Somatichypermutation or SHM is a mechanism inside Cell biology cells that is part of the way the adaptive immune system immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it for example, microbes . SHM diversifies the receptors used by the immune system to recognize foreign elements antigen s and allows the immune system to adapt its response to new threats during the lifetime of an organism. ref name Janeway2005 cite book author Janeway, C.A., Travers, P., Walport, M., Shlomchik, M.J. year 2005 title Immunobiology edition 6th publisher Garland Science isbn 0815341016 ref Somatichypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Unlike germline mutation , SHM affects only individual lymphocytes immune cells , and the mutations ... Diversity and SomaticHypermutation Thesis University of Leeds. ref Mistargeted somatichypermutation ... author Odegard V.H., Schatz D.G. year 2006 title Targeting of somatichypermutation journal Nat. Rev ... of antibody diversity through somatichypermutation and class switch recombination journal Genes ... cite journal author Teng, G. and Papavasiliou, F.N. year 2007 title Immunoglobulin SomaticHypermutation ... Involvement of Rad18 in somatichypermutation journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA volume 103 pages ... Immunoglobulin somatichypermutation Immune system Category Immune system ca Hipermutaci som tica de Somatische Hypermutation es Hipermutaci n som tica he pl Hipermutacja ..., the B cell receptor Locus genetics locus undergoes an extremely high rate of somatic mutation ... cite journal author Liu, M., Schatz, D.G. year 2009 title Balancing AID and DNA repair during somatichypermutation. Trends in Immunology volume 30 pages 173 181 url http www.cell.com trends immunology ... 4 pmid 19303358 ref This directed hypermutation allows for the selection of B cells that express ... responses upon reinfection. ref name Oprea1999 The hypermutation process also utilizes cells that auto ... more details
Wiktionary The term somatic from the Greek Lang el means of the body , ref cite web title Somatic on the free dictionary url http www.thefreedictionary.com somatic ref , relating to the body. In medicine, somatic illness is bodily, not mental, illness. The term is often used in biology to refer to the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells which usually give rise to the gametes ovum or sperm . These somatic cells are diploid containing two copies of each chromosome, whereas the germ cells are haploid as they only contain one copy of each chromosome. Although under normal circumstances all somatic cells contain identical DNA, they develop a variety of tissue specific characteristics. This process is called differentiation cellular differentiation , through epigenetic and regulatory alterations. The grouping of like cells and tissues creates the foundation for organs. Somatic mutation s are changes to the genetics of a multicellular organism which are not passed on to its offspring through the germline. Many cancer s are somatic mutations. Somatic is also defined as relating to the wall of the body cavity, particularly as distinguished from the head, limbs or viscera . It is also used in the term somatic nervous system which is the portion of the vertebrate nervous system which regulates voluntary movements of the body. See also Somatics Soma biology References reflist Category Developmental biology developmental biology stub fa ... more details
A somatic antigen is an antigen located in the cell wall of a gram positive or gram negative bacterium . ref somatic antigen. The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. 2007. Houghton Mifflin Company 29 Aug. 2010 http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com somatic antigen ref references See also Lipopolysaccharide DEFAULTSORT Somatic Antigen Category Bacterial proteins Category Bacteriology bacteria stub ... more details
Somatic embryos are mainly produced In vitro in vitro and for laboratory purposes, using either solid ... Culture 3rd Edition, 335 354. ref Somatic embryogenesis is a process where a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell or group of somatic cells. This is in contrast to Plant embryogenesis ... cell. Somatic embryos are produced when somatic cells are restructured through a series of morphological ... 2010 Regulation of Somatic embryogenesis in Higher Plants , Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 29 1, 36 57 ref Development of somatic embryos is not that different from Zygote zygotic embryo s. ref Zimmerman JL 1993 Somatic Embryogenesis a model for early development in higher plants. Plant Cell 5 1411 1423 ref Three examples of somatic embryogenesis from nature are ovules in Paeonia and on the leaves of Asplenium and Kalanchoe . Shoots and roots are monopolar while somatic embryos are bipolar, allowing them to form a whole plant without culturing on multiple media types. Somatic embryogenesis ... through somatic embryogenesis can be used to study cell differentiation in plants. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 86 285 301. ref The first documentation of somatic embryogenesis was by Steward et al in 1958 ... Conger type callus 3ms White Light.TIF thumb Switchgrass somatic embryos Direct and indirect embryogenesis Somatic embryogenesis has been described to occur in two ways directly or indirectly ref Sharp ... via somatic embryogenesis Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis occurs in five steps initiation of embryogenic cultures, proliferation of embryogenic cultures, prematuration of somatic embryos, maturation of somatic embryos and plant development on nonspecific media. Initiation and proliferation ... can then develop into mature embryos. Germination of the somatic embryo can only occur when it is mature ... by Tissue Culture 3rd Edition, 335 354. ref Factors influencing somatic embryogenesis Factors and mechanisms controlling cell differentiation in somatic embryos are relatively ambiguous. Certain ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Somatic effort refers to the total investments of an organism in its own developmental biology development , Cellular differentiation differentiation , and Maintenance of an organism maintenance which consequently increases its Biological reproduction reproductive potential. DEFAULTSORT Somatic Effort Category Behavioral ecology Category Reproduction Biology stub ... more details
A somatic epitype is a non heritable epigenetic alteration in a gene. It is similar to conventional epigenetics in that it does not involve changes in the DNA primary sequence. Physically, the somatic epitype corresponds to changes in DNA methylation , oxidative damage replacement of Guanosine triphosphate GTP with oxo 8 dGTP , or changes in DNA chromatin structure that are not reversed by normal cellular or nuclear repair mechanisms. Somatic epitypes alter gene expression levels without altering the amino acid sequence of the expressed protein. Current research suggests that somatic epitypes can be altered both before and after birth, and this alteration can be in response to exposure to heavy metals such as lead , differences in maternal care, or nutritional or behavioral stress. There is no indication that somatic epitypes are heritable in a conventional epigenetic fashion. Some research suggests that methylation levels and gene expression can be reversed for some somatic epitypes by alterations in environmental factors such as diet. See also Epigenetics Sources cite journal author Lahiri DK, Maloney B title Genes are not our destiny the somatic epitype bridges between the genotype and the phenotype journal Nature Rev Neurosci volume 7 issue 12 year 2006 doi 10.1038 nrn2022 c1 url http www.nature.com nrn journal v7 n12 full nrn2022 c1.html cite journal author Mathers JC title Nutritional modulation of ageing genomic and epigenetic approaches journal Mech. Ageing Dev. volume 127 issue 6 pages 584 9 year 2006 month June pmid 16513160 doi 10.1016 j.mad.2006.01.018 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0047 6374 06 00039 X biology stub Category DNA Category Epigenetics ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2010 A somatic cell diploid is any cell biology biological cell forming the body of an organism that is, in a multicellular organism , any cell other than a gamete , germ cell , gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell . By contrast, gametes are cells that fuse during sexual reproduction , for organisms that reproduce sexually Germ cells are cells that give rise to gametes Stem cells are cells that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types. For example, in mammal s, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood, and connective tissue. By contrast, mammalian germ cells give rise to spermatozoa and ova which fuse during fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote , which develops into an embryo . The word somatic is derived from the Greek language Greek word s ma , meaning body . Genetics and chromosome content Like all cells, somatic cells contain DNA arranged in chromosome s. If a somatic cell contains chromosomes arranged in pairs, it is called diploid and the organism is called a diploid organism. The gametes of diploid organisms contain only single unpaired chromosomes and are called haploid . Each pair of chromosomes comprises one chromosome inherited from the father and one inherited from the mother. For example, in humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs ... 46 chromosomes i.e. 23 pairs . However, a large number of species have the chromosomes in their somatic ... L. , a hexaploid species whose somatic cells contain six copies of every chromatid . Cloning ... identical genetic clones of an animal to be produced. One method of doing this is called somatic cell nuclear transfer and involves removing the cell nucleus nucleus from a somatic cell, usually ... cloned dog . DEFAULTSORT Somatic Cell Category Cloning Category Cells Category Developmental biology ... cel ja pl Kom rka somatyczna pt C lula som tica ru simple Somatic cell ... more details
The lifestage at which a fungus lives, grows, and develops, gathering nutrients and energy. The fungi uses this stage to cell growth proliferate itself through asexual reproduction asexual ly created mitotic spores . Cycles through somatic hyphae, zoosporangium , zoospore s, encystation & germination , and back to somatic hyphae. References C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell, Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004 ISBN 0 471 52229 5 Category Fungal morphology and anatomy Category Article Feedback 5 fungus stub ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Somatic Defilement Type studio Artist Whitechapel band Whitechapel Cover Whitechapel The Somatic Defilement.jpg Released July 31, 2007 Recorded 2007 at The Sound Lair in Knoxville, Tennessee Genre Deathcore Length 31 59 Label Candlelight Records Candlelight , Ferret Music Siege of Amida Producer Miah Lajeunesse and Whitechapel band Whitechapel Last album This album The Somatic Defilement br 2007 Next album This Is Exile br 2008 Misc Album ratings rev1 About.com rev1Score Rating 3.5 5 http heavymetal.about.com od cdreviews fr whitechapelsoma.htm link rev2 Allmusic rev2Score Rating 3.5 5 Allmusic class album id r1087757 pure url yes link rev3 Metal Injection rev3Score rating 5.5 10 http metalinjection.net blog 2007 10 29 cd review whitechapel the somatic defilement link The Somatic Defilement is the first album by the American deathcore band Whitechapel band Whitechapel . The album was released on July 31, 2007, through Candlelight Records . Overview The Somatic Defilement is a concept album based on Jack the Ripper , in which all of the songs are first person narrative s of the murder slaughter and rape of prostitution prostitutes . The album is the only one by Whitechapel to include Brandon Cagle as guitarist. He later left the band, because the injuries he received from a motorcycle accident left him unable to play his instrument. He was replaced by Zach Householder. ref http www.metalunderground.com news details.cfm?newsid 31209 www.metalunderground.com Whitechapel part ways with guitarist Brandon Cagle ref The intro track, Necrotizing contains excerpts from a Stone Phillips interview with Jeffrey Dahmer . ref http ... 0 35 title2 The Somatic Defilement length2 5 19 title3 Devirgination Studies length3 3 12 title4 Prostatic ... Douches . A&R by Jamie Graham References reflist Whitechapel DEFAULTSORT Somatic Defilement, The Category 2007 albums Category Debut albums Category Concept albums Category Whitechapel albums fr The Somatic ... more details
wheat triticum and rye secale to produce Triticale . Uses of somatic fusion include making potato ... GT and Austin S year 1986 title Somatic hybrids between Solanum brevidens and Solanum tuberosum ... 5 issue 3 pages 212 214 doi 10.1007 BF00269122 ref . Through somatic fusion, the crop potato ... of both plants and is thus similar to polyploid plants. Process for plant cells The somatic fusion ... of each type of plant using cellulase enzyme to produce a somatic cell called a protoplast The cells ... togethor the nuclei. The resulting fused Cell nucleus nucleus is called heterokaryon . The somatic ... as a somatic hybrid . Different from the procedure for seed plants describe above, fusion of moss ... O. Abel, Ralf Reski 1994 Fate of a mutant macrochloroplast in somatic hybrids. Journal of Plant Physiology .... Book. ref . Applications in animal cells Somatic cell s of different types can be fused to obtain ... producing lymphocyte , etc. Chromosome mapping through somatic cell hybridization is essentially based on fusion of human and mouse somatic cells. Generally, human fibrocyte s or White blood cells ... nucleus. A generalized scheme for somatic cell hybridization may be described as follows. Appropriate ... be planned in a similar fashion. Characteristics of Somatic Hybridization and Cybridization 1. Somatic ... to produce fertile diploid s and polyploid s. 3. Somatic cell fusion overcomes sexual incompatibility barriers. In some cases somatic hybrids between two incompatible plants have also found application in industry or agriculture . 4. Somatic cell fusion is useful in the study of cytoplasmic ... more details
Somatic psychology is an interdisciplinary field involving the study of the body, somatic experience, and the embodied self, including therapeutic and holistic approaches to body. The word somatic comes from the ancient Greek somat body . The word psychology comes from the ancient Greek psyche breath, soul hence mind and logia study . Body Psychotherapy is a general branch of this subject, whilst Somatherapy , Eco somatics and Dance therapy , for example, are specific branches of the subject. Somatic psychology is a field of study that bridges the Mind body dichotomy . Whilst Pierre Janet can perhaps be considered the first Somatic Psychologist due to his extensive psychotherapeutic studies and writings with significant reference to the body some of which pre date Freud , it was actually Wilhelm Reich who was the first person to bring body awareness systematically into psychoanalysis, and also the first psychotherapist to touch clients physically, working with their bodies. ref Boadella ... ref Reich was a significant influence in the founding of Body Psychotherapy or Somatic Psychology as it is often ... Psychotherapy and Somatic Psychology is of particular interest in trauma work. ref Moskowitz, A., Schafer ... psychology Mindfulness practice and psychoanalysis has recognized the use of somatic resonance ... and are considered a study and practice within the field of somatic psychology. ref Meekums, B ... The primary relationship addressed in somatic psychology is the person s relation to and empathy ... A wide variety of techniques are used in somatic psychotherapy including sound, touch, mirroring ... May 20 2007 ref of these early experiences, somatic psychology includes the non verbal qualities ... of our vitality . Somatic psychologists tend to bring body, body processes, and body ... Books, June 2002 ref In addition the early history of clinical psychology points to somatic psychotherapy ... applications and clinical studies of meditation Psychoneuroimmunology Hakomi Bioenergetics Somatic ... more details
Somatic anxiety is anxiety provoked by bodily symptoms of tension such as butterflies in the stomach . It is commonly contrasted with cognitive anxiety which is that provoked by mental concerns or worry . These different components or dimensions of anxiety are especially studied in sports psychology . ref citation url http books.google.co.uk books?id MNldMfnlb0cC title Competitive anxiety in sport author Rainer Martens, Robin S. Vealey, Damon Burton pages 6 et seq. ref References reflist Additional references cite url http www.psychosomaticmedicine.org cgi content abstract 40 4 321 title Patterning of cognitive and somatic processes in the self regulation of anxiety effects of meditation versus exercise first GE last Schwartz first2 RJ last2 Davidson first3 DJ last3 Goleman journal Psychosomatic Medicine date June 1978 volume 40 number 4 pages 321 8 cite url http www.athleticinsight.com Vol4Iss2 Competitive State Anxiety.htm title Contrasting Concepts of Competitive State Anxiety in Sport Multidimensional Anxiety and Catastrophe Theories first Ivan M. last McNally journal Athletic Insight date August 2002 volume 4 number 2 pages 10 22 Category Anxiety ... more details
Somatic Experiencing is a form of therapy aimed at relieving and resolving the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder PTSD and other mental and physical trauma related health problems by focusing on the client s perceived body sensations or somatic experiences . It was introduced in Peter A. Levine Dr. Peter Levine s 1997 book Waking the Tiger . In it, he discusses at length his observations of animals in the wild, and how they deal with and recover from life threatening situations. He concludes that their behaviour gives us an insight into the biological healing process p.98 , and that the key to healing traumatic symptoms in humans lies in our being able to mirror the fluid adaption of wild animals p.17 18 as they avoid traumatization in reacting to life threatening situations. ref name Levine 97 Levine, Peter A. with Frederick, Ann Waking the Tiger. Healing Trauma. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, CA, 1997 ISBN 1 55643 233 X ref Theory The theory postulates that the symptoms of trauma are the effect of a dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system ANS . It further postulates that the ANS has an inherent capacity to self regulate that is undermined by trauma, and that the inherent capacity to self regulate can be restored by the procedures of Somatic Experiencing. ref name ... Gendlin s Focusing . Practitioners of Somatic Experiencing are often also psychotherapists , Rolfing ... span years. Somatic Experiencing attempts to promote awareness and release of physical tension that proponents ... a Somatics Anthology . North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, 2004 ref p.273 277 . Somatic Experiencing ... the client s inherent capacity to self regulate is believed to be restored. Somatic Experiencing is considered ... reading Eckberg, Maryanna 2000 . Victims of cruelty. Somatic Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic ... Peter Levine s Foundation for Human Enrichment cite web last Carney first Lela title Somatic Experiencing ... stress disorder da Somatic Experiencing de Somatic Experiencing ... more details
In Osteopathic medicine in the United States osteopathic medicine and osteopathy , somatic dysfunction is the impaired or altered function of bodily structures most often of the musculoskeletal system , nervous system , or lymphatic system treated by osteopathic manipulative medicine osteopathic manual technique OMT . Diagnosis Somatic dysfunction is diagnosed by physical examination. The osteopathic physician looks for symptoms commonly represented by the mnemonic device TARt Tissue texture change, Asymmetry, Restriction, and Tenderness . The physician uses techniques such as layer by layer palpation and intersegmental range of motion testing to make the diagnosis. Diagnosis usually requires only the use of the physician s hands and fingertips, though instruments such as a goniometer can be used to detect a diminished range of motion. The hallmark of a musculoskeletal somatic dysfunction diagnosis involves the detection of a restrictive barrier related to the structure in question. The language of barriers refers to the point at which a structure cannot move further in a given direction. For example, a natural physiologic barrier of the arm represents the farthest that a person can naturally move their arm before it cannot be comfortably moved further. The anatomic barrier, then, is how far the arm can be pushed or pulled by an outside force before the arm becomes physically injured. A pathological or restrictive barrier represents the shortened range of motion to which the arm is confined because of an injury, spasm, or some other somatic dysfunction. The goal of treatment ... types of somatic dysfunctions may include occlusions or mutilations of vasculature or lymphatic vessels ... The physical manifestation of somatic dysfunction is frequently associated reciprocally ... some part. Citation needed date August 2010 Research Research in somatic dysfunction and the use ... 0 8151 3543 2 oclc doi accessdate DEFAULTSORT Somatic Dysfunction Category Osteopathy Category Manipulative ... more details
The somatic school was a group of nineteenth century German psychiatrists, including Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi Carl Jacobi , Christian Friedrich Nasse and Carl Friedrich Flemming , who taught that insanity is a symptom of biological diseases located outside the brain, particularly diseases of the abdominal and thoracic viscera, akin to the delirium caused by many acute biological illnesses. Their approach differed from that of the physiological school, represented by Wilhelm Roser , Wilhelm Griesinger and Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich Carl Wunderlich , who insisted on there being a brain lesion underlying every case of insanity, even if in some instances that lesion is the product of a pre existing, extra cerebral biological illness. ref name Asylum vcite book author Bucknoll JC title The asylum journal of mental science volume 2 year 1856 publisher William Pollard location Exeter pages 78 9 url http books.google.com books?id cR8HAQAAIAAJ ref ref name Engstrom vcite book author Engstrom EJ title Clinical psychiatry in imperial Germany a history of psychiatric practice year 2003 pages 58 9 publisher Cornell University Press isbn 0801441951 ref References reflist Psychiatry Category History of psychiatry Category Psychological schools ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name General somatic efferent fibers Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. Somatic efferent. BR 2. General somatic afferent fibers Somatic afferent . BR 3,4,5. General visceral efferent fibers Sympathetic efferent . BR 6,7. General visceral afferent fibers Sympathetic afferent . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The spinal somatic efferent neurons GSE , somatomotor , or somatic motor fibers , arise from motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral horns of the gray matter within the spinal cord . They exit the spinal cord through the ventral roots , carrying motor impulses to skeletal muscle . Of the somatic efferent neurons, there exist subtypes. Alpha motor neurons target extrafusal muscle fiber s. Gamma motor neurons target intrafusal muscle fibre s Cranial nerves also supply their own somatic efferent neurons to the extraocular muscles and some of the muscles of the tongue. See also Nerve fiber Efferent nerve References reflist Gray s Nervous tissue Category Peripheral nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. General somatic efferent fibers Somatic efferent . BR 2. Somatic afferent. BR 3,4,5. General visceral efferent fibers Sympathetic efferent . BR 6,7. General visceral afferent fibers Sympathetic afferent . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The general somatic afferent fibers GSA , or somatic sensory fibers , afferent fibers , arise from cells in the spinal ganglia and are found in all the spinal nerves , except occasionally the first cervical, and conduct impulses of Pain and nociception pain , touch and temperature from the surface of the body through the posterior roots to the spinal cord and impulses of muscle sense, tendon sense and joint sense from the deeper structures. See also Afferent nerve References reflist Gray s Nervous tissue neuroscience stub Category Spinal cord ru GSA DEFAULTSORT General Somatic Afferent Fibers ... more details
Summary album cover fur REQUIRED Article The Somatic Defilement Use Infobox HIGHLY RECOMMENDED Source http ecx.images amazon.com images I 51aQOAMqW9L. SS500 .jpg Amazon ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name The Somatic Defilement Artist Whitechapel Label Candlelight Records Graphic Artist Item front cover Type CD Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Portion Low resolution Purpose Replaceability other information Licensing Non free album cover ... more details
Infobox journal title Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics cover editor Elliot R. Kaufman discipline Cell biology , Molecular genetics language former names Somatic Cell Genetics abbreviation Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. publisher Springer Science Business Media country frequency bi monthly history 1975 2002 openaccess license impact impact year website http www.springer.com biomed human genetics journal 11188 link1 http www.springerlink.com content 0740 7750 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 10009256 LCCN CODEN SCMGDN ISSN 0740 7750 eISSN 1572 9931 Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics was a peer review peer reviewed scientific journal in the fields of Cell biology and Molecular genetics . The journal was established in 1975 as Somatic Cell Genetics . The founding editor in chief was Richard L. Davidson then of the University of Illinois College of Medicine . ref cite journal url http www.springerlink.com content R18N807T53G21040 primary title On the initial issue first Richard L. last Davidson month January year 1975 journal Somatic Cell Genetics volume 1 issue 1 pages 1 2 ref . The journal expanded scope to encompass the increased development of molecular genetics and changed its name to reflect this with the tenth volume January 1984 edition. ref cite journal journal Somatic Cell Genetics first Richard L. last Davidson month November year 1983 volume 9 issue 6 pages 643 644 title Editorial url http www.springerlink.com content 0740 7750 9 6 ref Davidson was succeeded When date April 2011 as editor in chief by Illinois colleague, Elliot R. Kaufman ref cite web url http tigger.uic.edu erk scmg.html title Somatic Cell & Molecular Genetics accessdate 24 April 2011 ref The journal was published by Springer Science Business Media Springer group companies Plenum ... bi monthly. Abstracting and indexing Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics is fully indexed in Index medicus ... 20Mol 20Genet 22 title Somatic cell and molecular genetics. NLM Catalog result accessdate 24 April ... more details
Special somatic afferent SSA refers to afferent nerves that carry information from the special senses of Visual system vision , Hearing sense hearing and Equilibrioception balance . The cranial nerve s containing SSA fibers are the optic nerve II and the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII . SSA may also stand for special sensory afferent , however this term encompasses both special somatic and special visceral afferent s. ref Drake et al. 2010 , Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Churchill Livingstone. ref References references External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca cns histo systems cranialnerves main.htm Overview at mmi.mcgill.ca Nervous tissue Category Neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Somatic cell count SCC is an indicator of the quality of milk . Somatic cells are leukocyte s white blood cell s . The number of somatic cells increases in response to pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus , a cause of mastitis . The SCC is quantified as cells per ml. General agreement rests on the values of less than 100,000 cells ml for uninfected cow s and greater than 300,000 for cows infect ed with significant pathogen s. Citation needed date November 2010 The California mastitis test provides a cow side measure of somatic cell count. The somatic cell count in the milk also increases after calving when colostrum is produced. Somatic cell count and bacteria plate count The methods of determining Grade A milk quality are well established, and are based on the somatic cell count and the bacteria plate count . Generally a lower somatic cell count indicates better animal health, while the bacteria plate count indicates improved equipment sanitation. Somatic cells originate only from inside the animal s udder, while the bacteria are usually from external contaminations, such as insufficient cleaning of the milk transport equipment or insufficient external cleansing of the cow s udder and teats prior to milking. Milking equipment can also be accidentally knocked or kicked off an animal onto the floor, and contaminants on the barn floor can be sucked into the milk line by the system vacuum. A filter sock or filter disk in the pipeline prevents large particulate contaminants from entering the milk bulk tank, but cannot remove bacterial contamination once it has occurred. For example as defined by the State of Indiana administrative code, ref ... loop count methods shall be not more than one million 1,000,000 bacteria per milliliter. The somatic ... Guidelines for Using the DHI Somatic Cell Count Program ref Guidelines for Using the DHI Somatic ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT Somatic Cell Count Category Dairy farming Category Cattle is Frumutala he ... more details
For the musician known as Somatic, see Hahn Rowe . The somatic nervous system SoNS is the part of the peripheral nervous system ref DorlandsDict nine 20694579 somatic nervous system ref associated with the wikt voluntary voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles . The SoNS consists of efferent nerve s responsible for stimulating muscle contraction , including all the non sensory neuron s connected with skeletal muscle s and skin . Nerve signal transmission The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscle voluntary muscular systems within the body, with the exception of reflex arc s. The basic route of nerve signal s within the efferent somatic nervous system involves a sequence that begins in the upper Cell biology cell bodies of motor neuron s upper motor neuron s within the Brodmann area 4 precentral gyrus which approximates the primary motor cortex . Stimuli from the precentral gyrus are transmitted from upper motor neurons and down the corticospinal tract , via axon s to control skeletal voluntary muscles. These stimuli are conveyed from upper motor neurons through the ventral horn of the spinal cord , and across synapse s to be received by the sensory receptor s of alpha motor neurons large lower motor neuron s of the brainstem and spinal cord . Upper motor neurons release a neurotransmitter , acetylcholine , from their axon terminal knobs, which are received by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor nicotinic receptors of the alpha motor neurons. In turn, alpha motor neurons relay the stimulus physiology stimuli received down their axons via the ventral root of the spinal cord. These signals then proceed to the neuromuscular junction s of skeletal muscles. From there, acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal knobs of alpha motor neurons and received ... Somatic Nervous System Category Nervous system Category Sensory system Category Peripheral nervous ... Sistem nervos somatic ru simple Somatic nervous system fi Somaattinen ... more details
The somatic marker hypothesis SMH ref name Damasio1994 Antonio Damasio Damasio, A.R. 1994 . Descartes ... DTD1991 Damasio, A.R., Tranel, D. & Damasio, H. 1991 . Somatic markers and the guidance of behaviour ... Upright Somatic markers are probably stored in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex pictured. When ... decide. In these cases and others , somatic markers can help us decide. Somatic markers are associations ... state. Within the brain, somatic markers are thought to be processed in the ventromedial prefrontal ... Damasio, A.R. 1996 The Somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex ref These somatic marker associations can reoccur during decision making and bias our cognitive processing. When we have to make complex and uncertain decisions, the somatic markers created by the relevant stimuli are summed to produce a net somatic state. This overall state directs or biases ... cortical cognitive processing. Damasio proposes that somatic markers direct attention towards more ... action in mediating the development and action of somatic markers. A major source of supporting ... therefore make perfect decisions. In contrast to economic theory, the somatic marker hypothesis proposes ... name Damasio1991 cite book last Damasio first A. title Somatic Markers and the Guidance of Behavior ... The somatic marker hypothesis A neural theory of economic decision journal Games and Economic Behavior ... making decisions in the future, these physiological signals or somatic markers and its evoked emotion ... certain behaviors while avoiding others. ref name Descartes1994 For instance, when a somatic marker ... to pursue that behavior. When a somatic marker associated with the negative outcome is perceived .... These situation specific somatic states based on, and reinforced by, past experiences help ..., two distinct pathways reactivate somatic marker responses. In the first pathway, emotion can ... to have a fast track decision making mechanism i.e., somatic markers , that can respond rapidly ... more details
Image Cloning diagram english.svg thumb 300px right Somatic cell nuclear transfer can create clones for both reproductive and therapeutic purposes. The diagram depicts the removal of the donor nucleus for schematic purposes in practice usually the whole donor cell is transferred. In genetics and developmental biology , somatic cell nuclear transfer SCNT is a laboratory technique for creating a clonal embryo, using an ovum with a donor nucleus see process below . It can be used in embryonic stem cell research, or, potentially, in regenerative medicine where it is sometimes referred to as therapeutic cloning . It can also be used as the first step in the process of cloning reproductive cloning ... for this is to discard the unwanted host s DNA . The nucleus of the somatic cell is then inserted ... egg cell. After being inserted into the egg, the somatic cell nucleus is Reprogramming reprogrammed by the host cell. The egg, now containing the nucleus of a somatic cell, is stimulated with a shock ... of transferring a nucleus from a somatic cell into an egg that produced Dolly sheep Dolly ... used to produce Dolly the sheep somatic cell nuclear transplantation cloning involves removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with the diploid nucleus of a somatic cell. SCNT in stem .... For example, if a person with Parkinson s disease donated his or her somatic cells, then the stem ... identical to the somatic cell donor, thus avoiding any complications from transplant rejection ... to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce embryonic stem cell s. ref name weise Elizabeth ... differentiated somatic cell nucleus and activating the recipient egg is also far from understood ... cite journal author Wilmut I, Beaujean N, de Sousa PA, et al. title Somatic cell nuclear transfer ... 10591621 cite journal author Tian XC, Kubota C, Enright B, Yang X title Cloning animals by somatic ... public therapeutic.htm Nuclear Transfer Stem Cells or Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer SCNT The International ... more details
Somatic evolution is the accumulation of mutations in the cells of a body during a lifetime, and the effects of those mutations on the Fitness biology fitness of those cells. Somatic evolution is important in the process of aging as well as the development of some diseases, including cancer. Natural selection in cancer Cells in pre malignant and malignant neoplasms tumors evolve by natural selection . ref name Nowell 1976 cite journal last Nowell first P. C. year 1976 title The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations journal Science journal Science volume 194 issue 4260 pages 23 28 doi 10.1126 ... Sprouffske, K. Maley, C. C. year 2007 title Animal Cell Differentiation Patterns Suppress Somatic Evolution ... model of carcinogenesis Armitage and Doll , set the stage for the future development of the somatic ... of age, as a process of the sequential accumulation of somatic mutations or other rate limiting ... or somatic followed by a second somatic mutation. Cytogenetic studies localized the region to the long ... selection of variant somatic cells with increased fitness in proliferating epithelial populations, such as the intestine ... 10319873 pmc 1559997 doi 10.1038 8816 ref within many different types of neoplasms. Somatic evolution ... evolution. ref name Hanahan 2000 Many of the somatic evolutionary studies have traditionally been focused ... illustrate the importance of the high level of heterogeneity in somatic evolution. For the formation ... volume 318 issue 5853 pages 1108 1113 doi 10.1126 science.1145720 pmid 17932254 ref Somatic evolution ... provides a useful tool for studying somatic evolution as it can describe the process of how a mutant ... RA, Pienta KJ, Forrest S title Modeling Somatic Evolution in Tumorigenesis journal PLoS Comput. Biol ... name Sh 2009 . All cancers arise as a result of somatic evolution, but only some of them fit the cancer ... of mature cells ref name Bapat . Somatic evolution in therapeutic resistance Therapeutic resistance ... cancer non small cell lung cancer patients whose tumors have somatic mutations in EGFR. However, most ... more details
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