to determine the 3 D structures of protein molecules involved in a parasitic relationship. One goal is to distinguish the workings of functional pathways in these organisms in comparison to humans. More importantly, it is hoped that structures of parasite proteins will lead to faster discovery of drugs for diseases neglected by pharmaceutical companies. This is a challenging field because parasite proteins are often more difficult to express using a heterologous system. The challenge is particularly great for proteins from eukaryotic parasites. Once expressed, many parasitic proteins are also resistant to crystallization because they contain Genetic insertion inserts which are not commonly found in human or prokaryotic proteins. Parasites of interest include Plasmodium , Trypanosoma , Leishmania , Giardia , Entamoeba , Cryptosporidium , Helminth and Toxoplasma , most of which are agents for Neglected Diseases . Many academic labs around the world study structural parasitology. Two groups in particular have contributed many parasite structures the SGPP Structural Genomnics of Pathogenic Protozoa and the SGC Structural Genomics Consortium . External links http thesgc.org SGC website http sgpp.org SGPP website Category Parasitology ... more details
to traditional structuralbiology , the determination of a protein structure through a structural ...File Argonne s Midwest Center for Structural Genomics deposits 1,000th protein structure.jpg An example of a protein structure determined by the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics. thumb 300px Structural ... . The principal difference between structural genomics and protein structure prediction traditional structural prediction is that structural genomics attempts to determine the structure of every protein ... solved homologs. Because protein structure is closely linked with protein function, the structural ... protein functions, structural genomics can be used to identify novel protein folds and potential targets for drug discovery. Structural genomics involves taking a large number of approaches to structure ... based on sequence or homology modeling structural homology to a protein of known structure .... This raises new challenges in structural bioinformatics , i.e. determining protein function from its Three dimensional space 3D structure. Structural genomics emphasizes high throughput determination ... links centers of structural genomics . While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural genomics pursue structures of proteins on a genome ... structures is at times questioned. A Science article from January 2006 analyzes the structural genomics field. ref cite journal author Chandonia JM, Brenner SE title The impact of structural genomics ... 347 ref One advantage of structural genomics, such as the Protein Structure Initiative , is that the scientific ... not have corresponding publications. This requires new ways of communicating this structural information to the broader research community. The Bioinformatics core of the Joint center for structural ... structural genomics centers. Goals One goal of structural genomics is to identify novel protein ... structure determination methods of structural genomics have the potential to inform our understanding ... more details
http sbkb.org The StructuralBiology Knowledgebase ProtCID http dunbrack2.fccc.edu protcid The Protein ...NOTOC Structural bioinformatics is the branch of bioinformatics which is related to the analysis and prediction of the three dimensional structure of biological macromolecules such as proteins , RNA , and DNA . It deals with generalizations about macromolecular 3D structure such as comparisons of overall folds and local motifs, principles of molecular folding, evolution, and binding interactions, and structure function relationships, working both from experimentally solved structures and from computational models. The term structural has the same meaning as in structuralbiology , and structural bioinformatics can be seen as computational structuralbiology. genomics footer See also columns list 2 MMDB Protein Data Bank SCOP STING Molecular modelling List of software for molecular mechanics modeling Molecular Conceptor CASP References Books Bourne, P.E., and Gu, J. 2009 Structural Bioinformatics 2nd edition , John Wiley & Sons, New York, ISBN 978 0 470 18105 8 Bourne, P.E., and Weissig, H. 2003 Structural Bioinformatics , Wiley ISBN 0 471 20199 5 Leach, Andrew 2001 Molecular Modelling Principles and Applications 2nd edition , Prentice Hall, ISBN 978 0582382107 Hallmark publications cite journal journal RNA volume 7 pages 499&ndash 512 year 2001 author Leontis NB, Westhof E. title Geometric nomenclature and classification of RNA base pairs doi 10.1017 S1355838201002515 pmid 11345429 pmc 1370104 issue 4 cite journal journal Adv Protein Chem volume 34 pages 167&ndash 339 year 1981 ... scop Structural Classification of Proteins SCOP http mozart.bio.neu.edu topofit index.php TOPOFIT ... PROCHECK , a structure validation web service http www.moltalk.org MolTalk , structural ... databank Biskit , a python platform for structural bioinformatics http www.spadeweb.org SPADE the structural proteomics application development environment UGENE , an opensource multiplatform ... more details
Merge from Cortical Inheritance date January 2011 Structural inheritance or cortical inheritance is the transmission of a trait in a living organism by a self perpetuating spatial structures. This is in contrast to the transmission of digital information such as is found in DNA sequences, which accounts for the vast majority of known genetics genetic variation. Examples of structural inheritance include the propagation of prion s, the infectious proteins of diseases such as scrapie in sheep and goats , bovine spongiform encephalopathy mad cow disease and Creutzfeld Jakob disease although the protein only hypothesis of prion transmission has been considered contentious until recently. ref cite journal author Soto C, Castilla J title The controversial protein only hypothesis of prion propagation journal Nat. Med. volume 10 issue Suppl pages S63 7 year 2004 month July pmid 15272271 doi 10.1038 nm1069 ref Prions based on heritable protein structure also exist in yeast . ref cite journal doi 10.1126 science.270.5233.93 author Masison DC, Wickner RB title Prion inducing domain of yeast Ure2p and protease resistance of Ure2p in prion containing cells journal Science volume 270 issue 5233 pages 93 5 year 1995 month October pmid 7569955 url http www.sciencemag.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 7569955 ref ref cite journal doi 10.1016 0168 9525 96 10045 7 author Tuite MF, Lindquist SL title .... Soc. Symp. volume issue 68 pages 35 43 year 2001 pmid 11573346 ref Structural inheritance has ... in Tetrahymena , ref name Nelsen89 and shells of snails. Some organelle s also have structural inheritance, such as the centriole , and the cell biology cell itself defined by the plasma membrane may also be an example of structural inheritance. Various additional examples of structural inheritance ... doi 10.1073 pnas.212504699 last1 Lindquist first1 S. L. title Colloquium Self Perpetuating Structural States in Biology, Disease, and Genetics journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 99 issue ... more details
Structural estimation is a technnique for estimating deep structural parameter Statistics and econometrics parameter s of theoretical model economics economic models . In this sense, structural estimation is contrasted with reduced form estimation, which generally provides evidence about partial equilibrium relationships in a regression analysis regression framework. Specific structural estimation techniques include generalized method of moments and maximum likelihood . Structural estimation is used by economist s, econometrician s, and statistician s. Category Economics models Econometrics stub ... more details
A structural drawing , a type of technical drawing , shows information about architectural foundations, roof, or other structural details. See also Architectural drawing Working drawing engineering stub Category Technical drawing ... more details
Structural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research List of structural elements structural components and structural system s to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants ..., but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered ..., most practicing structural engineers are currently licensed as civil engineer s, but the situation varies from state to state. In the UK, most structural engineers in the building industry are members of the Institution of Structural Engineers rather than the Institution of Civil Engineers . Typical structures designed by a structural engineer include building s, towers , stadium stadia ... may also be designed by a structural engineer. ref Institution of Structural Engineer, http www.istructe.org structuralengineers db 35.asp What do they do? , viewed on 22 May 2007 ref Most structural engineers are employed in the construction industry, however there are also structural engineers in the aerospace ... surveyors , and Construction management construction managers . Structural engineers ensure that buildings and bridges are built to be strong enough and stable enough to resist all appropriate structural .... Education The education of structural engineers is usually through a civil engineering bachelor s degree, and often a master s degree specializing in structural engineering. The fundamental core subjects for structural engineering are strength of materials or solid mechanics , Structural Analysis Static & Dynamic, , material science , numerical analysis and conceptual structural design . Reinforced concrete , composite structure , timber , masonry and structural steel designs are the general structural design courses that will be introduced in the next level of the education of structural engineering. The structural analysis courses which include structural mechanics , Structural Dynamics structural dynamics and structural failure analyses are designed to build up the fundamental ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor i.e. regulatory protein . It may code for a Protein Structural proteins structural protein , an enzyme , or an RNA molecule not involved in regulation. Structural genes represent an enormous variety of protein structures and functions, including structural proteins, enzymes with catalytic activities and so on. These genes are needed for the morphological or functional traits of the cell. In Eukaryotes, these occur in spilt form, segmented into introns and exons. But Prokaryotes, these are continuous. The structural genes are concerned with the synthesis of polypeptide chain or a number of polypeptide chains and are also concerned with the synthesis of different types of RNA required during protein synthesis. In the Lac Operon concept , these genes are associated with the synthesis of those enzymes that are needed for the catabolism of Lactose. In lac operon, there are three structural genes a, Lac Z gene for beta galactosodase enzyme. b, Lac Y gene for galactose permease enzyme. c, Lac A gene for thio galactoside trans acetylase enzyme. DEFAULTSORT Structural Gene Category Genes Category Gene expression Genetics stub ja ur ... more details
Image Hancock tower 2006.jpg right thumb John Hancock Center , in Chicago , a work of structural art ... right thumb Salginatobel Bridge , in Switzerland , a work of structural art designed by Robert Maillart Certain works of structural engineering design are also works of structural art . Such works can be classified as structural art when they attain excellence in the three areas of efficiency, economy ... Basic Books location New York ref ref name structural art article 1 cite journal last1 Billington first1 David year 1984 title Bridges and the new art of structural engineering journal American Scientist volume 72 issue 1 pages 22 31 ref . A key part of the concept of structural art is that the structural ... of structural art without also being a successful work of structural engineering design, yet many works of structural engineering design that are safe and serviceable do not rise to the level of structural art because they fail to be economical, efficient, or elegant. Structural art is a topic of active ... . While structural artists often collaborate with architects, the discipline of structural art is based upon engineering rather than architectural design Origin of the concept The idea of structural art as a creative subdiscipline of structural engineering originates from the scholarship of Prof. David ... and the Bridge , and arose out of scholarly study of great works of structural design made by engineers starting in the late 18th century with the beginning of the wide availability of iron as a structural ... structural artists is that they either were builders themselves John Roebling or had a builder s mentality Fazlur Khan . Other scholars of structural engineering design have published works that can be considered part of the body of knowledge on structural art. Notable among these is Alan Holgate ref name The Art in Structural Design cite book last Holgate first Alan title The Art in Structural ... said that a work of structural art should be interpreted in terms of the Three S s the scientific ... more details
The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to structural load load resisting sub system of a structure. The structural system transfers load s through interconnected List of structural elements structural components or members. Commonly used structures can be classified into five major categories, depending on the type of primary stress that may arise in the members of the structures under major design loads. However any two or more of the basic structural types described in the following may be combined in a single structure, such as a building or a bridge in order to meet the structures functional requirements. ref name Kassimali Kassimali, A. 1999 . Structural analysis. 2nd edition. Pacific Grove, C.A. PWS Pub ref Tensile structure s Members of tensile structures are subjects to pure tension under the action of external loads. Because the tensile stress is uniformly distributed over the cross sectional area of members, the material of such a structure is utilized in the most efficient manner. Compressive strength Compressive structures Compression structures develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of axial loads. Because compressive structures are susceptible to buckling or instability, the possibility of such a failure should be considered ... rise buildings The structural system of a high rise building is designed to cope with the vertical gravity loads and lateral loads caused by wind or seismic activity. The structural system consists only of the members designed to carry the loads, all other members are referred to as non structural. A classification for the structural system of a high rise was introduced in 1969 by Fazlur Khan and was extended ... defines if a structural system is an interior or exterior one. ref name AliStruct Cite journal title Structural Developments in Tall Buildings Current Trends and Future Prospects first1 Mir M. last1 ... Superleggera References reflist DEFAULTSORT Structural System Category Structural system civil engineering ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 For other uses of analog, see Analog disambiguation . In chemistry , a structural analog structural analogue , also known as chemical analog or simply analog , is a chemical compound compound having a structure similar to that of another one, but differing from it in respect of a certain component. It can differ in one or more atom s, functional group s, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures. A structural analog can be imagined to be formed, at least theoretically, from the other compound. Despite a high chemical similarity, structural analogs are not necessarily functional analog s and can have very different physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties. In drug development large series of structural analogs of an initial lead compound are created and tested as part of a structure activity relationship study. See also Derivative chemistry Homology chemistry Homolog , a compound of a series differing only by repeated units Functional analog , compounds with similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties Transition state analog DEFAULTSORT Structural Analog Category Chemical nomenclature Physical chemistry stub de Analogon Chemie et Struktuurianaloog ja pl Analog chemia pt An logo qu mica sr Strukturni analog ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 Structural Soil is a medium that can be compacted to Road surface pavement design ... Urban. Structural Soil. Urban Horticulture Institute. Cornell University, 1996. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http ... thumb Structural Soil Diagram Problems with Typical Installations Previously the main problem facing ... Island Plan Viewx800.gif thumb Plan View of Structural Soil Extents CU Structural Soil Structural ... rights to Cornell s CU Structural Soil Urban Tree Planting Mix. It is marketed as CU Structural Soil for quality control and is produced by a network of qualified AMEREQ licensed companies. CU Structural Soil on average costs 35 42 per ton . Other companies have formed their own brand of structural soil based on Cornell s work. For example, STALITE has developed STALITE MATRIX Structural Soil .... 20 Apr 2010. http amereq.com pages 2 index.htm . ref ref Structural Soil. America s Premier Paver. Pine Hall Brick, n.d. Web. 20 Apr 2010. http www.americaspremierpaver.com alliedproducts structural soil.htm . ref ref name second Bassuk, Nina. CU Structural Soil An Update after More than a Decade ... above, structural soil is composed of crushed stone typically limestone or granite narrowly graded ... blend is produced. Structural soil is not typically stockpiled it should be mixed and installed soon ... drip irrigation. Cornell also suggests a minimum of 24 to 36 for CU Structural Soil depth and they have established no minimum for length and width of installation, however, because it is a structural soil it was designed to go under the entire pavement area. Testing has shown that structural soil ... Dickinson Eds. 2008. Managing Stormwater for Urban Sustainability using Trees and Structural ... Detailx800.gif thumb left Plan View of Structural Soil Extents File 3Street Tree Planting View 2x800.gif thumb Typical Street Planting Section with Structural Soil Continued Development Cornell is continuing its development of CU Structural Soil, expanding its use as the need for trees and other greenery ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Semantics Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some critical theorists suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions outside of these interactions language may become meaningless. See also Prototype Semantics Cognitive Semantics Cognitive Linguistics Principle of compositionality Ferdinand de Saussure Category Logical positivism DEFAULTSORT Structural Semantics Ling stub bn nl Structuralistische semantiek pt Sem ntica estrutural ... more details
In physics , structural theory explains the large variety in chemical compound s in terms of atom s making up molecule s, the order in which atoms are put together in molecules and the electron s that hold them together. According to structural theory from a structural formula of a molecule alone it is possible to derive all physical and spectroscopic data and predict chemical reaction chemical reactivity ref Organic Chemistry , Morrison & Boyd, 4th Ed. Allyn & Bacon New York 1986 ref . Development of structural theory was initiated by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Butlerov to whom is attributed the following quote ref http www.lse.ac.uk collections CPNSS pdf DP withCoverPages DP64 DP64F 03 C.pdf ref the chemical nature of a compound molecule depends on the nature and quantity of its elementary constituents and its chemical structure. References Reflist Category History of chemistry tl Teoryang pambalangkas ... more details
Structural change of an economy refers to a long term widespread change of the fundamental structure, rather than microscale or short term output and employment. For example, a subsistence economy is transformed into a manufacturing economy, or a regulated mixed economy is liberalized. A current structural change in the world economy is globalization . Fisher 1939 ref Fisher, A 1939 Production Primary, Secondary and Tertiary, Economic Record, June ref and Clark 1940 ref Clark, C 1940 The Conditions of Economic Progress ref look at patterns in changes in sectoral employment. The logic of their arguments being that patterns of production are functions of the level of income and that resource and production shifts are an integral part of development. The major determinant of these shifts is the income elasticity of demand. Goods or sectors for which there is a high income elasticity of demand will grow in importance as income grows. Countries start with their production dominated by primary production, then secondary activities start to dominate and finally the tertiary sector dominates. The role of technical progress is crucial in the process of structural change as suggested by Paolo Leon 1967 ref Leon, P. 1967 Structural Change and Growth in Capitalism, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore ref and Luigi Pasinetti 1981 ref Pasinetti, L. 1981 , Structural Change and Economic Growth a Theoretical essay on the dynamics of the wealth of nations, Cambridge University Press ref . Structural change can be initiated by policy decisions or permanent changes in resources, population or the society ... reaching implications on the economies dependent on the state run Soviet economy. Structural change ... in structural unemployment . Short term economical challenges can be managed with short term Fiscal ... years. Managing structural change requires long term investments such as education , and Microeconomic ... and Structural Change http www.dol.gov sec media speeches 20031215 G 8.htm ref References ... more details
under construction in 2007 since completed Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the structural analysis analysis and design of structure s that support or resist structural load load s. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering , but it can also be studied in its own right. ref cite web url http structures.ucsd.edu index.php?page structural engineering about us history title History of Structural Engineering publisher University of San Diego accessdate 2007 12 02 ref Structural engineer s are most commonly involved in the design ... of machinery , medical equipment , vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects the item s function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design ... to endure massive loads as well as changing climate and natural disasters. Structural engineering theory is based upon physics physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials. Structural engineering design utilises a relatively small number of basic structural elements to build up structural system s that can be very complex. Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials ... db 35.asp title What is a structural engineer publisher Institution of Structural Engineers accessdate ... visible on any retail computer monitor A structural engineer Main Structural engineer File Rivers .... Under construction. C cuta , Colombia . Structural engineers are responsible for engineering design and structural analysis analysis . Entry level structural engineers may design the individual structural .... More experienced engineers would be responsible for the structural design and integrity of an entire system, such as a building. Structural engineers often specialize in particular fields, such as bridge ... mechanical structures such as vehicles or aircraft. Structural engineering has existed since humans ... more details
Not to be confused with Structural abuse Structural violence is a term first used in the 1960s commonly ... adultism adultism , nationalism , heterosexism and ageism are some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung. Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent ... defines structural violence as the increased rates of death and disability suffered by those who occupy ... direct or structural violence, and may be exemplified by religion and ideology, language and art ..., Vol. 27, No. 3 Aug., 1990 , pp. 291 305 ref Cultural violence makes direct and structural violence ... of cultural violence highlights the way in which the act of direct violence and the fact of structural ... of structural violence . The violence in structural violence is attributed to the specific organizations ... of view on how structural violence affects the health of subaltern or marginalized people, medical anthropologist Paul Farmer writes bquote Their sickness is a result of structural violence neither culture ... processes and forces conspire to constrain individual agency. Structural violence is visited upon all ... Scheper Hughes . Theorists argue that structural violence is embedded in the current world system ..., they argue. Ending the global problem of structural violence will require actions that may ... to minimizing the harmful impacts of structural violence. Others, such as futurist Wendell Bell, see a need for long term vision to guide projects for social justice. Many structural violences, such as racism .... Access to health care Structural violence has affected health care availability in the sense ... Stulac, and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006. Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine. PLoS Medicine, 1686 1691. ref Structural violence is the result of policy and social structures, and change can only be a product of altering the processes that encourage structural violence in the first place. Paul Farmer claims that structural interventions are one possible solution. Countries such as Haiti and Rwanda ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 A structural break is a concept in econometrics . A structural break appears when we see an unexpected shift in a macroeconomic time series . This can lead to huge forecasting errors and unreliability of the Economic model model in general ref name guj cite book last Gujarati first Damodar title Basic Econometrics year 2007 publisher Tata McGraw Hill location New Delhi isbn 0070660050 pages 278 284 ref . This issue was popularised by David Hendry . Test In general, the CUSUM cumulative sum and CUSUM sq CUSUM squared tests can be used to test the constancy of the coefficients in a model. The bounds test introduced by Hashem Pesaran , Yongcheol Shin , and Richard Smith can also be used. For a linear model with one known single break in mean, the Chow test is often used. If the single break in mean is unknown, then the sup test may be appropriate. Other challenges are where there are a known number of unknown breaks in mean an unknown number of unknown breaks in mean breaks in variance. The Chow test is not applicable for these situations ref name guj . For nonstationary process, there are many more challenges. For a cointegration model, the Gregory and Hansen test 1996 is used for one unknown structural break, and the Hatemi J test 2007 is used for two unknown breaks. There are several programs that can be used to find structural breaks, including R open source and Gauss. More sophisticated model If there are too many unknown breaks, then just assume the parameter to be time varying. The latest method has been used by Bai and Perron 2003 in which multiple structural breaks can be automatically detected from data. The literature in this regard is very vast starting right from 1987 to 2010. Recently economists are going for both growth rate analysis ... Mukherjee 2009 . See also Structural change The Great Moderation Change detection References references Refimprove date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Structural Break Category Change detection Category ... more details
In polymer chemistry , a structural unit is a building block of a polymer chain. It is the result of a monomer which has been polymerized into a long chain. There may be more than one structural unit in the repeat unit . When different monomers are polymerized, a copolymer is formed. It is a routine way of developing new properties for new materials. Example Consider the example of polyethylene terephthalate PET or polyester . The monomers which could be used to create this polymer are ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid HO CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub OH and HOOC C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub COOH In the polymer, there are two structural units, which are O CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O and CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO The repeat unit is CH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub O CO C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub CO O Functionality of structural units The functionality of a monomeric structural unit is defined as the number of covalent bonds which it forms with other reactants. ref http goldbook.iupac.org FT07505.html Definition of functionality in IUPAC Gold Book ref A structural unit in a linear polymer chain segment forms two bonds and is therefore bifunctional , as for the PET structural units above. Other values of functionality exist. Unless the macromolecule is cyclic, it will have monovalent structural units at each end of the polymer chain. In Branching polymer chemistry branched polymers , there are trifunctional units at each branch point. For example in the synthesis of PET, a small fraction of the ethylene glycol can be replaced by glycerol which has three alcohol groups. This trifunctional molecule inserts itself in the polymeric chain and bonds to three carboxylic acid groups forming a branch point. Finally, the formation of cross link ed polymers involves tetrafunctional structural units. For example, in the synthesis of cross linked polystyrene , a small fraction of monomeric styrene or vinylbenzene is remplaced by 1,4 divinylbenzene or para divinylbenzene . Each of the two vinyl ... more details
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