hypothesis is called a negative result or a null result . Statisticalhypothesistesting is a key technique of Frequency probability frequentist statistical inference . The Bayesian approach to hypothesistesting is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability . ref Schervish ... tests. The testing process In the statistical literature, statisticalhypothesistesting ... version which is now part of statisticalhypothesistesting. Similar test When testing hypotheses ... at the given level of significance. Statisticalhypothesistesting Criticism Criticism on this interpretation can be found in the Statisticalhypothesistesting Criticism corresponding section . This one ... et al, 1989 . Importance Statisticalhypothesistesting plays an important role in the whole of statistics ... . Testingstatisticalhypothesis 5th ed. . Ney York Wiley. Lehmann E.L. 1992 Introduction to Neyman ... Testing Statistics DEFAULTSORT StatisticalHypothesisTesting Category Design of experiments Category Hypothesistesting Category Psychometrics Category Statistical inference Category Logic and statistics ...About frequentist hypothesistesting which is taught in introductory statistics Bayesian hypothesistesting Bayesian inference A statisticalhypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether ... Workers, Edinburgh Oliver and Boyd, 1925, p.43. ref Hypothesistesting is sometimes called confirmatory ... 2004 isbn 076194138X ref One use of hypothesistesting is deciding whether experimental results contain .... The test described here is more fully the null hypothesisstatistical significance test. The null hypothesis represents what we would believe by default, before seeing any evidence. Statistical ... with particularly high Statistical power power is used, the idea of accepting the null hypothesis may ... understood. Alternatively, if the testing procedure forces us to reject the null hypothesis H ... ref Cite book title TestingStatistical Hypotheses edition 3E isbn 0387988645 last Lehmann first ... more details
main Statisticalhypothesistesting In statisticalhypothesistesting , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statisticalhypothesistestingstatisticalhypothesis test . An example might ... a major component in modern statisticalhypothesistesting . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statisticalhypothesistesting, and he violently opposed its ... statisticalhypothesistesting accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... testing Category Statistical inference eo Alternativa hipotezo ko ... hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully ... interest but are fundamental to theoretical considerations of statistical inference and are the basis of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... Psychologist , 45 1304&ndash 1312. ref In Fisher s approach to testing, the central idea is to assess whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... more details
hypothesistesting part of this terminology is outlined here, but see Statisticalhypothesistesting ... . Sample size Statisticalhypothesistesting involves performing the same experiment on multiple subjects ... also Portal Statistics Counternull Statisticalhypothesistesting References Reflist 2 Further reading ... Category Hypothesistesting Category Statistical inference ar ca Hip tesi nul la da ... StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesistesting works by Sampling statistics ... This example illustrates one hazard of hypothesistesting evaluating a large number of true null ... II errors rejects a true null hypothesis only a small percent of the time. Testing for differences ... for the alternative, classical hypothesistesting requires calculating how often the results would ... can be defined for testing the null hypothesis H sub T sub exactly as if the null hypothesis of interest ... the null hypothesis holds in the population. The statistical power is the probability of rejecting ...For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testinghypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, Design Experience ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena. Jerzy Neyman and Egon ... more details
A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on HypothesisTesting publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ...Hypothesis Theory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the Hypothesis Theory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly dependent on the order in which hypotheses are tested, and on the particular hypotheses which are available to the learner. It is conceivable that a given learner may not be able to formulate the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesis theory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical associational strength is high Harvnb Levine 1971 . Formal Theories The process by which a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesis theory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesis ... more details
The Distributional Hypothesis in linguistics is the theory that words that occur in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. ref name Harris cite journal last1 Harris first1 Z. year 1954 title Distributional structure url journal Word volume 10 issue 23 pages 146 162 ref The underlying idea that a word is characterized by the company it keeps was popularized by J. R. Firth Firth . ref name Firth Firth, J.R. 1957 . A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis , pp. 1 32. Oxford Philological Society. Reprinted in F.R. Palmer ed. , Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952 1959 , London Longman 1968 . ref The Distributional Hypothesis is the basis for Statistical semantics Statistical Semantics . Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in Linguistics, it is now receiving attention in Cognitive science Cognitive Science especially regarding the context of word use. ref name McDonald McDonald, S., and Ramscar, M. 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages 611 616. ref In recent years, the distributional hypothesis has provided the basis for the theory of similarity based generalization in language learning the idea that children can figure out how to use words they ve rarely encountered before by generalizing about their use from distributions of similar words. ref name Yarlett Yarlett, D 2008 Language Learning Through Similarity Based Generalization, PhD Thesis, Stanford University. ref The distributional hypothesis suggests that the more semantically similar two words are, the more distributionally similar ... . See also Co occurrence J. R. Firth Zellig Harris Statistical semantics External links http ... The distributional hypothesis References references DEFAULTSORT Distributional Hypothesis Category ... more details
The Expectations Hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates also known as Term structure Yield Curve is the proposition that the long term rate is determined by the market s expectation for the short term rate plus a constant risk premium Sarno et al., 2007 . It has been found that the expectation hypothesis has been tested and rejected using a wide variety of interest rates, over a variety of time periods and monetary policy regimes Guidolin et al., 2008 . This analysis is supported in a study conducted by Sarno, where it is concluded that while conventional bivariate procedure provides mixed results, the more powerful testing procedures, for example expanded Vector Autoregression test, suggest rejection of the EH throughout the maturity spectrum examined. A common reason given for the failure of the EH is that the risk premium is not constant as the expectation hypothesis requires, but is time varying. However, research by Guidolin and Thornton 2008 suggest otherwise. It is postulated that the expectation hypothesis fails because short term interest rates are not predictable to any significant degree. While traditional term structure tests mostly indicate that expected future interest rates are ex post inefficient forecasts, Froot 1989 has an alternative take on it. At short maturities, the expectation hypothesis fails. At long maturities, however, changes in the yield curve reflect changes in expected future rates one for one. 1 i lt n 1 i st year 1 1 i st year 2 cdots 1 i st year n This hypothesis assumes that the various maturities are perfect substitutes and suggests that the shape of the yield curve depends on market participants expectations of future interest ..., D., & Valente, G. 2007 . The Empirical Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ..., D. 2008 . Predictions of Short Term Rates and the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ... for the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. The Journal of Finance, XLIV ... more details
The lipid hypothesis was one of two Hypothesis hypotheses the other being the chronic endothelial injury hypothesis developed in the 1850s to explain the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis . It proposes a connection ..., the lipid hypothesis received greater attention. An accumulation of evidence has led to the acceptance of the lipid hypothesis as scientific fact by the medical community ref name partv cite journal .... Lipid hypothesis of atherogenesis Early studies and origin In 1913, a study by Nikolai Anitschkow ..., Duff and McMillian formulated the lipid hypothesis in its modern form in a review which appeared ... century, the lipid hypothesis proposing that saturated fat s and cholesterol in the blood are a major ... hypothesis as scientific fact by the end of the century. ref name partv While it has attracted controversy ... majority of researchers and practitioners were supportive of the validity of the lipid hypothesis ... hypothesis and the rejection of the cholesterol controversy , ref name Steinberg89 cite journal author ... volume 6 pages 36 37 pmid 9633288 issue 5 ref and by 2002, the lipid hypothesis was accepted by the scientific ... isbn 1400040787 ref A minority of the medical community still argue that the lipid hypothesis has ... downloads softsciencefat.pdf ref Nowadays, the term lipid hypothesis is commonly used ... the 1970s and 1980s, some researchers and practitioners considered the lipid hypothesis as unverified ... risk for atherosclerosis. ref name Rifkind cite journal author Rifkind B, Levy R title Testing the lipid hypothesis. Clinical trials journal Archives of surgery Chicago, Ill. 1960 volume 113 issue 1 ... pmid 6948505 ref ref name Stehbens88 cite journal author Stehbens W title Flaws in the lipid hypothesis ... in the mid 1980s, criticism persisted in a minority of the scientific community questioning the statistical ... further associative evidence in support of the lipid hypothesis. ref name Bucher1999 cite journal ... journal author Brown WV title Review of clinical trials proving the lipid hypothesis journal Eur ... more details
to the principles of verification and falsifiability, used in formal hypothesistesting found within ...A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research ref Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine . http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis Eprint via Answers.com. ref in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. ref name Century See in hypothesis , Century Dictionary Supplement , v. 1, 1909, New ... hypothesis ... Working hypothesis , a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features ..., with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory. ref Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations ... 1 55938 888 9 ref History Use of the phrase working hypothesis goes back at least two centuries. ref ... page for year printed as M,DCCC,V . ref Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis ... point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful at the level of research method , not merely as plausible at the level of logical conclusions , is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated ... method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected ref Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application ... a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we ... Dictionary Supplement definition of working hypothesis ref name Century reflects that perspective Peirce ... hypothesis in PEP UQ M s list of words in Peirce s charge http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l ... the phrase working hypothesis, but he once commented about a related kind of a hypothesis that it was a hypothesis, which like the working hypothesis of a scientific inquiry, we may not believe to be altogether ... more details
reflist DEFAULTSORT Ergodic Hypothesis Category Ergodic theory Category Statistical mechanics Category Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Category Fundamental physics concepts de Ergodenhypothese ...Cleanup date November 2008 In physics and thermodynamics , the ergodic hypothesis says that, over long periods of time, the time spent by a particle in some region of the phase space of Microstate statistical mechanics microstates with the same energy is proportional to the volume of this region, i.e., that all accessible microstates are equiprobable over a long period of time. The ergodic hypothesis is often assumed in statistical analysis . Liouville s theorem Hamiltonian Liouville s Theorem shows that, for conserved classical system s, the local density of microstates following a particle path through phase space is constant as viewed by an observer moving with the ensemble i.e., the total or convective time derivative is zero . Thus, if the microstates are Uniform distribution continuous uniformly distributed in phase space initially, they will remain so at all times. Liouville s theorem ensures that the notion of time average makes sense, but ergodicity does not follow from Liouville s theorem. Phenomenology In macroscopic systems, the timescales over which a system can truly explore the entirety of its own phase space can be sufficiently large that the thermodynamic equilibrium state exhibits some form of ergodicity breaking . A common example is that of spontaneous magnetisation in ferromagnetic systems, whereby below the Curie temperature the system preferentially adopts a non zero magnetisation even though the ergodic hypothesis would imply that no net magnetisation should exist by virtue of the system exploring all states whose time averaged magnetisation should be zero. The fact that macroscopic systems often violate the literal form of the ergodic hypothesis is an example ... with dynamical system s that satisfy a version of this hypothesis, phrased in the language of measure ... more details
Spearman s hypothesis states that the magnitude of the black white difference in tests of cognitive ability ... , or g . The hypothesis, first formalized by Arthur Jensen in the 1980s based on Charles Spearman ... of correlated vectors to study the hypothesis. This, and a similar relationship regarding ... criticisms have been advanced and the validity of the arguments remain unresolved. Spearman s hypothesis ... set out to formalize and test the hypothesis in the 1980s. He argued that the correlations between ... evidence for the validity of the hypothesis. He proposed strong and weak forms of the hypothesis ... the weak form of the hypothesis. However, Jensen has argued that the correlations would be substantially higher if certain corrections for statistical artifacts were made. ref name Jensen1998 Closely related to Spearman s hypothesis is the relationship between how high heritability a test has ... has argued that if Spearman s hypothesis is proven correct, it would, at least partially, answer .... ISBN 0 275 96103 6, p. 371 383. ref In 2002, Jensen stated that he had now tested Spearman s hypothesis ..., he asserted, the overall probability that Spearman s hypothesis is false is less than one ..., the supposed confirmation of Spearman s hypothesis, and the similar relationship for heritability ... cite doi 10.1037 1076 8971.11.2.235 ref The Flynn effect One criticism of Spearman s hypothesis has ... but that this is irrelevant since the basic assumption, that confirmation of Spearman s hypothesis ... by Spearman s hypothesis are likely only psychometric artefacts which also arise with measures which ... schonem pdf 83.pdf Famous artefacts Spearman s hypothesis. Current Psychology of Cognition, 16 ..., G.H. 2001 . Viewing Spearman s hypothesis from the perspective of multigroup PCA A comment on Sch nemann ... a previous study that had used the statistical method invented by Jensen the method of correlated ... are used the results are unclear. As such, we cannot accept Spearman s hypothesis as an empirically ... more details
synthesis date March 2009 TOCright The interdimensional hypothesis IDH or IH , also called the extradimensional hypothesis EDH , is an advanced theory by Jacques Vall e that says unidentified flying object s UFOs and related events involve visitations from other realities or dimensions that coexist separately alongside our own. It is an alternative to the extraterrestrial hypothesis ETH . ref name Gates cite book title Alien Intrusion author Gary Bates pages 84&ndash 87,114&ndash 115,157&ndash 160,164 publisher New Leaf Publishing Group year 2005 isbn 0890514356 isbn13 9780890514351 ref ref name FW cite encyclopedia encyclopedia Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia year 2006 publisher World Almanac Education Group article History of UFOs url http history.com minisite.do?content type Minisite Generic&content type id 57838&mini id 57826 ref ref cite book author Hugh Ross, Kenneth R. Samples, Mark Clark title Lights in the Sky & Little Green Men A Rational Christian Look at Ufos and Extraterrestrials publisher NavPress Publishing Group date June 1, 2002 isbn 1576832082 url http www.amazon.com Lights Sky Little Green Extraterrestrials dp 1576832082 quote While numerous mystical explanations ... hypothesis ETH and the interdimensional hypothesis IDH . ref ref cite web url http www.history.com ... Clark was influenced by IDH but then he rejected this hypothesis and argued very cautiously in favor of the extraterrestrial hypothesis The development of IDH as an alternative to ETH increased in the 1970s ... advocated the hypothesis in The Edge of Reality A Progress Report on Unidentified Flying Objects ... and nobody had demonstrated an antigravity or faster than light travel hypothesis that could explain ... Books year 1979 page 91 ref IDH is considered a belief system rather than a scientific hypothesis because it is not falsifiability falsifiable through testing and experiment. Unlike ETH, it is not possible ... theories es Hip tesis Interdimensional it Ipotesi parafisica sugli UFO fi Interdimensional hypothesis ... more details
hypothesis , proposed by harvs txt first Bernhard last Riemann year 1859 author link Bernhard ... used for some closely related analogues, such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields . The Riemann hypothesis implies results about the distribution of prime numbers that are in some ... hypothesis is part of Hilbert s eighth problem Problem 8 , along with the Goldbach conjecture , in David ... Hypothesis for zeta functions of varieties defined over finite fields. The full version of the hypothesis ..., 6, ... . These are called the trivial zeros . The Riemann hypothesis is concerned with the non ... hypothesis, such as harvtxt Derbyshire 2003 , harvtxt Rockmore 2005 , harvtxt Sabbagh 2003 , harvtxt ... s has no zeros in this region, as none of the factors have zeros. The Riemann hypothesis discusses ... of my investigation. source Riemann s statement of the Riemann hypothesis, from harv Riemann ... 2 and suggested that they all do this is the Riemann hypothesis. Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis The practical uses of the Riemann hypothesis include many propositions which are known to be true under the Riemann hypothesis, and some which can be shown to be equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the best possible bound for the error of the prime ... hypothesis is equivalent to math pi x operatorname Li x frac 1 8 pi sqrt x , log x , qquad text for all x ge 2657. math Growth of arithmetic functions The Riemann hypothesis implies strong ... on the right hand side converging, is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. From this we can also ... M x O x 1 2 varepsilon , math for every positive is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis harv ... n Redheffer matrix is equal to M n , so the Riemann hypothesis can also be stated as a condition on the growth of these determinants. The Riemann hypothesis puts a rather tight bound on the growth ... M x le sqrt x. math The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to many other conjectures about the rate ... more details
hypothesis ETH is the hypothesis that some unidentified flying object s UFOs are best explained ... spacecraft visiting Earth . Etymology Origins of the term extraterrestrial hypothesis are unknown ... books?id u9bS1YhiSa4C&q 22extraterrestrial hypothesis 22&dq 22extraterrestrial hypothesis 22&hl ... Edward Condon defined the Extra terrestrial Hypothesis or ETH as the idea that some UFOs may ... ETH, as a unified and named hypothesis, is a comparatively new concept one which owes a lot to the saucer ... Hypothesis The 1947 U.S. flying saucer wave On June 24, 1947, at about 3.00 p.m. local ... to atomic testing . ref http news.google.com newspapers?nid feST4K8J0scC&dat 19470815&printsec ... slightly different variations of the hypothesis. The contactees of the early 1950s said that the space ... of a single theory, namely the extraterrestrial hypothesis ... this fixation on the ETH has narrowed ... proof of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. What I find scientifically dismaying is that, while a large body of UFO evidence now seems to point in no other direction than the extraterrestrial hypothesis ... Considerations Statistical Considerations Elusive, Evasive and Absurd Behavior of UFOs and Their Occupants ... defense analysts stated the conclusion regarding UFO phenomena, that a single hypothesis sufficiently takes into account the facts and, for the most part, only calls for present day science. It is the hypothesis ... The report noted issues with formulating the extraterrestrial hypothesis, likening its study to the study of meteorites, but concluded that although it was far from the best scientific hypothesis ... Dogon people Giorgio A. Tsoukalos Interdimensional hypothesis Murry Hope Psychosocial Hypothesis Robert K. G. Temple The Sirius Mystery Ufology The hostility hypothesis The UFO Hostility Hypothesis Zecharia ... www.tarrdaniel.fw.hu documents Ufology energyzoa.html Extraterrestrial Energyzoa Hypothesis ETZH ... Zeiler http www.featuringdave.com Data Webpage ufo eth.htm UFOs and the Extraterrestrial Hypothesis ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with University of California, Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg , that various non infectious factors such as recreational drug recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS , and that HIV human immunodeficiency virus is merely a harmless passenger virus . ref name DuesbergJBiosci The most prominent supporters of this hypothesis are Duesberg himself, biochemist and vitamin proponent David Rasnick , and journalist Celia Farber . The scientific ... ref The scientific consensus is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect, and that HIV is the cause ..., 2007. ref Role of legal and illegal drug use Duesberg argues that there is a correlation statistical ..., this argument has been described as an example of the fallacy of a lurking variable statistical ... s risk AIDS hypothesis Several studies have specifically addressed Duesberg s claim that recreational ... of his claims, published in Nature in 1993, found Duesberg s drug abuse AIDS hypothesis to have no basis ... hypothesis... is clearly rejected by our data , and that ...The evidence supports the hypothesis ..., with the use of modern culture techniques and polymerase chain reaction testing, HIV can be demonstrated .... ref AIDS in Africa According to the Duesberg hypothesis, AIDS is not found in Africa. What ... AIDS is arbitrary and does not include HIV testing. ref name DuesbergJBiosci A definition of AIDS ... Dye first7 C ref PCP may be underestimated in Africa since machinery required for accurate testing ... in Africa. Consistent with this hypothesis, studies that report the highest rates of PCP .... ref name inventing Scientific response to the Duesberg hypothesis The scientific consensus consensus in the scientific community is that the Duesberg hypothesis has been refuted by a large and growing ... of his hypothesis is in fact evidence of the role of HIV in AIDS. ref cite journal last1 Cohen first1 ... An Historical Perspective . AIDS DEFAULTSORT Duesberg Hypothesis Category AIDS origin hypotheses Category ... more details
Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis is a theory by ufologist and futurologist Mac Tonnies explaining the extraterrestrial hypothesis in a new way along with Jacques Vall e . It concentrates on the idea, that so called extraterrestrial intelligence is not out of our planet, but living among us. Category Ufology Category Cosmology ... more details
The Knudson hypothesis is the hypothesis that cancer is the result of accumulated mutation s to a cell s DNA . It was first proposed by Carl O. Nordling in 1953, ref name Nordling 1953 cite journal author Nordling C title A new theory on cancer inducing mechanism journal Br J Cancer volume 7 issue 1 pages 68 72 year 1953 url http www.carlonordling.se Cancer.html pmid 13051507 pmc 2007872 doi 10.1038 bjc.1953.8 ref ref name Marte 2006 cite web author Marte B title Milestone 9 1953 Two hit hypothesis It takes at least two to tango work Nature Milestones Cancer url http www.nature.com milestones milecancer full milecancer09.html date 2006 04 01 accessdate 2007 01 22 ref and later formulated by Alfred G. Knudson in 1971. ref name Knudson 1971 cite journal author Knudson A title Mutation and cancer statistical study of retinoblastoma journal PNAS Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 68 issue 4 pages 820 823 year 1971 pmid 5279523 doi 10.1073 pnas.68.4.820 pmc 389051 ref Knudson s work led indirectly to the identification of cancer related gene s. Knudson won the 1998 Albert Lasker Medical Research Award for this work. The multi mutation theory on cancer was proposed by Nordling in the British Journal of Cancer in 1953. He noted that in industrialized nations the frequency of cancer seems to increase according to the sixth power of age. This correlation could be explained by assuming that the outbreak of cancer requires the accumulations of six consecutive mutations. Later, Knudson performed a statistical analysis on cases of retinoblastoma , a tumor of the retina that occurs both as an inherited disease and sporadically. He noted that inherited retinoblastoma occurs at a younger age than the sporadic disease. In addition, the children with inherited retinoblastoma often developed the tumor in both eyes, suggesting an underlying predisposition. Knudson suggested that multiple hits ... an activated oncogene. Related ideas Field cancerisation may be an extended form of the Knudson hypothesis ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses comparator disambiguation The comparator hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of the psychology of motivation and learning . ref http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id k6ufhxSYXe8C&oi fnd&pg PA51&dq comparator&ots 0kZ3T3e4dw&sig ObK0QBEZCAeLsxDUjVsSafHIBWg PPA53,M1 ref Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome. The comparator hypothesis was the first model which successfully accounts for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. However, after the publication of the comparator hypothesis, traditional models like Wagner s SOP and the Rescorla Wagner model were modified to be able to account for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. Today, the comparator hypothesis can successfully account for counteraction phenomena, a topic in which both the traditional models and their reformulation tends to fail. References reflist Category Learning psychology Category Motivation social psych stub ... more details
. An alternative release of Hypothesis was titled Visions of the Future . In Germany Hypothesis and The Dragon were issued together as a double album titled Portrait . The cover artwork for Hypothesis .... Track listing Hypothesis, Part 1 16 00 Hypothesis, Part 2 16 10 References http www.vangelismovements.com ... 1978 albums Category Albums produced by Giorgio Gomelsky 1970s album stub electronic album stub ko Hypothesis it Hypothesis The Dragon pt Hypothesis ... more details
The 2R hypothesis or Ohno s hypothesis , first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, ref name Ohno70 Ohno ... hypothesis in genomics and molecular evolution suggesting that the genomes of the early vertebrate ..., and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999 variations in the number of duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis. ref name Hokamp cite journal last1 Hokamp first1 K last2 McLysaght first2 A last3 Wolfe first3 KH title The 2R hypothesis and the human ... of it in Evolution by Gene Duplication , the 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research, but even ... According to Hokamp et al. 2003 , ref name Hokamp the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes its name appears in Holland et al. 1994 ref name Holland cite journal ... proteins do not support the hypothesis of two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrate history ... doi 10.1007 PL00006499 ref blockquote Ohno s argument Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis ... history of one hypothesis journal Genome research volume 11 issue 5 pages 667 70 year 2001 pmid 11337465 doi 10.1101 gr.188801 ref Later evidence The 2R hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s ... for the hypothesis relies on the number of genes in mammals, which was previously estimated at around ... with the 2R hypothesis. Parsimony analysis has produced some results that, while not supportive of the hypothesis, do not rule it out. According to a 2001 review of the subject by Wojciech Maka owski, the hypothesis of whole genome duplications in the early stages of vertebrate evolution has as many ... that cast doubt on the hypothesis are of questionable validity. ref name Hokamp A review in 2007 by Masanori Kasahara states that there is now incontrovertible evidence supporting the 2R hypothesis and that a long standing debate on the 2R hypothesis is approaching the end . ref name Kasahara cite journal last1 Kasahara first1 M title The 2R hypothesis an update journal Current opinion in immunology ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2011 Named after the Hindu god of destruction, the Shiva Hypothesis is a hypothesis that purports to explain an apparent pattern in mass extinctions caused by impact event s. The hypothesis, created by Michael Rampino of New York University , says that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years such as the Cretaceous Tertiary extinction event . See also Extinction event Local Bubble Nemesis hypothetical star Tyche hypothetical planet References reflist External links http abob.libs.uga.edu bobk ccc cc020298.html A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino http users.tpg.com.au users tps seti crater.html A brief Category Impact events astronomy stub geology stub disaster stub es Hip tesis Shiva it Ipotesi di Shiva ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 The synaptotropic hypothesis is a neurobiology neurobiological hypothesis of neuron al growth and synapse formation. The hypothesis was first formulated by Vaughn in 1988 ref cite journal title Dendritic development and preferential growth into synaptogenic fields a quantitative study of Golgi impregnated spinal motor neurons author Vaughn JE, Barber RP, Sims TJ journal Synapse volume 2 pages 69 78 year 1988 pmid 2458630 issue 1 doi 10.1002 syn.890020110 ref , and remains a focus of current research efforts. ref cite journal title The regulation of dendritic arbor development and plasticity by glutamatergic synaptic input a review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis author Hollis Cline, Kurt Haas journal J Physiol volume 586 pages 1509 17 year 2008 pmid 18202093 issue 6 doi 10.1113 jphysiol.2007.150029 pmc 2375708 ref The hypothesis proposes that the formation of new synapses Synaptogenesis can guide the growth of dendrite s. The dendrites that find a synapse that successfully activates it are encouraged to mature and stabilize. The reasons for this stabilization after the growth of a synapse are as yet undiscovered, but there are hints that the activation of a synapse, somehow changes the biochemistry of the Focus Mechanism, that reabsorbs unused dendritic fibrils as part of the preliminary stages of new fibril proliferation. References reflist Category Neurophysiology Category Cellular neuroscience Category Developmental neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
European topics 300 The Kurgan hypothesis also theory or model is one of the proposals about early Indo ... steppes see the Kurgan hypothesis ... ref An alternative model is the Anatolian hypothesis Anatolian ... studies to favor no hypothesis on grounds of insufficient evidence, even the Kurgan model is viewed, at best, as highly speculative. The Kurgan hypothesis was first formulated in the 1950s by Marija .... 3000 BC, in practically every direction from this centre Anthony Kurgan hypothesis CITEREFAnthony1986 1986 , Kurgan hypothesis CITEREFAnthony1991 1991 Harvcolnb Mallory 1989 loc vol. 1 . ref The first ... hypothesis. Gimbutas original suggestion identifies four successive stages of the Kurgan culture ... Subsequent studies on ancient DNA tested the hypothesis. Skeletons from the Andronovo culture horizon ... The DNA testing of remains from kurgans also indicated a high prevalence of people with characteristics ... among supporters of the Kurgan hypothesis. JP Mallory in 1989 accepted the Kurgan hypothesis ... core vocabulary. Krell 1998 , Gimbutas Kurgans PIE homeland hypothesis a linguistic critique , points ... a Kurgan hypothesis, based on purely archaeological observations, and then proceeds to create a picture ... during the Bronze Age The Kurgan hypothesis describes the initial spread of Proto Indo European ... to declare the Kurgan hypothesis obsolete . ref Pre & protohistorie van de lage landen, onder ... hypothesis was discovered for decades. ref Schmoeckel 1999 ref He was unable to link Corded ... Glacial Maximum Competing hypotheses Proto Indo European Urheimat hypotheses Armenian hypothesis Anatolian hypothesis Out of India theory Paleolithic Continuity Theory Notes reflist colwidth 30em References ... hypothesis a linguistic critique . Chapter 11 in Archaeology and Language, II , Blench and Spriggs ... pages 223 234 . DEFAULTSORT Kurgan Hypothesis Category Indo European Category Eurasian nomads Category ... hypothesis sr sh Kurganska hipoteza fi Kurgaanikulttuuri sv Kurganhypotesen tr ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Inoculation hypothesis is defined as the idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument. To better explain this topic, in 1964 William McGuire came up with this Protecting a person s attitudes from persuasion is like inoculating the human body against disease . ref Kassin, S., Fein, S. & Markus, H. R. 2008 Social Psychology 7th ed. . Houghton Mifflin Boston. ref Inoculation hypothesis can be compared to an immunization . When the body is immunized against infection , a small dose of the particular strain is in the injection this helps the body build a resistance to the infection. Persuasion is closely related to inoculation hypothesis. Persuasion is a form of social influence. Persuasion guides people towards certain ideas or actions. According to Robert Cialdini , there are six weapons of influence when it comes to persuasion. They are, reciprocation, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity. References references Category Arguments ... more details
orphan date March 2010 The Portia Hypothesis claims women with masculine sounding names will be more successful in the legal profession than an otherwise identical counterpart. The hypothesis is named after William Shakespeare s Portia Merchant of Venice character from the Merchant of Venice , who disguises herself as a man so she can argue as a lawyer . Evidence A study of South Carolina judge s by Bentley Coffey Clemson University , Department of Economics & Patrick McLaughlin George Mason University , Mercatus Center found evidence supporting the hypothesis. References http www.abajournal.com weekly female lawyers with masculine names may have a better shot at judgeships st ABA Journal story http taxprof.typepad.com taxprof blog 2009 09 the portia effect .html Category Gender equality Category Sociology of law ... more details
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