wiktionary sparging sparge Sparging may refer to A step in Lautering Sparging lautering , a process used in brewing beer Vegetable fats and oils SpargingSparging , a process in the processing of edible oils Sparging chemistry , a process used in chemistry whereby a chemically inert gas is bubbled through a liquid disambig ... more details
In chemistry , sparging , also known as gas flushing in metallurgy , is a technique which involves bubbling a chemically inert gas, such as nitrogen , argon , or helium , through a liquid. This can be used to degasification remove dissolved gases e.g. oxygen from the liquid. Solvents used in high performance liquid chromatography HPLC are often sparged with helium. ref cite journal journal Today s Chemist at Work publisher American Chemical Society volume 9 issue 8 pages 28 32 year 2000 author M. W. Dong title Precision in HPLC. Mastering the art of HPLC ref In chemical engineering , sparging can also be a method to remove low boiling liquids from a solution. The low boiling components tend to evaporate more rapidly, hence they may be removed from the bulk solution containing higher boiling components. It is an alternative to distillation , and it does not require heat. This technique is also used in environmental chemistry to extract the oil contaminants from subsoil water and the ground. In metallurgy, this process is used to remove dissolved gases from the melt prior to the material being processed. ref Cite book last Degarmo first E. Paul last2 Black first2 J T. last3 Kohser first3 Ronald A. title Materials and Processes in Manufacturing publisher Wiley page 284 year 2003 edition 9th isbn 0 471 65653 4 ref For example, before casting aluminium alloys , argon bubbles are injected into liquid aluminium using a rotary degasser. The resulting argon bubbles will rise to the surface bringing with them a quantity of the dissolved hydrogen. This degassing treatment reduces the occurrence of hydrogen gas porosity . References reflist External links http books.google.com books?id KCUjfz ILSEC&pg PA86&lpg PA86&dq gas flushing melt&source bl&ots gGwhuIlMoN&sig Pk5lJ3h 7D M3tHI6nbvRFfxyQw&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 5&ct result PPA86,M1 Gas flushing of copper Category Laboratory techniques Category Metallurgy fr Barbotage ru uk ... more details
Image Homebrew Sparging.jpg thumb right Sparging setup. The top vessel contains hot water, which is sprayed over the grain in the middle vessel, draining into the brew kettle at bottom. Lautering is a process in brewing beer in which the Mashing mash is separated into the clear liquid wort and the residual grain. Lautering usually consists of 3 steps mashout, recirculation, and sparging. Mashout Mashout is the term for raising the temperature of the mash to 170 F 77 C . This both stops the enzyme enzymatic conversion of starch es to fermentable sugar s, and makes the mash and wort more fluid. Mashout is considered especially necessary if there is less than 1.5 quarts of water per pound of grain 3 liters of water per kilogram of grain , or if the grain is more than 25 wheat or oat s. The mashout step can be done by using external heat, or simply by adding hot water. ref name howtobrew cite book last Palmer first John authorlink coauthors title How to Brew publisher Brewers Publications date 2006 location Boulder, CO pages Chapter 17 url http www.howtobrew.com isbn 0937381888 ref Recirculation Recirculation consists of drawing off wort from the bottom of the mash, and adding it to the top. Lauter tuns typically have slotted bottoms to assist in the filtration process. The mash ... optics opacity . ref name howtobrew SpargingSparging is trickling water through the grain to extract ... the chaff grain husks as well, resulting in a bitter brew. Typically, 50 more water is used for sparging than was originally used for mashing. Sparging is typically conducted in a lauter tun. ref name howtobrew English beer English sparging drains the wort completely from the mash, after which more ... be added to the first draining. Some homebrewers use English sparging, except that the second batch ... occurs. ref name howtobrew German beer German sparging, which is used by commercial brewery breweries and many homebrewers, uses continuous process sparging. When the wort reaches a desired level ... more details
Vegetable oils image Olive oil from Oneglia.jpg caption Olive oil Vegetable oil is a liquid derived from plants. Vegetable fats and oils are commonly called vegetable oils . These are triglyceride based, and includes cooking oils like sunflower oil , solid oils like cocoa butter , oils used in paint like linseed oil and oils for industrial purposes, including as biofuel s. Essential oil s are based on volatile aromatic compounds, and include oils used in flavors, fragrances, and for health purposes, such as lemon oil , or oil of peppermint . Macerated oils are oils to which other matter has been added, such as herbs. Typically, the oil used is a food grade Vegetable oil fat fat type oil Hydrogenation Hydrogenated fats and oils are triglyceride based fats and oils which have been sparging sparged at high temperature and high pressure with hydrogen . The hydrogen bonds with the triglyceride, increasing the molecular weight. Oils are hydrogenated to increase resistance to rancidity oxidation or to raise the viscosity and melting point of the fat or oil. See also List of vegetable oils List of essential oils disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Notability date February 2009 Corzo is a brand of Tequila named in honor of the town of Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas , which was built on the highland battleground where the last Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native Americans opposed the Spanish Conquistadors. ref Burns, Aaron. Barcardi Emerging Brands Corzo Tequila. 5 Feb. 2009. ref Due to an ancestral link to the Soct n , the brand s founding master distiller used the name Corzo out of respect for these advanced people. Corzo is popular in tequila bars. ref name Tequila bars take flight cite web last Hallock first Betty title Tequila bars take flight publisher Los Angeles Times date January 23, 2008 url http www.latimes.com features food la fo tequila23jan23,1,1469542.story?page 1&coll la california underdog accessdate 2009 02 05 ref Corzo is the only tequila that uses sparging , a process which introduces microscopic air bubbles before bottling and allows the tequila to breathe. ref name Corzo Tequila Modern Margarita cite web last Kubin first Jacquie title Corzo Tequila Modern Margarita publisher The Washington Times date May 19, 2008 url http www.washingtontimes.com weblogs Culinary 2008 May 19 corzo tequila modern margarita accessdate 2009 02 05 ref Notes reflist Category Tequila Distilled beverage stub ... more details
A bubble column reactor is an apparatus used for gas liquid Chemical reaction reactions first applied by Helmut Gerstenberg. It consists of vertical arranged cylindrical columns. The introduction of gas takes place at the bottom of the column and causes a Turbulence turbulent stream to enable an optimum gas exchange. It is built in numerous forms of construction. The mixing is done by the gas sparging and it requires less energy than mechanical stirring. The liquid can be in parallel flow or counter current. Bubble column reactors are characterized by a high liquid content and a moderate phase boundary surface. The bubble column is particularly useful in reactions where the gas liquid reaction is slow in relation to the Absorption chemistry absorption rate . This is the case for gas liquid reactions with a Hatta number Ha 0.3. Bubble column reactors are used in various types of chemical reactions like wet oxidation , or as Algae bioreactor . Since the computerized design of bubble columns is restricted to a few partial processes, experience in the choice of a particular type column still plays an important role Literature Bubble Column Reactions, by Wolf Dieter Deckwer, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978 0471918110 External links http www.zju.edu.cn jzus 2004 0406 040615.pdf Modeling of mass transfer characteristics of bubble column reactor with surfactant present DEFAULTSORT Bubble Column Reactor Category Chemical reactors de Blasens ulenreaktor ... more details
File WOA05 GLODAP pd DIC AYool.png thumb right 200px Present day 1990s sea surface DIC concentration from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project GLODAP climatology . File WOA05 GLODAP pi DIC AYool.png thumb right 200px Pre Industrial revolution industrial 1700s sea surface DIC concentration from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project GLODAP climatology . The total inorganic carbon C sub T sub , or TIC or dissolved inorganic carbon DIC is the sum of inorganic carbon species in a solution . The inorganic carbon species include carbon dioxide , carbonic acid , bicarbonate anion , and carbonate . ref C. Michael Hogan. 2010. http www.eoearth.org article Calcium?topic 49557 Calcium . eds. A. Jorgensen, C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment. ref It is customary to express carbon dioxide and carbonic acid simultaneously as CO sub 2 sub . C sub T sub is an key parameter when making measurements related to the pH of natural aqueous systems, ref Stanley E. Manahan. 2005. Environmental chemistry. CRC Press ref and carbon dioxide flux estimates. C sub T sub CO sub 2 sub HCO sub 3 sub sup sup CO sub 3 sub sup 2 sup where, C sub T sub is the total inorganic carbon CO sub 2 sub is the sum of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid concentrations CO sub 2 sub CO sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub HCO sub 3 sub sup sup is the bicarbonate concentration CO sub 3 sub sup 2 sup is the carbonate concentration Each of these species are related by the following pH driven chemical equilibria CO sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub O Eqm H sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub Eqm H sup sup HCO sub 3 sub sup sup Eqm 2H sup sup CO sub 3 sub sup 2 sup Total inorganic carbon is typically measured by the acid ification of the sample which drives the Chemical equilibrium equilibria to CO sub 2 sub . This gas is then sparging chemistry sparged from solution and trapped, and the quantity trapped is then measured, usually by infrared spectroscopy . See also Alkalinity total alkalinity A s ... more details
Soil Vapor Extraction SVE is an in situ process for soil Environmental remediation remediation where contamination is removed from soil by carrying it out through a medium such as air or steam. The extracted soil vapors are separated into liquids and vapors, and each stream is treated as necessary. SVE is suitable for removing a variety of contaminants that have a high vapor pressure or a low boiling point compared to water, such as chlorinated solvents. SVE can handle high concentrations of contaminant, including contaminants in the form of a non aqueous phase liquid NAPL . SVE is characterized as a quick and effective remediation technique. Medium for Contaminant Transport The medium in which the contaminants are removed is typically air or steam. It can be injected into the ground, or created in situ in limited cases see next section . Air sparging is the process of injecting air into the ground using a system of blowers and injection wells. Effect of temperature Heating the soil is desirable because it volatilizes the contaminants and increases their vapor pressures. Heating can significantly reduce the time needed to achieve the target level of remediation. Moderate heating can be achieved using an underground heat exchange system. Heating to higher temperatures can be achieved with Electrical resistance heating . This involves installing electrodes in the area of treatment and applying 3 phase or 6 phase electricity to them. Electrical current flowing through the soil generates heat through electro resistive heating , causing contaminants to volatilize. The vapor phase contaminants as well as any other volatilized compounds in the soil, such as groundwater are then transported through the SVE conveyance to the surface, where they can be treated and discharged see next section . ref http www.mecx.net papers SOQs MECX 20Environmental 20Consulting 20& 20 20Remediation 20SOQ.pdf ref Treatment of Soil Vapor Extracted soil vapor is cooled if necessary and separated ... more details
image Sonicator.jpg thumb right A sonicator at the Weizmann Institute of Science during sonication Sonication is the act of applying sound usually ultrasound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes. In the laboratory, it is usually applied using an ultrasonic bath or an ultrasonic probe , colloquially known as a sonicator. In a Fourdrinier machine paper machine , an Ultrasonic foil papermaking ultrasonic foil can distribute cellulose fibres more uniformly and strengthen the paper. Sonication has numerous effects, both chemical and physical. The chemical effects of ultrasound, i.e., sonochemistry is concerned with understanding the effect of sonic waves on chemical systems. The chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction with molecular species. Studies have shown that no direct coupling of the acoustic field with chemical species on a molecular level can account for sonochemistry ref Suslick, K. S. Sonochemistry, Science 1990, 247, 1439 1445. ref or sonoluminescence . ref Suslick, K. S. Flannigan, D. J. Inside a Collapsing Bubble, Sonoluminescence and Conditions during Cavitation Annual Rev. Phys. Chem. 2008, 59, 659 683. ref Instead, sonochemistry arises from acoustic cavitation the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles in a liquid. ref name Suslick1989 Suslick, Kenneth S. February 1989 . The Chemical Effects of Ultrasound. Scientific American . pp.62 68 p.62 ref Sonication can be used to speed dissolution, by breaking intermolecular interactions. It is especially useful when it is not possible to stir the sample, as with NMR tube s. It may also be used to provide the energy for certain chemical reactions to proceed. Sonication can be used to remove dissolved gases from liquids degassing by sonicating the liquid while it is under a vacuum. This is an alternative to the freeze pump thaw and sparging methods. In biological applications, sonication may be sufficient to disrupt or deactivate a biological mate ... more details
treatment techniques include, but not limited to, pump and treat , air sparging , and dual phase extraction ... and is coupled with either biological or chemical treatments to remove the impurities. Air sparging Air sparging is the process of blowing air directly into the ground water. As the bubbles rise, the contaminants ... airspa.htm Air Sparging , The Center for Public Environmental Oversight CPEO . Retrieved 2009 11 29 ... more details
to the bottom. However, a system that utilizes nitrogen sparging and then subsequently tank blanketing ... sparging creates a significantly higher amount of surface contact between the gas and the product ... more details
catalyst ozone sparging persulfate in situ enhanced reductive dechlorination ref name UK ref ... ITRC2000 ref name UK air sparging ref name ITRC2000 ref name UK heating ref name ITRC2000 Most DNAPLs ... more details
see also Water aeration Aeration also called aerification is the Systems engineering process process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or solvation dissolved in a liquid or substance. Aeration of liquids File Fine Bubble Diffuser Tube .jpg thumb Aerating water by means of fine pore membrane diffuser Methods Aeration of liquids usually water is achieved by passing the liquid through air by means of fountain s, Waterfall cascades , paddle wheels or cones. passing air through the liquid by means of the Venturi tube , Aeration Turbine aeration turbines or compressed air which can be combined with diffuser s air stone s , as well as fine bubble diffusers , coarse bubble diffusers or linear aeration tubing. Ceramics are suitable for this purpose, often involving dispersion of fine air or gas bubbles through the porous ceramic into a liquid. The smaller the bubbles, the more gas is exposed to the liquid increasing the gas transfer efficiency. Diffusers or sparger s can also be designed into the system to cause turbulence or mixing if desired. Porous ceramic diffusers are made by fusing aluminum oxide grains using porcelain bonds to form a strong, uniformly porous and homogeneous structure. The naturally hydrophilic material is easily wetted resulting in the production of fine, uniform bubbles. ref http www.refractron.com diffusion sparging aeration.asp Porous Ceramic Diffusers ref On a given volume of air or liquid, the surface area changes proportionally with drop or bubble size, the very surface area where exchange can occur. Utilizing extremely small bubbles or drops increases the rate of gas transfer aeration due to the higher contact surface area. The pores which these bubbles pass through are generally micrometre size. Uses of aeration of liquids To restrict flow of tap water at the faucet Production of aerated water or cola for drinking purposes Secondary treatment of sewage or industrial wastewater through use of aerating mixers Diffuser sewage diffuse ... more details
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