provide some of the most ancient records of life on Earth. Morphology A variety of stromatolite ... releases 2008 07 080704122847.htm title Two ton, 500 Million year old Fossil Of Stromatolite ... genus of stromatolite very common in the geologic time scale geologic record is Collenia . The earliest stromatolite of confirmed microbial origin dates to 2.724 billion years ago. ref name Lepot2008 ... of the Cambrian had fallen to 20 of their peak. The most widely supported explanation is that stromatolite ... stromatolite diversity Reflection of metazoan appearance journal Science volume 174 pages 825 827 ... 2008 06 28 postscript None ref The connection between grazer and stromatolite abundance is well documented in the younger Ordovician evolutionary radiation stromatolite abundance also increased ... in stromatolite abundance. Factors such as the chemistry of the environment may have been responsible ... Namibia provides an extremely well exposed example of the thrombolite stromatolite metazoan reefs .... A. date 2005 title Digital characterization of thrombolite stromatolite reef distribution in a carbonate ... doi 10.1043 0883 1351 1998 013 0201 SAIAME 2.0.CO 2 title Stromatolite thrombolite associations in a modern ... stromatolites are found in Lake Salda in southern Turkey . The waters are rich in magnesium and the stromatolite ... 12 10 ref A very rare type of non lake dwelling stromatolite lives in the Nettle Cave at Jenolan Caves ..., Balz S. Kamber, Craig P. Marshall, Ian W. Burch title Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era ... simple Stromatolite sk Stromatolit sh Stromatoliti fi Stromatoliitti sv Stromatolit th ... more details
This is a list of threatened ecological communities of Western Australia , as approved by the state Minister for the Environment in December 2006. ref http www.dec.wa.gov.au component option,com docman Itemid,1 gid,2800 task,doc download ref Banksia attenuata woodland over species rich dense shrublands Perched wetlands of the Wheatbelt region with extensive stands of living Swamp Sheoak Casuarina obesa and Paperbark Melaleuca strobophylla across the lake floor Shrublands on southern Swan Coastal Plain Ironstones Busselton area Sedgelands in Holocene dune swales of the southern Swan Coastal Plain Stromatolite like freshwater microbialite community of coastal brackish lakes Stromatolite like microbialite community of coastal freshwater lakes Communities of Tumulus Springs Organic Mound Springs, Swan Coastal Plain Shrublands and woodlands of the eastern side of the Swan Coastal Plain Perth to Gingin Ironstone Association Shrublands and woodlands on Muchea Limestone Rimstone Pools and Cave Structures Formed by Microbial Activity on Marine Shorelines Callitris preissii or Melaleuca lanceolata forests and woodlands, Swan Coastal Plain Shrublands on calcareous silts of the Swan Coastal Plain Southern wet shrublands, Swan Coastal Plain References reflist Category Natural history of Western Australia Category Conservation in Western Australia Category Lists of Australian biota Threatened ecological communities of Western Australia Category Western Australia related lists Threatened ecological communities WesternAustralia stub ... more details
Outer Limits is a Japan Japanese progressive rock band. The band has been active during the 1980s, then separated in 1990, and reunited in 1998. Discography 1985 Misty Moon 1986 A Boy Playing the Magical Bugle Horn 1987 The Scene of Pale Blue 1989 Outer Mania 1989 Silver Apples on the Moon live 2007 Stromatolite External links http www.amy.hi ho.ne.jp alan outerlimits index e.html Outer Limits Official Web Page http www.progarchives.com artist.asp?id 279 Biography and reviews at Progarchives.com DEFAULTSORT Outer Limits Category Japanese progressive rock groups japan band stub fr Outer Limits ja ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Franklin Marble is a geologic deposit located in the Highlands region of New Jersey . The Franklin Marble dates back to the Precambrian geologic era. An early marine environment provided the proper conditions for algae and stromatolite s to thrive. The resulting calcium and carbon deposits, as well as other chemical processes, provided the limestone and dolomite that would later be metamorphosed into Franklin Marble. Approximately six thousand feet of limestone was buried to a depth of nine miles and a temperature of nearly 750 degrees Celsius during the Grenville orogeny . The marble was faulted and altered further during the Appalachian and Taconic orogenies as well. The formations that are visible today were exposed during the Triassic . One of the unique features of Franklin Marble are the graphite inclusions. This material further supports the idea that there was early life in the Precambrian oceans. References The Geology & Geography of New Jersey. Widmer, Kemble. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. Princeton, NJ 1964 Category Geology of New Jersey ... more details
see Microbial mat Image Lake Clifton SMC 2008.jpg right thumb Modern thrombolites in Lake Clifton, Western Australia Image PurbeckFormationPortland.jpg thumb Jurassic thrombolite formed around a tree trunk Purbeck Marble Purbeck Formation , Isle of Portland , Dorset , England . Thrombolites are clotted accretionary structure s formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by biofilm s of microorganism s, especially cyanobacteria commonly known as blue green algae . Stromatolite s are similar but consist of layered accretions. External links commons category Thrombolites http palaios.sepmonline.org cgi content abstract 1 5 492 Thrombolites and stromatolites two distinct types of microbial structures Origin of life Category Trace fossils Category Cyanobacteria Category Living fossils bacteria stub ... more details
otheruses Alcheringa disambiguation Infobox journal title Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology cover editor Dr Stephen McLoughlin discipline Palaeontology abbreviation Alcheringa publisher Taylor & Francis country UK frequency Quarterly history 1975 present openaccess license impact 1.578 impact year 2010 website http www.tandf.co.uk journals titles 03115518.asp link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0311 5518 eISSN 1752 0754 Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology is the official journal of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists . The journal is international in scope and publishes articles on all aspects of palaeontology and its ramifications into the earth and biological sciences, including taxonomy , biostratigraphy , micropalaeontology , vertebrate palaeontology , palaeobotany , palynology , palaeobiology , palaeoanatomy , palaeoecology , biostratinomy , biogeography , chronobiology , biogeochemistry and palichnology . The journal was established in 1975 and is currently published as four issues per year. Alcheringa is derived from the Arrernte language of the Arrernte people Arrernte aboriginal people of the Alice Springs, Northern Territory Alice Springs area of central Australia . Alcheringa also spelt altjeringa is the popularized English version of an Arunta expression that means in the beginning or from all eternity . ref Strehlow 1971, p. 614 ref Alcheringa is also the name given to a 2.7 2.8 billion year old stromatolite from the Pilbara region of Western Australia , ref Walter 1972, p. 123 ref and symbolizes the antiquity of life and its record in sedimentary rocks. An image of the stromatolite is illustrated on the cover of the journal. Notes Reflist References Strehlow, T.G.H., 1971. Songs of central Australia. Angus & Robertson, Sydney, liv 755 pp. Walter, M.R., 1972. Stromatolites and the biostratigraphy of the Australian Precambrian and Cambrian. Special Papers in Palaeontology 11, i x 190 ... more details
Lake Thetis is a saline coastal lake in south western Australia. Fact sheet Situated east of the small town Cervantes, Western Australia Cervantes , 2 km inland from the Indian ocean . geographic coordinates Coordinates coord 30 30 21.34 S 115 4 42.92 E region AU The lake is 300 m wide and ca. 2 m deep. The lake is situated on a Quaternary limestone pavement ref http webdoc.sub.gwdg.de pub geo geobiologie 2005 reitner 1996 tethis.pdf ref . Stromatolites, algal mats and fauna in Lake Thetis file Stromatolites at Lake Thetis Western Australia.jpg thumb View on lake Thethis and stromatolites The lake is one of only a few places in the world with living marine stromatolite stromatolites . The Lake Thetis stromatolites exhibit unusual columnar branching. These narrow, closely spaced and almost parallel columns are extremely rare in modern stromatolites. Alongside the stromatolites, a diverse array of benthic microbial communities, such as algal mats, inhabit various layers of the lake. Some of these algal mats are associated with the stromatolites while most confine themselves to a particular area such as the high foreshore areas, splash zone or the central basin of the lake. The lake water is alkaline and nutrient poor but provides an ideal environment for bottom dwelling microbial communities. The lake contains some small fish, amphiods and a few crustacean species adapted to living in highly saline environments. ref http www.visitpinnaclescountry.com.au pages lake thetis and stromatolites ref . Threats The stromatolite community is threatened by nutrient enrichment and physical crushing. An interim recovery plan is currently being written which will provide direction to further protect this extremely valuable community for future generations ref http www.publish.csiro.au ?act view file&file id MF9900275.pdf ref . Recent development In March 2008, a new entry road and car park, as well as walkways on the shore of the lake were constructed. Additionally, a disused rubbi ... more details
Taxobox name Holonema fossil range Middle Devonian Mid to Late Devonian image Holonema westolli.jpg image caption H. westolli regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Vertebrata classis Placodermi ordo Arthrodira familia Holonematidae genus Holonema type species Holonema rugosum subdivision ranks Species subdivision H. rugosum H. farrowi Stevens, 1964 H. haiti Denison, 1968 H. radiatum H. westolli Miles, 1971 synonyms Pterichthys rugosus Holonema is an extinct genus of relatively large, barrel shaped placoderm s that were found in oceans throughout the world from the Mid to Late Devonian , when the last species perished in the Frasnian Fammian extinction event . Most species of the genus are known from fragments of the armor, but the Gogo Reef species, H. westolli , is known from whole, articulated specimens. According to these specimens, species of Holonema lived by grazing on stony, stromatolite like algae called oncholite , apparently by snipping off the points with a specialized snout. References Case, Gerald Ramon. u A Pictorial Guide to Fossils u Long, John. u Swimming In Stone u Portal Paleontology Category Placoderms Placoderm stub ... more details
Lake Joyce coor dm 77 43 S 161 37 E is a lake which lies along the northern side of Taylor Glacier in Pearse Valley , Victoria Land . It is convert 0.5 nmi km long, convert 140 ft m deep and is covered by convert 22 ft m of very clear ice. The lake was studied by the New Zealand Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition VUWAE 1963 64 which named it after Ernest Joyce , a member of earlier British expeditions to the area led by Scott 1901 04 and Shackleton 1907 09 . The lake bottom is covered by thick microbial mat s, from which rise Stromatolite microbialite calcium carbonate carbonate structures. ref cite web url http antarcticsun.usap.gov science contenthandler.cfm?id 1925 author Rejcek, Peter title Microbial landscape publisher Antarctic Sun accessdate November 26, 2010 ref References reflist usgs gazetteer DEFAULTSORT Joyce, Lake Category Lakes of Victoria Land Category McMurdo Dry Valleys McMurdoDryValleys geo stub ... more details
Infobox Australian Place type town name Cervantes state wa image Lake Thetis Stromatolites LaRuth.jpg caption Stromatolite s at Lake Thetis, Western Australia lga Shire of Dandaragan latd 30.5 longd 115.066 postcode 6511 est pop 503 ref name ABS elevation maxtemp mintemp rainfall stategov Electoral district of Moore Moore fedgov Division of Durack Durack dist1 198 dir1 NNW location1 Perth, Western Australia Perth dist2 227 dir2 SSE location2 Geraldton, Western Australia Geraldton dist3 24 dir3 S location3 Jurien Bay, Western Australia Jurien Bay coord 30.5 115.066 type city 503 region AU WA scale 50000 format dms display title Cervantes is a town in Western Australia . The town is located just off Indian Ocean Drive about convert 198 km mi 0 north north west of the state capital, Perth, Western Australia Perth in the Shire of Dandaragan Local Government Areas in Australia Local Government Area . At the 2006 Census in Australia census , Cervantes had a population of 503. ref name ABS Census 2006 AUS id SSC53476 name Cervantes State Suburb accessdate 2007 10 17 quick on ref The town was named after a ship that was wrecked nearby. The ship, in turn, was named after Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote . The principal industry in the town is fishing industry fishing . The The Pinnacles Desert Pinnacles are nearby in Nambung National Park which makes for a small industry from tourism. The saline Lake Thetis , which contains stromatolite s, is nearby. An arts festival us held every year in the town, usually on the last weekend of October. Cervantes lies on the shore of the Jurien Bay Marine Park. ref http www.fish.wa.gov.au docs pub MPJurien index.php Department of Fisheries site on Jurien Bay Marine Park ref References reflist Category Towns in Western Australia Category Coastal towns in Western Australia Category Wheatbelt Western Australia Towns Wheatbelt South WA WesternAustralia geo stub de Cervantes Australien et Cervantes es Cervantes Australia Occidental it ... more details
year old stromatolite fossils found in many places around the world. Stromatolites are an example ..., thereby building up the stromatolite structures. Some structures are pillars up to convert 1.5 ... of Stromatolite, the sub tidal always under water columns and the inter tidal exposed to air and sun ... tidal region and appear as areas of flat black mud flats but are actually living stromatolite. At Hamelin Pool there is an interpretive boardwalk for tourists to venture out and examine the stromatolite ... more details
Infobox scientist name Winifred Goldring image image size caption birth date February 11, 1888 birth place Kenwood, Albany, New York Kenwood, New York death date January 30, 1971 death place residence citizenship nationality ethnicity field work institutions alma mater doctoral advisor doctoral students known for Paleontology author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced prizes religion footnotes signature Winifred Goldring February 1, 1888 &ndash January 30, 1971 ref name Kluessendorf, 1998, p.14 Kluessendorf, 1998, p.14 ref was a pioneering female paleontologist whose work included a description of stromatolite s. ref name nrhpinv citation title PDFlink http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NHLS Text 99000631.pdf National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Petrified Sea Gardens Ritchie Park 420 KB author Joanne Kluessendorf date July 14, 1998 publisher National Park Service and PDFlink http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NHLS Photos 99000631.pdf Accompanying 2 exterior photos from 1998, plus image of Winifred Goldring, undated 550 KB ref Goldring was born in Kenwood, Albany, New York Kenwood , New York . ref Kluessendorf, 1998, p.12 ref . Petrified Sea Gardens , the stromatolite site that she studied, is a National Natural Landmark and a National Historic Landmark of the United States. She was the fourth State Paleontologist of New York , and the first woman to hold that position. ref name New York State Museum http www.nysm.nysed.gov womenshistory goldring.html ref In 1949 she was elected president of the Paleontological Society ref name New York State Museum the largest association of paleontologists in the world the first woman to hold that office and one of only two women to attain that position to this day. Because these were and still are male dominated geological societies, large numbers of men must have supported her candidacy for Goldring to win, underscoring her prominence as a nationally known geologist respected for the qualit ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The Mesoarchean IPAc en icon m i z o . r k i . n , also spelled Mesoarchaean is a geology geologic era geology era within the Archean , spanning 3200 annum Ma to 2800 Ma million years ago . The period is defined chronometrically and is not referenced to a specific level in a rock section on Earth. Fossil s from Australia show that stromatolite s have lived on Earth since the Mesoarchean. The Pongolan glaciation Pongola glaciation occcured at 2.9 Ga. ref name Kopp cite journal author Robert E. Kopp, Joseph L. Kirschvink, Isaac A. Hilburn, and Cody Z. Nash title The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth A climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. year 2005 volume 102 issue 32 pages 11131 6 url http www.pnas.org cgi reprint 0504878102v1 doi 10.1073 pnas.0504878102 pmid 16061801 pmc 1183582 ref The first supercontinent Vaalbara broke up during this time around 2.8 Ga. References reflist Archean Footer Geological history c Category Geologic time scale Category Archean 3 Geochronology stub br Mesoarkean ca Mesoarque de Mesoarchaikum et Mesoarhaikum es Era Mesoarcaica fr M soarch en id Mesoarkean it Mesoarcheano lt Mezoarch jus hu Mezoarchaikum nl Mesoarche cum nn Mesoarkeikum pl Mezoarchaik pt Mesoarqueano ru sk Mezoarchaikum sh Mezoarhej fi Mesoarkeeinen maailmankausi vi i Trung Th i C zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image RudistCretaceousUAE.jpg thumb Rudist bivalves from the Cretaceous of the Omani Mountains, United Arab Emirates. Scale bar is 10 mm. Macrofossils occasionally spelled macro fossil are preserved life organic remains large enough to be visible without a microscope . Most fossils discussed in the article Fossil are macrofossils. Macrofossil contrasted with Microfossil The term macrofossil stands in opposition to the term microfossil micro fossil a.k.a. micro fossil . Microfossils, by contrast, require substantial magnification for evaluation by fossil hunters or professional paleontology paleontologist s. As a result, most fossils observed in the field research field and most museum quality specimens are macrofossils. Plant macrofossils Image Petrified Araucaria cone from patagonia Edit3.jpg thumb right Jurassic Petrified cone of Araucaria sp. from Patagonia , Argentina . Plantae Plant macrofossils include leaf , Pinophyta needle , Conifer cone cone , and plant stem stem debris and can be used to identify types of plants formerly growing in the area. Such Botany botanical macrofossil data provide a valuable complement to pollen and fauna l data that can be used to reconstruct the prehistoric life prehistoric Earth terrestrial environment. Algae Algal macrofossils for instance, brown kelp , sea lettuce and large stromatolite s are increasingly used to analyze prehistoric Marine ocean marine and aquatic ecosystem s. Animal macrofossils Image Priscacara liops.jpg left thumb Eocene fossil fish Priscacara liops from the Green River Formation of Utah. Animalia Animal macrofossils include the teeth , skull s, and bone s of Vertebrata vertebrate s, as well as such invertebrate remains as Animal shell shell s, test biology test s, armour zoology faunal armor , and exoskeleton s. Fossilized dung that is, coprolite s are also macrofossils. Category Fossils Paleo stub hu Makrofossz lia mk ... more details
refimprove date June 2008 Marble Canyon Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia , Canada , established in 1956 to protect Marble Canyon British Columbia Marble Canyon , a limestone formation at the south end of the Marble Range . In 2001 the park was expanded to 355 hectare s to include all of Pavilion Lake due to the presence of microbialites , a type of stromatolite and the lake s importance to research into astrobiology and other fields. The park is also important in the culture of the Tskway laxw people in whose territory it is located, and hidden in the side canyons of the gorge there are important pictograph sites. Not included in the park but overlooking Pavilion Lake at its farther end from the main part of the canyon is Chimney Rock British Columbia Chimney Rock , the Secwepemc tsn name for which, K lpalekw , means Coyote s Penis , and is an important spiritual site. A waterfall into Crown Lake, at the park s campground, is famous among ice climber s as Icy BC and the walls of Marble Canyon are a major draw to rock climber s. All three of the park s lakes are popular with recreational fishermen. Facilities The park s campground is located adjacent to British Columbia Highway 99 as it passes through the canyon. There are thirty campsites open from April to September. External links http www.env.gov.bc.ca bcparks explore parkpgs marble.html parkinfo BC Parks info site http www.env.gov.bc.ca bcparks planning mgmtplns marble cyn marble cyn mp.html BC govt Management Development Strategy for Marble Canyon Provincial Park http www.env.gov.bc.ca bcparks planning mgmtplns marble cyn pavilion mds.pdf BC govt management development statement for Pavilion Lake BritishColumbia park stub coord missing British Columbia Category Provincial Parks of British Columbia Category Lillooet Country Category Bonaparte Country ... more details
taxobox fossil range ma 549 Terminal Ediacaran regnum Animal ia phylum incert sedis species authority Wood et al. 2002 genus authority Wood et al. 2002 genus Namapoikia species N. rietoogensis Namapoikia rietoogensis is among the earliest known animals to produce a calcareous probably aragonite skeleton. ref name Porter2007 cite journal journal Science date 1 June 2007 volume 316 issue 5829 doi 10.1126 science.1137284 title Seawater Chemistry and Early Carbonate Biomineralization author Susannah M. Porter pages 1302 pmid 17540895 bibcode 2007Sci...316.1302P ref Known from the Ediacaran period, before the Cambrian explosion of calcifying animals, the organism grew up to a metre in diameter and resembles a colonial sponge or cnidaria n. ref name Wood2002 Proterozoic Modular Biomineralized Metazoan from the Nama Group, Namibia Rachel A Wood, John P. Grotzinger, J. A. D. Dickson Science 28 June 2002 2383 doi 10.1126 science.1071599 PMID 12089440 ref It was an encruster, filling vertical fissures in the reef s in which it originally grew. ref name Grotzinger2000 cite journal author Grotzinger, J.P. coauthors Watters, W.A. Knoll, A.H. year 2000 title Calcified metazoans in thrombolite stromatolite reefs of the terminal Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia journal Paleobiology volume 26 issue 3 pages 334 359 doi 10.1666 0094 8373 2000 026 ref The fossil was first found in the Omkyk Member from Rietoog in southern Namibia , in association with another calcifying fossil, Cloudinid Cloudina . See also Ediacaran biota life forms of the time Cloudina and Namacalathus , other calcifying Ediacaran fossils. List of Ediacaran genera References reflist Category Ediacaran biota Category Prehistoric animals paleo stub ... more details
Infobox rockunit name Yacoraite Formation image caption type Geological formation age prilithology otherlithology namedfor namedby region country coordinates unitof subunits Amblayo, G emes, Aleman a and Juramento Members underlies Olmedo Formation , Tunal Formation overlies Lecho Formation thickness extent area map map caption The Yacoraite Formation is a largely Mesozoic geologic Formation geology formation . The deposits of this formation mainly date from the Maastrichtian of the Upper Cretaceous , but the K T boundary runs right through this formation near its top, and the uppermost parts are consequently from the Danian Lower Paleocene . It was probably deposited around the intertidal zone , as the sedimentary rock s of this formation alternate according to sea level changes between deposits of muddy beaches and of shallow ocean. ref name marquillasetal2003 Marquillas et al. 2003 ref Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus . ref Weishampel et al. 2004 pp.517 607 ref Well preserved dinosaur footprints &ndash possibly of Hadrosauridae &ndash have been found in this formation, as were fossil eggs, stromatolite s and the Mesozoic palynomorph Aquilapollenites . ref name marquillasetal2003 See also List of dinosaur bearing rock formations List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils Footnotes Reflist References RevistaDeLaAsociaci nGeol gicaArgentina58 271. Portal box Earth sciences Paleontology Dinosaurs aut Marquillas, Rosa del Papa, Cecilia Sabino, Ignacio & Heredia, Jorge 2003 Prospecci n del l mite K T en la cuenca del Noroeste, Argentina The K T boundary prospecting in the Northwest Basin, Argentina . Revista de la Asociaci n Geol gica Argentina 58 2 271 274 Spanish with English abstract . aut David B. Weishampel Weishampel, David B. Peter Dodson Dodson, Peter & Halszka Osm lska Osm lska, Halszka eds. 2004 The Dinosauria 2nd ed. . Univers ... more details
Chlorophyll f is a hypothesized form of chlorophyll that absorbs further in the red infrared light than other chlorophylls. ref name chen2010 cite doi 10.1126 science.1191127 ref ref cite web title A New Form of Chlorophyll? url http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id new form chlorophyll publisher Scientific American author Ferris Jabr date August 19, 2010 accessdate 2010 09 07 ref It was reported from stromatolite s from Western Australia s Shark Bay . ref name usydney2010 cite web url http www.usyd.edu.au news 84.html?newsstoryid 5463 title Australian scientists discover first new chlorophyll in 60 years date 20 August 2010 publisher University of Sydney ref The finding was made by scientists at the University of Sydney led by Dr. Min Chen biologist Min Chen , and is the first discovery of a new form of chlorophyll in 60 years. ref name usydney2010 However, the function of chlorophyll f in photosynthetic reactions is uncertain and the ecological distribution of chlorophyll f remains unknown. Based on NMR data, Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy optical and mass spectrometry mass spectra and density functional theory DFT simulation, it is thought to have a structure of C sub 55 sub H sub 70 sub O sub 6 sub N sub 4 sub Mg or 2 formyl chlorophyll a. ref name chen2010 References reflist biochem stub Category Photosynthetic pigments ... more details
The Transvaal Basin is one of three basins of the Transvaal Supergroup on the Kaapvaal craton . The evolution of this 2.65 2.05 Gigaannum Ga Neoarchaean Palaeoproterozoic basin is thought to have been derived largely from magmatism , palaeoclimate and eustasy , while plate tectonics played an intermittent role. The supergroup is made up of basal protobasinal rocks, upon which followed the Black Reef Formation , Chuniespoort Group and the uppermost Pretoria Group . ref http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 603249 Transvaal Basin Encyclopaedia Britannica ref The Transvaal Supergroup displays three unconformity bounded sequences that surface in two geographically distinct areas the Transvaal Basin, which circumscribes the Bushveld Igneous Complex , and the Griqualand West basin, lying between Kimberley, Northern Cape Kimberley and Sishen at the western Kaapvaal craton rim, extending into southern Botswana beneath Kalahari Sands as the Kanye Basin. The two basins are separated by the broad Vryburg Arch. ref http eprints.ru.ac.za 446 1 Deconstructing the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa implications for Palaeoproterozoic.pdf Deconstructing the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa Implications for Palaeoproterozoic palaeoclimate models John M. Moore, Harilaos Tsikos and Stefane Polteau ref Between approximately 2.640 Ga and 2.516 Ga, two successive stromatolite stromatolitic carbonate platforms developed in the basin of the Kaapvaal craton. Oldest was the Schmidtsdrif Subgroup, deposited in the southwestern part of the basin, showing stromatolitic carbonates, siliciclastic sediments and small lava flows. This was followed by the Nauga formation carbonates deposited on peritidal flats in the southwest, which were inundated during a transgression of the Transvaal Supergroup continental sea, at some 2.550 Ga. This resulted in a carbonate platform in the Transvaal and Griqualand West Basins, lasting for 30 50 Ma. Shales were deposited during this period over the Nauga Forma ... more details
unreferenced date October 2010 italic title Taxobox name Nemiana simplex regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa ordo incertae sedis genus Nemiana species N. simplex binomial Nemiana simplex binomial authority Paliy, 1976 Nemiana is a genus of simple, sessile organisms, containing just one species, N. simplex . They are one of the most commonly found Ediacaran organisms. While they have been found worldwide, their main locality are the sandstone shales near the White Sea , Russia . Taxonomy Nemiana simplex has given taxonomists great trouble due to its simple nature. When the species was first discovered it was placed in incertae sedis, however since then, a combination of well preserved specimens and new techniques that have allowed scientists to examine the creature s body structure, have given the creature anatomical links to jellyfish and was subsequently placed in with the other extinct colenterates. It has been suggested that N. simplex is in fact related to the protoctists and is sometimes thought to be simply a conglomeration of green algae similar to a stromatolite , however, this theory is disputed. Morphology Nemiana simplex has one of the most simple body plans of all Ediacarans. It consists of a jelly like sac filled with its various internal structures. However some fossils possess strange markings on top which suggests that the species had small tentacles. Lifestyle and reproduction It is possible that this creature did move and fed upon the algal mats of the precambrian oceans. However most scientists agree that this creature was in fact more similar to a sea anenome and burrowed, leaving its top half and hypothetical tentacles in the open water possibly for feeding. Scientists think that this organism reproduced asexually, but some believe that it released its zygotes into the water or produced spores or polyps. See also List of Ediacaran genera External links http palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk palaeofiles lagerstatten Ediacara title.htm Ediacara ... more details
The Gunflint chert 1.88 Annum Ga ref cite journal title The age of the Gunflint Formation, Ontario, Canada single zircon U Pb age determinations author Fralick, P., David, D. W. and Kissin, Stephen A. journal Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences volume 39 issue 7 pages 1085 1091 year 2002 doi 10.1139 E02 028 ref is a sequence of banded iron formation rocks that are exposed in the Gunflint Range of northern Minnesota and northwestern Ontario along the north shore of Lake Superior . The black layers in the sequence contain microfossil s that are 1.9 to 2.3 billion years in age. Stromatolite colony biology coloni es of cyanobacteria that have been converted to jasper are found in Ontario. The banded ironstone formation consists of alternating stratum strata of iron oxide rich layers interbedded with silica rich zones. The iron oxides are typically hematite or magnetite with ilmenite , while the silicates are predominantly cryptocrystalline quartz as chert or jasper , along with some minor silicate minerals. Stanley A. Tyler examined the area in 1953, and noted the red colored stromatolites. He also sampled a jet black chert layer which, when observed petrographic ally, revealed some life like small spheres, rods and filaments less than 10 micrometres in size. Elso Barghoorn , a paleobotanist at Harvard , subsequently looked at these same samples. Barghoorn concluded that they were indeed structurally preserved unicellular microbe organism s. ref Past lives Chronicles of Canadian Paleontology http gsc.nrcan.gc.ca paleochron 05 e.php ref In 1965, the two scientists published their finding, and named a variety of the Gunflint flora . ref Barghoorn, E.S. and Tyler, S.A., 1965 Microorganisms from the Gunflint Chert . Science, vol. 147, p. 563 577. ref This created an academic stampede to explore Precambrian microfossil s from similar Proterozoic environments. See also Oxygen catastrophe References references Schopf, J.W., 1999 Cradle of Life The Discovery of Earth s Earliest ... more details
Infobox nrhp name James Hall Office nrhp type nhl locmapin New York image James Hall Office.jpg caption Front elevation, 2008 location Albany, NY lat degrees 42 lat minutes 38 lat seconds 45.44 lat direction N long degrees 73 long minutes 46 long seconds 9.03 long direction W area built 1852 architect Calvert Vaux and Andrew Jackson Downing architecture Italianate designated nrhp type December 8, 1976 ref name nhlsum cite web url http tps.cr.nps.gov nhl detail.cfm?ResourceId 1635&ResourceType Building title James Hall Office date 2007 09 15 work National Historic Landmark summary listing publisher National Park Service ref added December 8, 1976 ref name nris NRISref 2007a ref governing body Local refnum 76001204 James Hall Office , also known as Sunshine School , is located on Lincoln Park Albany Lincoln Park in Albany, New York . It was the office of paleontologist James Hall paleontologist James Hall , a leader in research on the geology of North America during the 19th century. Among his many works, James Hall identified that stromatolite fossils discovered at Petrified Sea Gardens , a site near Saratoga Springs, New York that is now another National Historic Landmark, were originally organic. ref name nrhp psg Cite document title PDFlink http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NHLS Text 99000631.pdf National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Petrified Sea Gardens Ritchie Park 420 KB author Joanne Kluessendorf date July 14, 1998 publisher National Park Service postscript None and PDFlink http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NHLS Photos 99000631.pdf Accompanying 2 exterior photos from 1998, plus image of Winifred Goldring, undated 550 KB ref Constructed circa 1852, the building was designed during a bried period of collaboration between Andrew Jackson Downing and Calvert Vaux . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. ref name nhlsum ref name nrhp jho Cite document title PDFlink http pdfhost.focus.nps.gov docs NHLS Text 76001204.pdf Natio ... more details
Image Runzelmarken.jpg thumb 250px This wrinkled elephant skin texture is a trace fossil of a non stromatolite microbial mat. br The image shows the location, in the Burgsvik beds of Sweden , where the texture was first identified as evidence of a microbial mat. ref name Manten1966 Microbially induced sedimentary structures MISS are primary sedimentary structures formed by the interaction of microbes with sediment and physical agents of erosion, deposition, transportation, or deformation traces of microbial activity ref cite doi 10.1306 2DC4095D 0E47 11D7 8643000102C1865D ref ref Noffke, N., 2003, Microbially induced sedimentary structures, in Middleton, G.V., ed., Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 439 440. ref . The structures commonly form when microbial mat s which may comprise bacteria, fungi, protozoans, archea or algae , or evidence thereof, are preserved in the sedimentary geological record ref name Neffke2009 cite doi 10.1016 j.earscirev.2008.08.002 ref . MISS include stromatolites , wrinkle marks sometimes described as an elephant skin texture , microbial mat chips, mat curls, gas domes, and a variety of other forms. Although these structures have only recently been named and systematically described, links between microbes and distinctive structures in sediments and sedimentary rocks have been suggested by several early workers ref name Manten1966 cite doi 10.1016 0025 3227 66 90023 5 ref ref cite doi 10.1111 j.1502 3931.1999.tb00550.x ref ref Pratt, B.R., 2003, Stromatolites, in Middleton, G.V., ed., Enyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Boston, Kluwer Academic Press, p. 688 690. ref . MISS have been identified in beds dating from the Archean to the recent. ref name Callow2009 cite doi 10.1016 j.earscirev.2009.07.002 ref In the Ediacaran period, they are often associated with the preservation of fossils of the Ediacara biota subsequent to this point their prevalence declines as a result of the Agronomic ... more details
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