and interfacial features, as originally created, the upper units of stratification are younger and the lower ... mass of archaeological stratification. The principle of original horizontality states that any archaeological ... that any given unit of archaeological stratification takes its place in the Stratigraphy stratigraphic ... more details
wiktionary stratification stratified stratify Stratification is the building up of layers. Stratified is an adjective referring to the arranging of layers, and is also the past form of the verb stratify , to separate or become separated into layers. They may refer to In mathematics, statistics and applied science for the use of stratification in mathematics and statistics Stratification mathematics Stratified sampling , in statistics Stratified fuel charge , or ultra lean burn , the use of lean mixtures in an internal combustion engine with unequalized pressure in the cylinder Fuel charge stratification , an internal combustion process using gasoline direct injection to reduce fuel consumption and emissions Fuel stratified injection FSI , the operation of a stratified fuel charge in an engine using direct injection In the earth sciences Stratification, the layering stratum strata of rocks Stratificationarcheology , the formation of layers strata in which objects are found Stratigraphy , the study of geological or archaeological stratification and strata Atmospheric stratification Principal layers Atmospheric stratification , the dividing of the Earth s atmosphere into strata Stratification water , the formation of water layers based on salinity and temperature Lake stratification , the dividing of lake water Geographic stratification, the dividing of geographic areas In the social sciences Social stratification , the dividing of a society into levels based on power or socioeconomic status In biology and medicine Stratification botany , where seeds are pretreated to simulate winter conditions so that germination may occur Stratified epithelial lining s, several types of epithelium characterized by multiple layers Stratified medicine , where patients are grouped according to shared biological traits and diagnostic results Population stratification , the stratification of a genetic ... ca Estratificaci cs Stratifikace da Lagdeling de Stratifikation fr Stratification hr Stratifikacija ... more details
Infobox musical artist name Archeology image caption image size background group or band origin Portland, Oregon Portland , Oregon , United States genre Indie Rock years active 2009 present label River Seine Records associated acts website http www.myspace.com archeology past members Archeology is a four piece indie band from Portland, Oregon made up of writing team Jason Davis and Daniel Walker, as well as drummer Benjamin Haysom and guitarist Zach Dilday. Archeology s debut album, Change of Address, was released February 14, 2009 ref cite web url http www.inklings.tv features gettoknow archeology.html title Inklings.tv work Inklings.tv Inklings accessdate 2010 02 14 ref History Formation Jason Davis and Daniel Walker met in Ellensburg, Washington Ellensburg , Washington on an archaeological dig. While touring in other prominent Washington State bands the two decided to relocate to Portland, Oregon and focus on a side project they had developed while on the road. Upon relocating the two recruited long time friend and drummer Benjamin Haysom, who at the time was playing for the indie folk project Train Goes Sorry . In early 2010 the lineup was complete with addition of guitarist Zach Dilday. ref cite web url http www.teenvogue.com industry blogs music 2010 03 study up on archeology.html title Teen Vogue work Teen Vogue accessdate 2010 02 14 ref The band s name Archeology is a reference to the two s interest in the science of archaeology. ref cite web url http riotactmedia.com ... . By the end of 2009 Archeology was one of the top artist on The Deli Magazine s charts. Memorial ... supported the release with two national tours, one entitled Archeology s Memorial Tour and the other ... band Lakes . ref cite web url http www.deftune.com 2010 02 archeology set release album archeology march 16 2010 title Deftune Archeology Review work Deftune accessdate 2010 02 14 ref The band was featured ... reflist External links MySpace archeologyArcheology DEFAULTSORT Archeology Band Category American ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 In archaeology , the matrix commonly refers to the Harris matrix , a method for recording excavations. It can also mean the soil or sediment matrix surrounding and including the Artifact archaeology artifact s, Feature archaeology features , and other materials at an archaeological site . DEFAULTSORT Matrix Archeology Category Methods and principles in archaeology Archaeology stub ... more details
Wikify date January 2011 Principal stratification is a statistical technique used in causal inference. See also Rubin causal model References Reflist Cite journal doi 10.1111 j.0006 341X.2002.00021.x first1 Constantine E. last1 Frangakis first2 Donald B. last2 Rubin title Principal stratification in causal inference journal Biometrics volume 58 issue 1 pages 21 9 year 2002 month March pmid 11890317 http www.biostat.jhsph.edu cfrangak papers preffects.pdf Preprint Zhang, Junni L. Rubin, Donald B. 2003 Estimation of Causal Effects via Principal Stratification When Some Outcomes are Truncated by Death , Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics , 28 353 368 doi 10.3102 10769986028004353 Barnard, John Frangakis, Constantine E. Hill, Jennifer L. Rubin, Donald B. 2003 Principal Stratification Approach to Broken Randomized Experiments , Journal of the American Statistical Association , 98, 299&ndash 323 doi 10.1198 016214503000071 Roy, Jason Hogan, Joseph W. Marcus, Bess H. 2008 Principal stratification with predictors of compliance for randomized trials with 2 active treatments , Biostatistics , 9 2 , 277&ndash 289. doi 10.1093 biostatistics kxm027 Egleston, Brian L. Cropsey, Karen L. Lazev, Amy B. Heckman, Carolyn J. 2010 A tutorial on principal stratification based sensitivity analysis application to smoking cessation studies , Clinical Trials , 7 3 , 286&ndash 298. doi 10.1177 1740774510367811 DEFAULTSORT Principal Stratification Category Causal inference Category Statistical methods statistics stub ... more details
Sociology Religious stratification is the division of a society into hierarchical layers on the premise ... in common. ref Davis, Kingsley and Wilbert E Moore, 1945. Some Principles of Stratification, American ... factors which links various forms of inequality into a chain of stratification. Critical overview Broadly defined, social stratification is constituted by the division of a society into hierarchical ... s have paid more attention to stratification based on race, class, gender, and ethnicity than they have to stratification based on religion. However, recent research suggests that religious stratification ... to other forms of stratification. Religious stratification in the United States Sociologists James D. Davidson and Ralph E. Pyle 2011 argue that religious stratification emerged during America s colonial ..., religious stratification persists. For example, Anglicans now Episcopalians , Congregationalists .... In the colonial period, religious stratification was justified by law Congregationalists were the established ... foundation out from under religious stratification. The pro Protestant ideology that emerged ... that stratification is functional for society, Davidson and Pyle 2011 argue that religious stratification ... not otherwise exist. Stratification as the result of the social implications of religion According ... in which stratification is the byproduct of religious faith practices. Stratification based on religion ... of the hierarchy of stratification. It seems however that there can be seen another factor which should be allowed for in terms of determining the lines of stratification. Perhaps the significant impact ... works which have investigated religious stratification include that of Gaetano Mosca whose research ... discrimination Religious persecution Religious segregation Social stratification Wealth inequality ... D. and Ralph E. Pyle, 2011. Ranking Faiths Religious Stratification in American Society. Davidson, James D., Rachel Kraus, Scott Morrissey, 2005. Presidential Appointments and Religious Stratification ... more details
unreferenced date August 2009 Economic stratification refers to the condition within a society where social classes are separated, or stratified, along economic lines. Various economic strata or levels are clearly manifest. While in any system individual members will have varying degrees of wealth, economic stratification typically refers to the condition where there are meaningful gaps between the wealth controlled by various groups, and few instances in the transitional regions. Economic stratification should not be confused with the related concept, economic inequality . This deals with the range of wealth, rather than the existence of distinct strata. Economic inequality and economic stratification can coincide, of course. The causal conditions for stratification include Unequal distribution of resources assets and income Asymmetrical personal ability Education , Genetics Genetic Factors Cultural priorities State institutions and activities The effects that stratification produces in society as a whole can be significant. They include Inefficient economic cycling Increasing corruption of judicial and legislative processes Dysfunctional handling of social and political changes In extreme cases, the social fabric can break down and result in open class conflict class warfare such as happened during the French Revolution , the Russian Revolution of 1917 Russian Revolution , and many others. Many of these effects also act as causative factors. This induces progressively greater stratification unless action is taken to limit a runaway condition. Corruption of the feedback mechanism is the most dangerous threat to any balanced system, since it can lead to economic oscillations ... stratification is the Great Depression of the late 1920s and 1930s. As monopoly monopolies gained ... stratification itself ultimately results in economic collapse of one degree or another. An effective legislative process can prolong the period between collapses, but since one of the effects of stratification ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Stratification has several usages in mathematics. In mathematical logic In mathematical logic , stratification is any consistent assignment of numbers to Predicate logic predicate symbols guaranteeing that a unique formal Interpretation logic interpretation of a logical theory exists. Specifically, we say that a set of Clause logic clauses of the form math Q 1 wedge dots wedge Q n wedge neg Q n 1 wedge dots wedge neg Q n m rightarrow P math is stratified if and only if there is a stratification assignment S that fulfills the following conditions If a predicate P is positively derived from a predicate Q i.e., P is the head of a rule, and Q occurs positively in the body of the same rule , then the stratification number of P must be greater than or equal to the stratification number of Q, in short math S P geq S Q math . If a predicate P is derived from a negated predicate Q i.e., P is the head of a rule, and Q occurs negatively in the body of the same rule , then the stratification number of P must be greater than the stratification number of Q, in short math S P S Q math . The notion of stratified negation leads to a very effective operational semantics for stratified programs in terms of the stratified least fixpoint, that is obtained by iteratively applying the fixpoint operator to each stratum of the program, from the lowest one up. Stratification ... to be strong weakly stratified strong . The stratification of New Foundations generalizes readily ... article, and this is probably the best way to understand the stratification of New Foundations in practice. The notion of stratification can be extended to the lambda calculus this is found in papers ... so that in particular a stratification defines a partition of a set partition of the topological ... is often applied in geometry. Hassler Whitney and Ren Thom first defined formal conditions for stratification ... Stratification Mathematics Category Set theory Category Mathematical logic Category Mathematical ... more details
lake stratification topics Lake stratification is the separation of lake s into three layers Epilimnion top of the lake. Metalimnion or thermocline middle layer that may change depth throughout the day. Hypolimnion the bottom layer. The thermal stratification of lakes refers to a change in the temperature at different depths in the lake, and is due to the change in water s density with temperature. ref University of Minnesota 2007 ref Cold water is denser than warm water and the epilimnion generally consists of water that is not as dense as the water in the hypolimnion. ref Georgia Wildlife 2011 ref However, the temperature of maximum density for freshwater is 4 C. In Temperate climate temperate regions where lake water warms up and cools through the seasons, a cyclical pattern of overturn occurs that is repeated from year to year as the cold dense water at the top of the lake sinks ... 2007 ref If the stratification of water lasts for extended periods, the lake is meromictic . Conversely ... caused by lake and pond thermal stratification. ref Georgia Wildlife 2011 ref ref Lackey 1972a ... use of lakes and the commercial use of lake water. With severe thermal stratification in a lake ... stratification and in some cases may indirectly cause large die offs of recreationally important ... management problems is to eliminate or lesson thermal stratification through aeration . ref Lackey ... 359 Lake Stratification in Lake Lanier and its effects on the Chattahoochee River Lackey, Robert T. 1972a. A technique for eliminating thermal stratification in lakes. Water Resources Bulletin ... parameters to eliminating thermal stratification in a reservoir. Water Resources Bulletin, Journal .... 2007. http waterontheweb.org under lakeecology 05 stratification.html Density Stratification ... of Minnesota, Duluth. Retrieved 11 March 2007. See also Aquatic Science Stratification water Hypoxia Freshwater ecosystems Water column Lake aeration aquatic ecosystem topics Category Lakes Stratification ... more details
Aquatic layer topics Water stratification occurs when water masses with different properties salinity halocline , Oxygenation environmental oxygenation chemocline , density pycnocline , temperature thermocline form layers that act as barriers to water mixing ref cite book last Miller first Charles B. title Biological Oceanography year 2004 publisher Blackwell Publishing ref . These layers are normally arranged according to density, with the least dense water masses sitting above the more dense layers. Water stratification also creates barriers to nutrient mixing between layers. This can affect the primary production in an area by limiting photosynthetic processes. When nutrients from the benthos cannot travel up into the photic zone , phytoplankton may be limited by nutrient availability. Lower primary production also leads to lower net productivity in waters ref cite journal last Iriarte first J.L. coauthors Gonzalez, Liu, Rivas, Valenzuela title Spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll and primary productivity in surface waters of southern Chile 41.5E, 43S journal Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science year 2007 volume 74 issue 3 pages 471 480 ref . File Thermohaline Circulation.svg thumb 400px left A large scale circulation of horizontally stratified water masses, called the thermohaline circulation , occurs in the ocean. The entire circulation pattern takes about 2000 years. Complicating Factors Stratification may be upset by turbulence. This creates mixed layer s of water. Forms of turbulence may include wind sea surface friction, upwelling and downwelling . Marshall ... stratification ref cite journal last Marshall first John coauthors Jones, Karsten, Wardle title Can eddies set ocean stratification? journal Journal of Physical Oceanography year 2002 volume 32 issue 1 pages 26 32 ref . clearleft See also Meromictic Cline biology Lake stratification References reflist DEFAULTSORT Stratification Water Category Oceanography Category Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ... more details
last Keel first Robert authorlink Robert A. Keel coauthors title Age Stratification work publisher US ... coauthors title Age Stratification at Work Continuity and Change in the American Occupational ... classes socw socw550 AGING sld033.htm www.uic.edu. http www.philforhumanity.com Age Stratification ... DEFAULTSORT Age Stratification Category Socioeconomics Category Welfare economics Category Economic ... more details
Population stratification is the presence of a systematic difference in allele Allele frequency frequencies between subpopulations in a population possibly due to different Ancestor ancestry , especially in the context of association studies. Population stratification is also referred to as population structure, in this context. Causes of population stratification The basic cause of population stratification is nonrandom mating between groups, often due to their physical separation e.g., for populations of African and European descent followed by genetic drift of allele frequencies in each group ... tens of generations, random mating can eliminate this type of stratification. In some parts of the globe ... frequencies tend to vary smoothly with location. Population stratification and association studies Population stratification can be a problem for association studies, such as case control studies, where ... in the 1990s to use family based data where the effect of population stratification can easily ... genome wide association studies take the view that the problem of population stratification is manageable ... markers to detect population stratification in association studies. American Journal of Human Genetics ... ME, Shadick NA, Reich D. 2006 Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome ... of how the frequentist way of correcting for population stratification works. It works by using ... caused by population stratification. The method was first developed for binary traits but has ... stratification the trend test is asymptotic math chi 2 math distribution with one degree of freedom ... chi 1 2 math where math lambda math depends on the effect of stratification. The above method rests ... of the stratification is similar across the different loci math lambda math can be estimated from ... stratification, Genet Epidemiol 20 1 4 16. ref suggested using the mean of the statistics instead. This is not the only ... for stratification using L unlinked genes, math Y 2 math is approximately math chi 2 1 math distributed ... more details
refimprove date December 2009 In horticulture , stratification is the process of pretreating seed s to simulate natural winter conditions that a seed must endure before germination . Many seed species undergo an embryonic dormancy phase, and generally will not sprout until this dormancy is broken. The time taken to stratify seeds depends on species and conditions though in many cases two months is sufficient. In the wild In the wild, seed dormancy is usually overcome by the seed spending time in the ground through a winter period and having its hard seed coat softened up by frost and weathering action. By doing so the seed is undergoing a natural form of stratification or pretreatment. This cold moist period triggers the seed s embryo , its growth and subsequent expansion eventually break through the softened seed coat in its search for sun and nutrients. Process Stratification is the process of subjecting seeds to both cold and moist conditions. Typically, temperatures must be between 1 C and 5 C 34 F and 41 F . The term can be traced to at least 1664 in Sylva or a discourse of forest trees & the propagation of timber, Vol. II. where seeds were layered stratified between layers of moist soil and exposing these strata to winter conditions. Thus, stratification became the process by which ... before germination will ensue. In its most basic form, when the stratification process is controlled .... After undergoing the recommended period of stratification, the seeds are ready to be removed ... before placing them in cold stratification can cut down on the amount of time needed for stratification .... Any seeds that are indicated as needing a period of warm stratification followed by cold stratification ... area first, followed by the cold period in a refrigerator later. Warm stratification requires temperatures of 15 20 C. In many instances, warm stratification followed by cold stratification requirements ... Stratification Botany Category Horticulture and gardening Category Plant reproduction da Stratificering ... more details
Class stratification is a form of social stratification in which a society tends to divide into separate social class class es whose members have differential access to resources and power. An economic and cultural rift usually exists between different classes. People are usually born into their class, though social mobility allows for some individuals to be promoted to a higher level class or demoted to a lower level one. Process of class stratification In the early stages of class stratification, the majority of members in a given society have similar access to wealth and power, with only a few members displaying noticeably more or less wealth than the rest. As time goes on, the largest share of wealth and status can begin to concentrate around a small number of the population. When wealth continues to concentrate, pockets of society with significantly less wealth may develop, until a sharp imbalance between rich and poor is created. As members of a society spread out from one another economically, classes are created. When a physical gap is added, a cultural rift between the classes comes into existence, an example being the perception of the well mannered, cultured behavior of the rich, versus the uncivilized behavior of the poor. With the cultural divide , chances for classes to intermingle become less and less likely, and mythos becomes more and more common between them i.e. the wrong side of the railroad tracks . The lower class loses more of its influence and wealth as the upper class gains more influence and wealth, further dividing the classes from one another. Class ... may differ cross nationally. As the theories relate to class stratification the common characteristic ... of class stratification. Although there is a definite divide in some countries between races, those ... in the United States Social Class Social stratification References Savage Inequalities Children .... ISBN 1566637090 Breen, Richard, and David Rottman. Class Stratification A Comparative Perspective. Hertfordshire ... more details
Sociology In sociology the social stratification is a concept of social class class , involving the classification ... Western societies , stratification is broadly organized into three main layers upper class , middle ... Class and Stratification publisher Routledge url http books.google.com books?id FK 004p0J EC ref ..., feudal societies composed of nobility to peasant relations. Stratification may also be defined ... stratification factor as social evolution went along. It is debatable whether the earliest hunter ... acts of exchange between groups. One of the ongoing issues in determining social stratification ... issue to determine how much inequality qualifies as stratification. ref http courses.washington.edu anth457 stratif.htm ref Sociological overview The concept of social stratification is interpreted ... have suggested that since social stratification is commonly found in developed societies, hierarchy .... ref name Ingold, Tim 2006 p. 400 Max Weber Main Three component theory of stratification ... theory of stratification and the concept of life chances . Weber supposed there were more class .... Weber derived many of his key concepts on social stratification by examining the social structure of Germany . He noted that contrary to Marx s theories, stratification was based on more than simply ... of stratification hierarchy class, status, and power Class A person s economic position in a society. Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification ... have found that social stratification is not the standard among all societies. John Gowdy writes, Assumptions ... are naturally competitive and acquisitive, and that social stratification is natural, do not apply ... oriented cultures including State polity states in which status and material wealth are prized, and stratification ... social hierarchies from developing because they believe that such stratification could lead ... stratification has been shown to cause many social problems. A comprehensive study of major world ... more details
The Society for Industrial Archeology SIA is a North America North American non profit organization dedicated to studying and preserving historic industrial sites, structures and equipment. It was founded in 1971 in Washington, D.C. , and its members are primarily from the United States and Canada , although there is some crossover with similar industrial archaeology organizations in the United Kingdom . SIA s headquarters is currently located in the Department of Social Sciences at Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan . In addition to the national organization, there are thirteen regional chapters throughout the United States. ref Society for Industrial Archeology, http www.siahq.org about aboutthesia.html About the Society for Industrial Archeology SIA , retrieved 2009 08 20. ref Activities Since its founding in October 1971, SIA members have gathered at an annual conference, which also serves as the annual business meeting required by its bylaws. ref Charles K. Hyde, The Birth of the SIA and Reminiscences by Some of its Founders, IA Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, Vol. 17, No. 1 1991 . ref The annual conference is typically held each spring. The Fall Tour, a second annual gathering usually held in September or October, began in 1972. Both annual events feature visits to local industrial sites, both active and historical. The conference additionally includes a day of paper sessions. Industrial heritage study tours to other countries began in 1990 and occur on an irregular schedule. SIA produces two official publications, the formal, Peer review peer reviewed IA Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology twice a year and the less formal quarterly Society for Industrial Archeology Newsletter SIAN . The annual conference is typically accompanied by a custom guidebook profiling local industrial and cultural sites. In addition, SIA ... Official website of the Society for Industrial Archeology Category Archaeological organisations Category ... more details
The Center for American Archeology , or CAA , is an independent non profit 501 c 3 research and education institution located near the Illinois River , in Kampsville , Illinois , United States USA . It is dedicated to the exploration of the culture of prehistoric Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native Americans and, to a lesser extent, the European settlers who supplanted them. Founded on what is often referred to as the Nile of North America , the region surrounding the confluence of the Mississippi River Mississippi and the Illinois River Illinois rivers, the Center for American Archeology specializes in North America n pre Columbian cultures of the area. Due to successive settlement along the rivers, the area is particularly rich in Woodland Period Artifact archaeology artifacts , especially those of the Middle Woodland Hopewell culture , and later Mississippian culture . The Center has been associated with years of excavation at the Koster Site in Greene County, Illinois . Researchers have uncovered evidence of more than 7,000 years of human habitation, back to the Early Archaic period in the Americas Archaic period 8000 BC to 1000 BC . The center is located about 90 minutes north of St. Louis and the Cahokia Mounds near Collinsville, Illinois . It uses the Kamp Store as the site of the CAA s Visitor s Center and Museum . The converted early 1900s mercantile building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . External links http www.caa archeology.org Welcome.html Center for American Archeology DEFAULTSORT Center For American Archeology Category Archaeology of the Americas Category Pre Columbian studies Category Archaeological sites in Illinois Category Mound builders people Category Archaeological research institutes Category Research institutes in the United States Category Pre state history of Illinois Category Non profit organizations based in Illinois Category Museums in Calhoun County, Illinois Category Archaeology museums in Illinois Category ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Society for Commercial Archeology SCA is an organization based in Wisconsin , United States . It is the oldest national organization devoted to the buildings, artifacts, structures, signs, and symbols of the 20th century commercial landscape. fact date October 2007 The SCA activities include publications, conferences, and tours to help preserve, document, and celebrate the structures and architecture of the 20th century, including diners, highways, gas stations, drive in theaters, bus stations, tourist courts, neon signs. External links http www.sca roadside.org Official website Category Organizations based in the United States US org stub ... more details
Image HumXSec.JPG thumb 250 px Hummocky cross stratification from the Book Cliffs, Utah. Image An example of hummocky cross stratification.jpg thumb 250 px Hummocky cross stratification from the Arisag Formation Silurian , Nova Scotia. Hummocky cross stratification is a type of sedimentary structure found in sandstone s. It is a form of cross bedding usually formed by the action of large storms, such as hurricane s. It takes the form of a series of smile like shapes, crosscutting each other. It is only formed at a depth of water below fair weather wave base and above storm weather wave base. They are not related to hummock s except in shape. History The name we use today was introduced by Harms et al. in 1975. Before this time, these structures were recognized under many different names. When hummocky cross stratification was founded, it was originally given the name truncated wave ripple laminae, by Campbell 1966, 1971 . ref name sur Surlyk, F., and N. Noenygaard. Hummocky Cross stratification from the Lower Jurassic Hasle Formation of Bornholm, Denmark. Sedimentary Geology 46.3 4 1986 259 73. Print. ref The main features were listed by Bourgeois 1980 , Harms et al. 1982 , and Walker 1983 , ref name sur in order to identify the structure. Dott and Bourgeois launched an idealized hummocky stratification sequence. From bottom to top, these include first order scoured base Sole markings ... or siltstone . ref name dott Dott, R. H., and Joanne Bourgeois. Hummocky Stratification Significance ... basis for studying hummocky cross stratification for the future. ref name sur Composition This structure .... This helps indicate a shape sorting. ref name dott Although hummocky cross stratification is usually .... Hummocky cross stratification can form in sediments up to about 3 cm in diameter, with near ... environments During ancient times, hummocky cross stratification was located in shallow marine ... cross stratification DEFAULTSORT Hummocky Cross Stratification Category Cross bedding Category Sedimentology ... more details
Herringbone cross stratification is type of sedimentary structure formed in tidal areas, where the current periodically flows in the opposite direction. Formation During the conventional formation process of cross stratification , sand grains saltation geology saltate up the upstream side of the dune, collecting at the peak until the angle of repose is reached. At this point, the crest of granular material has grown too large and will be overcome by the force of the depositing fluid, falling down the downstream side of the dune. Repeated avalanches will eventually form the sedimentary structure known as cross stratification, with the structure dipping in the direction of the paleocurrent . ref name Lehner In tidal areas, which have bidirectional flow, structures are formed with alternating layers of cross beds dipping in opposite directions that reflect the alternating paleocurrent. These sedimentary structures are not common because they require the current to be equal in both directions, which rarely happens in nature. The time period represented by each cross stratified layer is likely to be many years. ref name Nichols cite book last Nichols first G. title Sedimentology and stratigraphy url http books.google.co.uk books?id zl4L7WqXvogC&pg PA168&dq herringbone cross stratification sedimentology&hl en&ei Gz3eTrOBLILr8QO1kNndBA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CC8Q6AEwAA v onepage&q&f false accessdate 6 December 2011 edition 2 year 2009 publisher John Wiley and Sons isbn 9781405193795 page 168 ref The pattern of the structure is said to resemble the backbone structure of a herring fish. ref name Lehner cite web url http frank.mtsu.edu cdharris sedstrat glossary.htm title Glossary of Sedimentary Structures last Lehner first S. work Sedimentology Stratigraphy GEOL 407 accessdate 6 December 2011 ref References Reflist Category Sedimentary structures ... more details
sociology Cleanup date February 2008 Wikify date November 2009 The three component theory of stratification , more widely known as Weberian Stratification or Three Class System, was developed by German Sociology sociologist Max Weber with social class class , Social status status and Political party party as distinct ideal types. Weber developed a multidimensional approach to Social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige and power. Weber argued that power can take a variety of forms. A person s power can be shown in the social order through their status, in the economic order through their class, and in the political order through their party. Thus, class, status and party are each aspects of the distribution of power within a community. Hurst, 202 Class, Status and Party have a great deal of effect not only within their individual areas but also have a great deal of influence over the other areas as well. Wealth includes property such as buildings, lands, farms, houses, factories and as well as other assets Economic situation Prestige the respect with which a person or status position is regarded by others Status Situation Power Communication Power the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others Parties According to Weber, there are two basic dimensions of power The possession of power and the exercising of power. Weber wrote this essay shortly before World War I , and it was published in German in 1920 as part of Max Weber Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft . It was translated into English by Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills with the title Class, Status, Party in the 1940s Weber 1946 and 1978 . Most recently, it has been re translated as The distribution of power within the community Classes, St nde, Parties translated by Dagmar Waters and others Weber 2010 . The possession of power According to Weber, the ability ... power and social stratification, Weber theorized the various ways in which societies are organized ... more details
Modalities The structure of Scheler s stratification model of emotive life correlates to the inherent ... since Scheler s relied extensively on hierarchical stratification models as a sort of general ... more details
. ref name hurst ref name billings See also Appalachia Social Stratification poverty Max Weber References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Social And Economic Stratification In Appalachia Category Appalachian culture ... more details
Infobox NRHP name Durango Rock Shelters Archeology Site nrhp type image caption nearest city Durango, Colorado Durango locmapin Colorado area architect architecture designated nrhp type added 1985 ref name nris NRISref 2010a ref governing body refnum 85000260 Durango Rock Shelters Archeology Site is also known as the Fall Creek Rock Shelters Site. An Ancient Pueblo People Anasazi archaeological site, it is located in Durango, Colorado Durango in La Plata County, Colorado . People from the Late Basketmaker II Era Late Basketmaker II and Basketmaker III Era s inhabited the site between AD 0 and AD 1000. ref http www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com co La Plata state.html National Register of Historic Places La Plata County, Colorado American Dreams, Inc. Retrieved 10 16 2011. ref The site is also known as 5LP4134 . Discovery Earl H. Morris conducted an excavation of this open talus site in Animas Valley in 1938 1939. It was the first site where dwellings had been found of the early Basketmakers with actual house structures, one of which he describes as follows blockquote A site for the dwelling was secured by digging a drift into the steep hillside and piling the excavated earth and stone out in front until a terrace large enough to accommodate the projected house had been provided. The floor area was scooped out to shallow saucer shape in this case 9 m. in diameter and coated with mud. At the margins, the mud curved upward to end against the half buried foot logs which were the basal course of the wall. The walls were composed of horizontal wood and mud masonry. They rose with an inward slant to a little better than head height, then were cribbed for a distance to reduce the diameter of the flat portion of the roof, which was of clay supported by parallel poles, The arc of stones was a retaining device placed to hold back the ever growing accumulation of refuse that was dumped ... Durango Rock Shelters Archeology Site Category Archaeological sites in Colorado Category National Register ... more details
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