dablink This article is about the geologic use of the term, for other uses see Stratum disambiguation dablink The plural, strata redirects to this page. For other senses of that word, see Strata disambiguation . Image Stratum.JPG thumb Goldenville strata in quarry in Bedford, Nova Scotia Bedford , Canada . These are Middle Cambrian marine sediments. This formation covers over half of Nova Scotia and is recorded as being 29,000 feet thick in some areas. In geology and related fields, a stratum plural strata is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. The stratum is the fundamental unit in a stratigraphic column and forms the basis of the study of stratigraphy . When planning civil engineering projects or other large constructions, the strata of the area where the construction takes place is a significant factor in design decisions. For example if a canal is to be built on a route where the strata are not watertight, the canal will have to be lined with some form of waterproof material usually clay . Characteristics Image SEUtahStrat.JPG thumb 300px The Permian through Jurassic strata is the Colorado Plateau area of southeastern Utah demonstrates the principles of stratigraphy . These strata make up much of the famous prominent rock formations in widely spaced protected areas such as Capitol Reef National Park and Canyonlands National Park . From top to bottom Rounded tan domes of the Navajo Sandstone , layered red Kayenta Formation , cliff forming, vertically jointed, red Wingate Sandstone , slope forming, purplish Chinle Formation , layered, lighter red Moenkopi Formation , and white, layered Cutler Formation sandstone. Picture from Glen Canyon National Recreation Area , Utah. Each layer is generally ... stratum http www.stratigraphy.org geowhen GeoWhen Database Category Stratigraphy Category Geology ... la Stratum nl Laag stratigrafie ja pl Warstwa geologia pt Estrato geol gico ru ... more details
stratum , the basic unit of lithologic stratigraphy . stratum linguistics stratum or strate , a language influencing or influenced through language contact contact . Stratum, Netherlands , a city district of Eindhoven . Stratified sampling Stratum statistics , a homogeneous subgroup of members in the sample full population Telecoms In carrier telecommunications systems, stratum is used to describe the quality of a clock used for Synchronization in telecommunications synchronization . The term stratum is also used to define the levels in the hierarchy of clocks defined by the Network Time Protocol and Precision Time Protocol . See also For titles of artistic works and other uses almost always in the plural, see strata disambiguation Stratification disambiguation Substrate disambiguation Superstrate disambig da Stratum de Stratum es Estrato desambiguaci n fr Strate gl Estrato it Strato nl Stratum ja pt Estrato ... more details
Stratum is a former village in the Netherlands Dutch province of North Brabant , now one of the seven districts of Eindhoven . Stratum was a separate municipality until 1920, when it became part of Eindhoven . ref Repertorium Nederlandse Gemeenten ref It was centered around the south gate of Eindhoven, before the industrial age. Most of Stratum s neighbourhoods were built between 1920 and 1950. References references External links Kuyper Stratum nb Map of the former municipality, around 1868. coord 51 25 N 5 29 E display title region NL type city source GNS enwiki Category Eindhoven Category Former municipalities of North Brabant NorthBrabant geo stub nl Stratum Eindhoven ... more details
File Epidermal layers.png thumb Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum spinosum labeled slightly below center. The stratum spinosum or spinous layer is a layer of the epidermis skin epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and Stratum germinativum stratum basale . ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology 10th ed. . Saunders. Page 2. ISBN 0721629210. ref This layer is also referred to as the spinous or prickle cell layer. ref name Rooks McGrath, J.A. Eady, R.A. Pope, F.M. 2004 . Rook s Textbook of Dermatology Seventh Edition . Blackwell Publishing. Pages 3.7 3.8. ISBN 9780632064298. ref This appearance is due to desmosome desmosomal connections of adjacent cells. Keratinization begins in the stratum spinosum. ref name Lookingbill Marks, James G Miller, Jeffery 2006 . Lookingbill and Marks Principles of Dermatology 4th ed. . Elsevier Inc. Page 6. ISBN 1 4160 3185 5. ref Additional images gallery Image Normal Epidermis and Dermis with Intradermal Nevus 10x.JPG Epidermis and dermis of human skin Image Skinlayers.png Section of epidermis gallery References reflist integumentary system Category Skin anatomy fr Stratum spinosum it Strato spinoso lt Dygliuotasis sluoksnis pl Warstwa kolczysta nask rka ja ... more details
otheruses File Epidermal layers.svg thumb Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum lucidum labeled near center. File Skinlayers.png thumb right Section of epidermis The stratum lucidum Latin for clear layer is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope . It is found only in areas of thick skin, most noticeably on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. ref http books.google.com books?id 80rSnSZWFhMC&pg PA41 ref ref http books.google.com books?id wyFYTCus8OgC&pg PA376 ref Located between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers, it is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes . ref name Rooks McGrath, J.A. Eady, R.A. Pope, F.M. 2004 . Rook s Textbook of Dermatology Seventh Edition . Blackwell Publishing. Pages 3.8. ISBN 9780632064298. ref ref Tortora, Gerard Derrickson, Bryan Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 2009 152 John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken, NJ ISBN978 0 470 08471 7. ref The keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum do not feature distinct boundaries and are filled with eleidin , an intermediate form of keratin . The thickness of the lucidum is controlled by the rate of mitosis of the epidermal cells. In addition, melanocytes determine the darkness of the stratum lucidum. The cells of the stratum lucidum are flattened and contain an oily substance that is the result of exocytosis of lamellar bodies accumulated while the keratinocytes are moving through the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. References Reflist integumentary system Dermatology stub Category Skin anatomy fr Stratum lucidum it Strato lucido lt Blizgusis sluoksnis pl Warstwa jasna nask rka ... more details
File Epidermal layers.png thumb Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum basale labeled near bottom. The stratum basale basal layer, sometimes referred to as stratum germinativum is the deepest layer of the five layers of the Epidermis skin epidermis , which is the outer covering of skin in mammal s. The stratum basale is a continuous layer of cells. It is often described as one cell thick, though it may in fact be two to three cells thick in glabrous hairless skin and hyperproliferative epidermis from a skin disease . ref name Rooks McGrath, J.A. Eady, R.A. Pope, F.M. 2004 . Rook s Textbook of Dermatology Seventh Edition . Blackwell Publishing. Pages 3.7. ISBN 9780632064298. ref The stratum basale is primarily made up of basal keratinocyte cells, which can be considered the stem cell s of the epidermis. They divide to form the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum , which migrate superficially. ref name Habif cite book title Clinical Dermatology, 5th ed. last Habif first Thomas P. year 2010 publisher Mosby isbn 9780723435419 page 1 ref Other types of cells found within the stratum basale are melanocyte s pigment producing cells , Langerhans cell s immune cells , and Merkel cell s touch receptors . Additional images gallery Image Normal Epidermis and Dermis with Intradermal Nevus 10x.JPG Epidermis and dermis of human skin Image Skinlayers.png Section of epidermis gallery References reflist Integumentary system Category Skin anatomy es Capa basal fr Stratum germinativum it Strato germinativo kk lt Pamatinis sluoksnis nl Kiemlaag pl Warstwa podstawna nask rka ru ... more details
Merge from acid mantle date June 2011 Refimprove date December 2008 Infobox Anatomy Name Stratum corneum Latin stratum corneum epidermidis GraySubject 234 GrayPage 1064 Image2 Epidermal layers.png Caption2 Histologic image of human epidermis skin epidermis System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre s 25 DorlandsSuf 12761112 The stratum corneum Latin language Latin for horned layer is the outermost layer of the epidermis skin epidermis , consisting of dead cell biology cell s corneocytes that lack cell nucleus nuclei and organelle s. The purpose of the stratum corneum is to form a barrier to protect underlying tissue from infection , dehydration , chemicals and mechanical stress. Desquamation , the process of cell shedding from the surface of the stratum corneum, balances proliferating keratinocyte s that form in the stratum basale . These cells migrate through the epidermis towards the surface in a journey that takes approximately fourteen days. ref name ovaere cite journal author ... P, Demarne F, Jannin V. year 2011 title Compartmentalization of the human stratum corneum by persistent ... surrounds cells in the stratum corneum and contributes to the skin s barrier function. Corneodesmosomes ... of skin disorders. ref name ovaere Cells of the stratum corneum contain a dense network of keratin ... of the stratum corneum varies throughout the body. In the palms of the hand s and the Sole ... in order to grasp objects and avoid injury. In general, the stratum corneum contains 15 to 20 layers of dead cells. The stratum corneum has a thickness between 10 and 40 m. In reptile s, the stratum ... Skinlayers.png Section of epidermis gallery See also Epidermis skin Epidermis Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum germinativum Stratum basale References Reflist External links LoyolaMedEd ... system Category Skin anatomy Dermatology stub de Epidermis Wirbeltiere Stratum corneum es Capa c rnea fa fr Stratum corneum lt Raginis sluoksnis nl Hoornlaag pl Warstwa zrogowacia a nask rka ... more details
Infobox embryology Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaEmbryologica 05 04 .1.1.2.3.14 The stratum intermedium in a tooth development developing tooth is a layer of two or three cells biology cells between the inner enamel epithelium and the newly forming cells of the stellate reticulum . It first appears during the early bell stage of tooth development, at around the 14th week of intrauterine life. The stratum intermedium has a notably high alkaline phosphatase activity. This layer, along with the inner enamel epithelium, is responsible for the tooth enamel amelogenesis formation . It is a part of the dental enamel organ. References Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. ISBN 0 8151 2952 1. BKB Berkovitz, GR Holland, BJMoxham. Oral Anatomy Histology and Embryology. 3rd edition. Mosby ISBN 0 7234 3181 7 Category Tooth development dentistry stub Tooth development fr Stratum intermedium ... more details
The Stratum membranosum is a layer of subcutaneous tissue . It is considered fascia by some sources, but not by others. It includes the Fascia of Scarpa and the Fascia of Colles . ref cite pmid 17061033 ref References reflist anatomy stub Integumentary system Category Skin anatomy ... more details
File Epidermal layers.png thumb Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum granulosum labeled near center. The stratum granulosum or granular layer is a thin layer of cells in the epidermis skin epidermis . ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology 10th ed. . Saunders. Page 2. ISBN 0721629210. ref Keratinocytes migrating from the underlying stratum spinosum become known as granular cells in this layer. These cells contain keratohyalin granules, protein structures that promote hydration and crosslinking of keratin. ref name Lookingbill Marks, James G Miller, Jeffery 2006 . Lookingbill and Marks Principles of Dermatology 4th ed. . Elsevier Inc. Page 7. ISBN 1 4160 3185 5. ref ref name ovaere cite journal author Ovaere P, Lippens S, Vandenabeele P, Declercq W. year 2009 title The emerging roles of serine protease cascades in the epidermis journal Trends in Biochemical Sciences volume 34 issue 9 pages 453 463 doi pmid ref At the transition between this layer and the stratum corneum , cells secrete lamellar bodies containing lipids and proteins into the extracellular space. This results in the formation of the hydrophobic lipid envelope responsible for the skin s barrier properties. Concomitantly, cells lose their Cell nucleus nuclei and organelles causing the granular cells to become non viable corneocytes in the stratum corneum. ref name ovaere Additional images gallery Image Normal Epidermis and Dermis with Intradermal Nevus 10x.JPG Epidermis and dermis of human skin Image Skinlayers.png Section of epidermis gallery References reflist integumentary system Dermatology stub Category Skin anatomy fr Stratum granulosum it Strato granuloso lt Gr d tasis sluoksnis ja ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2009 context October 2009 The access stratum AS is a functional layer in the UMTS wireless telecom protocol stack between radio network and user equipment . ref cite book title Communication systems for the mobile information society author Martin Sauter publisher John Wiley & Sons year 2006 isbn 9780470026762 page 131 url http books.google.com books?id E ZGuO2yVnkC&pg PA131 ref The radio network is also called access network. HTTP Application Layer Application Transmission Control Protocol TCP Transport Layer Transport Internet Protocol IP Internet Layer Internet Non Access Stratum NAS network layer Network AS link layer Link channel access method Channels Physical Layer Physical See also Mobility management Mobility Management GSM Network protocol design principles Internet protocol suite X.25 protocol suite OSI protocol suite Solution stack References references Mobile telecommunications standards Category Mobile technology Category Network protocols Category Article Feedback 5 Tech stub ko Non Access Stratum ... more details
Italic title Infobox artwork image file Stratum pier.jpg painting alignment Front image size 200px title Stratum Pier alt other language 1 other title 1 other language 2 other title 2 artist Kendall Buster year Start date 2010 type Concrete , steel , fiberglass height metric width metric length metric height imperial width imperial length imperial diameter cm diameter inch city Indianapolis, Indiana , United States museum Indianapolis Museum of Art coordinates coord 39 49 42.38 N 86 11 25.77 W region US owner Indianapolis Museum of Art Stratum Pier is an interactive art interactive overlook by United States American artist Kendall Buster . The functional sculpture is located at the Indianapolis Museum of Art s Indianapolis Museum of Art 100 Acres Virginia B. Fairbanks Art .26 Nature Park 100 Acres Virginia B. Fairbanks Art & Nature Park . ref name 100Acres cite book last first coauthors title 100 Acres The Virginia B. Fairbanks Art & Nature Park publisher Indianapolis Museum of Art year 2011 month isbn ref ref name Sheets1 cite news title 100 Acres to Roam, No Restrictions author Hilarie M. Sheets url newspaper The New York Times date 13 June 2010 accessdate ref ref name IMAPressRelease ... cite web author year title Indianapolis Museum of Art Stratum Pier work Projects publisher Rockey ... Stratum Pier was created to appear as if it is an extension of the shoreline , exhibiting artist ... in Stratum Pier s layered build. ref name 100Acres Fiberglass was chosen due to its light weight ... people date 19 July 2010 title IMA TV Kendall Buster s Stratum Pier url http www.youtube.com watch ... year title Stratum Pier, 2010 work Projects publisher Kendall Buster url http www.kendallbuster.com ... In June 2010 Indianapolis based Motus Dance Theatre performed one day, every 45 minutes, on Stratum ... 2010 09 23 100 acres stratum pier by C2 A0kendall C2 A0buster 100 Acres Stratum ... Metropolis http www.imamuseum.org 100acres artists kendallbuster Stratum Pier from the Indianapolis ... more details
Dablink This article is about the linguistic use of the term, for other uses see Stratum disambiguation and wiktionary superstrate In linguistics , a stratum or strate lang la layer is a language that influences, or is influenced by another through language contact contact . A substratum is a language which has lower power or prestige than another, while a superstratum is the language that has higher power or prestige. Both substratum and superstratum languages influence each other, but in different ways. An adstratum refers to a language that is in contact with another language in a neighbor population without having identifiably higher or lower prestige. The terms superstrate and adstrate were first used by two different authors in 1932. ref Why Don t the English Speak Welsh? Hildegard Tristram, in The Britons in Anglo Saxon England , N.J.Higham ed , The Boydell Press, pp. 192 214. http www.hildegard.tristram.de media tristram manchester 30 07 07.pdf ref Thus, both terms refer to a situation where an intrusive language establishes itself in the territory of another, typically as the result of human migration migration . Whether the superstratum case the local language persists and the intrusive language disappears or the substratum one the local language disappears and the intrusive language persists applies will normally only be evident after several generations, during which the intrusive language exists within a diaspora culture. In order for the intrusive language to persist substratum case , the immigrant population will either need to take the position of a political elite or immigrate in significant numbers relative to the local population i. e., the intrusion qualifies as an invasion or colonisation , an example would be the Roman Empire giving rise to Romance ... Mouton Publishers isbn 9789027926890 DEFAULTSORT Stratum Linguistics Category Language contact ... simple Stratum linguistics fi Substraatti kielitiede uk ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin stratum lucidum hippocampi GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 975815906 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Stratum lucidum NeuroLexID birnlex 4108 DorlandsPre s 25 DorlandsSuf 12761360 For the layer of the skin, see stratum lucidum . The stratum lucidum of the hippocampus is also a layer of the hippocampus between the stratum pyramidale and the stratum radiatum . It is the tract of the mossy fiber projections, both inhibitory and excitatory from the granule cells of the dentate gyrus . One mossy fiber may make up to 37 connections to a single pyramid cell, and innervate around 12 pyramidal cells on top of that. Any given pyramidal cell in the stratum lucidum may get input from as many as 50 granule cells. Gray s neuroscience stub Category Nervous system ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Stratum zonale Latin stratum zonale thalami GraySubject 189 GrayPage 810 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 357 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre s 25 DorlandsSuf 12761662 The thalamus consists chiefly of gray substance , but its upper surface is covered by a layer of white substance , named the stratum zonale . References Gray s Category Nervous system neuroscience stub Diencephalon ... more details
Stratum lucidum may refer to the following areas in anatomy Stratum lucidum of the Epidermis skin epidermis Stratum lucidum of hippocampus Zona pellucida surrounding an oocyte in some older texts. ref http www.springerlink.com content p971712h18g35980 Endometrioma and other similar abnormalities year 1936 Irish Journal of Medical Science 1926 1967 . Springer London. ISSN 0021 1265 Print 1863 4362 Online . Volume 11, Number 6 June, 1936 DOI 10.1007 BF02956856. Pages 279 280. ref References reflist disambig ... more details
refimprove date November 2011 Context date October 2009 Non access stratum NAS is a functional layer in the UMTS wireless telecom protocol stack between a core network and user equipment . ref cite book title Communication systems for the mobile information society author Martin Sauter publisher John Wiley & Sons year 2006 isbn 9780470026762 page 131 url http books.google.com books?id E ZGuO2yVnkC&pg PA131 ref The layer supports signalling and traffic between those two elements. HTTP Application Layer Application Transmission Control Protocol TCP Transport Layer Transport Internet Protocol IP Internet Layer Internet NAS Network layer Network Access stratum AS Link layer Link channel access method Channels Physical Layer Physical Functionality The following functions exist in the non access stratum Mobility management Call control Session management Identity management See also Mobility management GSM Network protocol design principles Internet protocol suite X.25 protocol suite OSI protocol suite Solution stack References references Mobile telecommunications standards Category Mobile technology Category Network protocols Tech stub ko Non Access Stratum ... more details
Non free use rationale Description Stratum Pier by Kendall Buster, detail, photo by Sarah Stierch, 2010 Source http www.flickr.com photos sarahvain 4728001170 Article Stratum Pier Portion The image shows one side of the copyrighted work of art. Low resolution Yes Purpose The image serves as the primary means of visual identification of the artwork. Replaceability There is no free equivalent of this artwork s image, so it cannot be replaced by a free image. Other information The use of the image will not affect the value of the original work in a negative way or limit the copyright holder s rights or ability to distribute the original. Licensing Non free 3D art Category Indianapolis Museum of Art artworks ... more details
Spongiosum is the Latin adjective for spongy . The term is used in anatomy for tissues that become filled with blood corpus spongiosum , stratum spongiosum of the decidua . It is also used in binomial nomenclature of organisms, such as the seaweed Codium spongiosum . Category Anatomy Anatomy stub ... more details
wiktionarypar ledge Ledge may refer to Ridge , a geological feature Reef , an underwater feature Stratum , a layer of rock A narrow, flat area with cliff faces or steep slopes both below and above. Slang for Legend or Legendary disambig ... more details
File Epidermal layers.png thumb Histologic image of the Epidermis zoology epidermis with its layers named in white text. The Malpighian layer of the skin is a term that is generally defined as both the stratum germinativum stratum basale and stratum spinosum as a unit, ref name Rooks McGrath, J.A. Eady, R.A. Pope, F.M. 2004 . Rook s Textbook of Dermatology Seventh Edition . Blackwell Publishing. Pages 3.1 3.6. ISBN 9780632064298. ref ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Malpighian layer TheFreeDictionary Malpighian layer Citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007 Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. 2007 ref although it is occasionally defined as the stratum germinativum stratum basale specifically. ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Malpighian layer TheFreeDictionary Malpighian layer Citing Dorland s Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers 2007 ref Also, the term is occasionally used synonymously as the prickle cell layer ref Page 7.36 in cite book author Burns, Tony Cox, Neil Rook, Arthur Christopher E. Griffiths title Rook s textbook of dermatology publisher Blackwell Science location Oxford year 2004 pages isbn 0 632 06429 3 oclc doi accessdate ref although prickle cell layer generally is defined as the stratum spinosum specifically ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com prickle cell layer TheFreeDictionary prickle cell layer Citing Dorland s Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007 The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007 Mosby s Medical Dictionary, 8th edition 2009 ref or to designate a part of the stratum corneum . ref Page 7.43 in cite book author Burns, Tony Cox, Neil Rook, Arthur Christopher E. Griffiths title Rook s textbook of dermatology publisher Blackwell Science location Oxford year 2004 pages isbn 0 632 06429 3 oclc doi accessdate ref It is named after Marcello Malpighi . See also Epidermis skin Epidermis References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Malpighian Layer Integumentary system Cat ... more details
Keratohyalin is a protein structure found in granules in the stratum granulosum of the Epidermis skin epidermis , which may be involved in keratinization , and in Hassall corpuscles in the thymus . ref Wheater s Functional Histology, 5th ed. Young, Lowe, Stevens and Heath. ref In H&E stain ed sections, they are large deeply stained granules found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cell s in keratinized oral mucosa . Keratohyalin is associated with eleidin , the intermediate between keratohyalin and keratin histological location is in the stratum lucidum, thick skin. In the stratum granulosum , the grainy third layer of the human Epidermis skin epidermis , the protein Keratohyalin forms dense cytoplasmic granules that promote dehydration of the Cell biology cell as well as aggregation and cross linking of the keratin fibers. The cell nucleus nuclei and other organelles then disintegrate, and the cells die. Further dehydration creates a tightly interlocked layer of cells that consists of keratin fibers surrounded by keratohyalin. reflist Category Keratins med stub de Keratohyalin ... more details
Exfoliatin is a Staphylococcus aureus exotoxin ref MeshName Exfoliatins ref that causes a blistering of the skin known as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome . ref DorlandsDict three 000037652 exfoliatin ref Exfoliatins are glutamate specific serine proteases highly specific to the cadherin desmoglein I, an adhesion protein in the desmosomes of the stratum granulosum that facilitates intracelluar adhesion between keratinocytes . The resulting vesicles are an intraepidermal clefts between the stratum corneum and stratum spinosum and is located above the basal cells suprabasal . A very similar non infectious condition is seen in the autoimmune skin disorder pemphigus vulgaris in which there is an IgG antibody against the cadherin desmoglein 3. See also Exfoliation References reflist Toxins Category Staphylococcaceae Category Bacterial toxins de Exfoliatin ... more details
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