Soilphysics is the study of soil physical properties and processes. It is applied to management and prediction under natural and managed ecosystems . Soilphysics deals with the dynamics of physical soil components and their state of matter phases as solid s, liquid s, and gase s. It draws on the principles of physics , physical chemistry , engineering , and meteorology . It is especially important in this day and age because most farmers require an understanding of agroecosystems. Soilphysics applies these principles to address practical problems of agriculture , ecology , and engineering. ref cite book last Lal first Rattan coauthors Manoj Shukla title Principles of SoilPhysics publisher CRC Press date 2004 url http books.google.com books?id 3leGCMKvPZwC&dq id isbn 0824753240 page 5 ref ... Soil mechanics Soil moisture Soil thermal properties Time domain reflectometer Water content Notes references Encyclopedia of Soil Science, edts. Ward Chesworth, 2008 , Uniw. of Guelph Canada, Publ. Springer, ISBN 978 1 4020 3994 2 External links https www.soils.org membership divisions s01 SSSA SoilPhysics Division Physics footer Category Soilphysics Category Soil science ar es F sica ... of soil moisture content in the field The use of electromagnetic and dielectric properties of soil ... s, and capacitance probe s. Modeling the transport of water, air, heat and solute in the soil and porous medium, including gas diffusion in soil and soil thermal properties . Characterization of mechanical properties in soil, like bulk density . Management of water content and irrigation . Description and modeling of soil porosity pore distribution. Prominent soil physicists Edgar Buckingham 1867 1940 The theory of gas diffusion in soil and vadose zone water flow in soil. Lorenzo A. Richards 1904 1993 General transport of water in unsaturated soil, measurement of soil water potential using tensiometer . John R. Philip 1927 1999 Analytical solution to general soil water transport, Environmental ... more details
of derelict soil uses principles of geology , physics, chemistry and biology to degrade, attenuate ...Other uses File Estructura suelo.jpg thumb right alt This is a diagram and related photograph of soil layers from bedrock to soil. A represents soil B represents laterite , a regolith C represents saprolite ... field in Germany File Stagnogley.JPG thumb Surface water Gley soil gley developed in glacial till , Northern Ireland Soil is a natural body consisting of layers soil horizons of primarily mineral ... and Geomorphology, 3rd Edition . New York Oxford University Press, 1999. ref In engineering , soil is referred to as regolith , or loose rock material. Strictly speaking, soil is the depth of regolith that influences and has been influenced by plant roots. Soil is composed of particles of broken Rock ... and erosion . Soil differs from its parent rock due to interactions between the lithosphere , hydrosphere ... by Ward year 2008 title Encyclopedia of soil science pages xxiv isbn 1402039948 publisher Springer ... constituents that are in solid, gaseous and aqueous states. ref Voroney, R. P., 2006. The Soil Habitat in Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry , Eldor A. Paul ed. ISBN 0125468075 ref ref James ... content.html The Terrestrial Influence Geology and Soils ref Soil is commonly referred to as earth or dirt technically, the term dirt should be restricted to displaced soil. ref Janet Raloff. http www.sciencenews.org ? kk science view generic id 34205 title Dirt Is Not Soil Dirt Is Not Soil . ScienceNews July 17th, 2008 ref Soil forms a structure that is filled with pore spaces, and can be thought .... ref McCarty, David. 1982. Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations ref Most soils have a density ... ref Little of the soil composition of planet Earth is older than the Tertiary and most no older ..., F. D. and McCracken, R. J. title Soil Genesis and Classification edition First year 1973 publisher Iowa State University Press location Ames, IA isbn 0 8138 1460 X . ref File Soil profile.png thumb Darkened ... more details
Various examples of physical phenomena science Physics from lang grc physis nature is a natural ... on Physics his Lectures with the atomic theory atomic hypothesis , as his most compact statement ... Leighton, M. Sands year 1963 title The Feynman Lectures on Physics volume 1 page I 2 isbn 0 201 02116 1 ref and its motion physics motion through spacetime , along with related concepts such as energy ... H.D. Young, R.A. Freedman year 2004 edition 11th title University Physics with Modern Physics page 2 publisher Addison Wesley isbn quote Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena ... or principles. ref ref cite book author S. Holzner year 2006 title Physics for Dummies url http www.amazon.com gp reader 0764554336 page 7 publisher John Wiley & Sons Wiley quote Physics is the study ... or the world philosophy philosophical world . ref Physics is one of the oldest academic discipline ... of the Sun, Moon, and stars. ref Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy ... development of scientific method . ref Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry , and the boundaries of physics are not demarcation problem rigidly defined . Indeed, new ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy. Physics ... physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed ... 1955 Main History of physics Please only add properly formatted links to reliable sources. Wikipedia ... philosophy then natural science , to eventually arrive at the modern conception of physics. cn date ... Archimedes in the domains of mechanics , statics and hydrostatics . Experimental physics had its debuts with experimentation concerning statics by Physics in medieval Islam medieval Muslim physicists ... 614 642 ref Classical physics became a separate science when early modern Europe ans used these experimental ... more details
The air space in soil contains oxygen to provide for Respiration physiology respiration of plant root s and soil organisms. This air space could also contain carbon dioxide as a product of respiration of plant roots and soil organisms. Composition of air in soil and atmosphere ref cite doi 10.1017 S0021859600002410 ref Nitrogen Soil Air 79.2 Atmosphere 79.0 Oxygen Soil Air 20.6 Atmosphere 20.9 Carbon Dioxide Soil Air 0.25 Atmosphere 0.03 Gas molecules in soil are in continuous thermal motion according to the kinetic theory of gases , there is also collision between molecules a random walk . In soil, a concentration gradient causes net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, this gives the movement of gas by diffusion . Numerically, it is explained by Fick s law of diffusion . Soil gas includes air, water vapour and the pollutants that might be picked up from the soil underneath a building and carried by air leakage into the building. The chief concerns among these pollutants are radon and methane gases. Or date May 2009 References reflist soil sci stub Category Soilphysics Category Soil ... more details
publications sssaj articles 75 1 1 Global Prospects Rooted in Soil Science . doi 10.2136 sssaj2009.0216. ref Fields of study Soil occupies the pedosphere , one of Earth s spheres that the geosciences use to organize the Earth conceptually. This is the conceptual perspective of pedology soil study pedology and edaphology , the two main branches of soil science. Pedology is the study of soil in its natural setting. Edaphology is the study of soil in relation to soil dependent uses. Both branches apply a combination of soilphysics , soil chemistry , and soil biology . Due to the numerous ..., edaphology, Soilphysicsphysics or Soil chemistry chemistry . Yet the work specifics are very much ... professionals commonly stay current in soil chemistry, soilphysics, soil microbiology, pedology ... Soil microbiology Soil chemistry Soil biochemistry Soil mineralogy Soilphysics Pedotransfer function ...Image Soil sci.jpg thumb Soil science is the scientific study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the earth including pedogenesis soil formation , soil classification classification and mapping ... to the use and Soil management management of soils . ref Jackson, J. A. 1997 . Glossary of Geology ... terms which refer to branches of soil science, such as pedology soil study pedology formation, chemistry, morphology and classification of soil and edaphology influence of soil on organisms, especially plants , are used as if synonymous with soil science. The diversity of names associated with this discipline ... and the advancement of the soil sciences. Soil scientists have raised concerns about how to preserve soil and arable land in a world with a growing population, possible future water crisis , increasing ..., more integrated, less soil centric concepts are also valuable. Many concepts essential to understanding soil come from individuals not identifiable strictly as soil scientists. This highlights the interdisciplinary nature of soil concepts. Research Dependence on and curiosity about soil, exploring ... more details
understanding of how soil biological components affect us and the planet they share with us. Scope Soil biology involves work in the following areas scientific modelling Modelling of biological processes and population dynamics . Soil biology, soilphysicsphysics and chemistry occurrence of physicochemical ...merge Soil life discuss Talk Soil biology Merger proposal date October 2009 Soil biology is the study of microbial and fauna l activity and ecology in soil . These organisms include earthworm s, nematode s, protozoa , fungi , bacteria and different arthropod s. Soil biology plays a vital role in determining many soil characteristics yet, being a relatively new science, much remains unknown about soil biology and about how the nature of soil is affected. Overview The soil is home to a large proportion of the world s genetic diversity. The linkages between soil organisms and soil functions are observed to be incredibly complex. The interconnectedness and complexity of this soil food web soil food web means any appraisal of soil function must necessarily take into account interactions with the living communities that exist within the soil. We know that Soil life soil organisms break down organic ... in the bodies of soil organisms prevent nutrient loss by Leaching pedology leaching . Microbial exudates act to maintain soil structure , and earthworms are important in bioturbation . However, we ... or organic compounds involvement of such interactions in soil pathogenicity transformation of mineral and organic compounds, biogeochemical cycle cycling of elements soil structuration Complementary ..., biogeography , ecology, soil processes, organic matter, nutrient dynamics and landscape ecology . See also Nitrification Nitrogen cycle Soil ecology Soil life References Burges, A., and Raw, F., 1967, Soil Biology Academic Press http soils.usda.gov sqi concepts soil biology biology.html USDA NRCS Soil Biology URL accessed on 2006 04 11 Bibliography Alexander, 1977, Introduction to Soil Microbiology ... more details
Globalize date December 2010 Soil survey , or soil mapping , is the process of classifying soil type s and other soil properties in a given area and geo encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science , and draws heavily from geomorphology , theories of pedogenesis soil formation , physical geography , and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil ... photography but LiDAR and other digital techniques steadily gaining in popularity. In the past, a soil ... with them. Today, a growing number of soil scientists are bring a rugidized tablet computer and GPS ..., soil geodatabases, mapping keys, and more. Deleted image removed Image Soil Survey Sample.jpg 300px right thumbnail Sample of an aerial photo from a published soil survey The term soil survey may also ... published in book form for individual counties by the National Cooperative Soil Survey . Today, soil ... websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov app NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. Today it takes only moments for changes to go live to the public. Also, the most current soil survey data is made available at http soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov NRCS Soil Data Mart for high end GIS users such as professional consulting companies and universities. The information in a soil survey can be used by farmer s and rancher s to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for agronomy crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required. An architect or engineer might use the engineering properties of a soil to determine whether ... for maintaining or constructing their garden, yard, or home. Soil survey components Typical information in a published county soil survey includes the following a brief overview of the county s geography a general soil map with a brief description of each of the major soil types found in the county ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Soil cement is a construction material , a mix of pulverized natural soil with small amount of portland cement and water , usually processed in a tumble, compacted to high density. Hard, semi rigid durable material is formed by Hydration reaction hydration of the cement particles. Soil cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a subbase layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade . It has good ... , so it is prone to forming cracks. Soil cement mixtures differs from Portland cement concrete in the amount ... particles and binds them together, in soil cements the amount of cement is lower and therefore .... Types of soil cement Cement modified soils CMS A cement modified soil contains relatively small proportion of Portland cement. The result is caked or slightly hardened material, similar to a soil, but with improved mechanical properties lower Plasticity physics plasticity , increased bearing ratio and shearing strength, and decreased volume change. Soil cement base SCB A soil cement base contains higher proportion of cement than cement modified soil. It is commonly used as a cheap Pavement ... equipment, such as a soil stabilizer and a Stoltzfus Spreaders mechanical cement spreader ... to reduce wear . In comparison with granular bases, soil cement bases can be thinner for the same road ... located materials can be used for construction locally found soil, stone, or reclaimed granular base from a road being reconstructed. This conserves both material and energy. The strength of soil ... CTB A cement treated base is a mix of granular soil aggregates or aggregate material with Portland cement and water. It is similar in use and performance to soil cement base. What s the difference? See also Cellular confinement Geopolymers DEFAULTSORT Soil Cement Category Concrete Category Building materials Category Geotechnical engineering Category Pavements Category Soil es Suelo cemento ... more details
Soil ecology is the study of the interactions among soil organisms, and between biotic and abiotic aspects of the soil environment. ref Access Science http www.accessscience.com Encyclopedia 6 63 Est 631825 frameset.html?doi Soil Ecology . Url last accessed 2006 04 06 ref It is particularly concerned ... , the spread and vitality of pathogens , and the biodiversity of this rich soil life biological community . Overview Soil is made up of a multitude of soilphysics physical , soil chemistry chemical , and soil biology biological entities, with many interactions occurring among them. Soil is a variable .... The diversity and abundance of soil life exceeds that of any other ecosystem . Plant establishment ... and carbon dioxide. Although soil offers solid support, air does not. Storing skeletons have been ... environment. Soil, not air, is the source of highly variable nutrients it is a highly developed ecological subsystem. Soil food web main soil food web An incredible diversity of organisms make up the soil food web . They range in size from the tiniest one celled bacteria , algae , fungi , and protozoa ... , small vertebrates , and plants . As these organisms eat, grow, and move through the soil, they make ... ways that the soil food web is an integral part of landscape processes. Soil life Soil organisms .... Many organisms enhance soil aggregation and porosity , thus increasing Infiltration hydrology infiltration and reducing surface runoff . Soil organisms prey on crop pests and are food for above ground animals. Research Research interests span many aspects of soil ecology and microbiology , Fundamentally ... cycle in agricultural soil science agricultural soils , and the assessment of soil quality in turf production. ref http www.uri.edu cels nrs seml Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Microbiology ... of Terra preta anthropic soil conditions on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the production of glomalin ..., 2003, The Ecology of Soil Decomposition, CABI, UK Coleman, D.C. and D.A. Crorsley, Jr., 2004,Fundamentals ... more details
, TJ & Holmes JW, 1979, SoilPhysics , Cambridge University Press cite web author Soil Survey Division ...Refimprove date January 2008 Soil structure is determined by how individual soil granules clump or bind together and aggregate, and therefore, the arrangement of soil pores between them. Soil structure .... Overview Soil structure describes the arrangement of the solid parts of the soil and of the pore space located between them Marshall & Holmes, 1979 . The structure depends on what the soil developed from. The practices that influence soil structure will decline under most forms of cultivation the associated mechanical mixing of the soil compacts and shears aggregates and fills pore spaces it also ... or pans within the profile. Soil structure decline under irrigation is usually related to the breakdown ... if irrigation causes salty water even of low concentration to gain access to the soil. A wide range of practices are undertaken to preserve and improve soil structure. For example, the NSW Department ... activities avoiding soil disturbance during periods of excessive dry or wet when soils may accordingly tend to shatter or smear, and ensuring sufficient ground cover to protect the soil from raindrop ... soils when too wet or dry. The impacts of improving soil structure The benefits of improving soil structure for the growth of plants, particularly in an agricultural setting include reduced erosion due to greater soil aggregate strength and decreased overland flow improved root penetration and access to soil moisture and nutrients improved emergence of seedlings due to reduced crusting of the surface ... to three times the present level by improving soil structure, because of the resulting access by plants to available soil water and nutrients Cockroft & Olsson, 2000, cited in Land and Water Australia ... millimetre of rain that is able to infiltrate, as maximised by good soil structure, wheat yields can be increased by 10 kg ha. See also Soil health References USGovernment sourceURL http soils.usda.gov ... more details
Consolidation is a process by which soil s decrease in volume . According to Karl Terzaghi consolidation is any process which involves decrease in water content of a saturated soil without replacement ... takes place by expulsion of water under long term static loads. It occurs when Stress physics stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together more tightly, therefore reducing its bulk volume. When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with water, water will be squeezed out of the soil. The magnitude of consolidation can be predicted by many different methods. In the Classical ... stress is removed from a consolidated soil, the soil will rebound, regaining some of the volume it had lost in the consolidation process. If the stress is reapplied, the soil will consolidate again along a recompression curve, defined by the recompression index. The soil which had its load removed ... stress. A soil which is currently experiencing its highest stress is said to be normally consolidated and to have an OCR of one. A soil could be considered underconsolidated immediately after a new ... represents the compressibility or the structure itself of the soil, and the water which fills the container represents the pore water in the soil. Image Consolidation spring analogy.jpg 600px ... soil A load is applied onto the cover, while the hole is still unopened. At this stage, only the water ... index. The equation for consolidation settlement of a normally consolidated soil can then be determined ... void ratio. H is the height of the soil. sub zf sub is the final vertical stress. sub ... sub is the preconsolidation stress of the soil. Secondary compression Secondary compression is the compression of soil that takes place after primary consolidation. Even after the reduction of hydrostatic pressure some compression of soil takes place at slow rate.this is known as secondary compression.Secondary ... an exceptionally long time to drain out of the soil. While drainage is occurring, the pore water ... more details
The name soil stabilizer can refer to Soil cement , a mix of pulverized natural soil with small amount of Portland cement and water Cellular confinement , a honeycomb like plastic soil stabilizer. Disambig ... more details
Soil map is a map showing distribution of soil types and or soil properties soil pH , soil texture texture s, organic matter , depths of soil horizons horizons etc. in the area of interest. It is typically the end result of a soil survey inventory, i.e. soil survey . Soil maps are most commonly used ... projects. Traditional soil maps typically show only general distribution of soils, accompanied by the soil survey report. Many new soil maps are derived using digital soil mapping techniques. Such maps are typically richer in context and show higher spatial detail then the traditional soil maps. Soil .... Image Fig sample BSMC.jpg 453px An example of a traditional soil map showing soil mapping units, described soil profile s and legend. right In the digital era, soil maps are being inputted in digital ..., soil maps are only visualizations of the soil resource inventories commonly stored in a Soil Information System SIS , of which the major part is a Soil Geographical Database. A Soil Information ... for profile observations, soil mapping units and soil classes. Different elements of an SIS can be manipulated and then visualized against the spatial reference grids or polygons . For example, soil profiles can be used to make spatial prediction of different chemical and physical soil properties. One should also distinguish soil maps that display primary soil attributes, i.e. the soil attributes originally described or measured in the field, and the soil inferred attributes also called secondary soil information, i.e. the properties of the soils in the context of the soil use soil production capacity, soil reaction to certain use, soil functions, soil degradation measures etc. See also Map Soil science Soil survey Digital soil mapping Geographic information system GIS Pedometrics External links http www.digitalsoilmapping.org International Working Group on Digital Soil Mapping http www.IUSS.org International Union of Soil Sciences Soil Maps of the world http eusoils.jrc.it esdb archive ... more details
Scobey soil is the state soil of Montana . Scobey soil is known for its productivity for farming wheat http www.urbanext.uiuc.edu soil st soils mt soil.htm . See also Pedology soil study List of U.S. state soils External links http ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov osd dat S SCOBEY.html http www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov soils mtsoils Category Pedology Category Soil in the United States Category Geology of Montana Category Agriculture in Montana Category Types of soil Category Symbols of Montana soil stub ... more details
Soil management concerns all operations, practices and treatments used to protect soil and enhance its performance. Practices Soil management practices that affect soil quality ref http soilquality.org management soil management practices.html Soilquality.org Soil Management Practices ref Controlling traffic on the soil surface helps to reduce soil compaction, which can reduce aeration and water infiltration. Cover crop s keep the soil anchored and covered in off seasons so that the soil is not eroded by wind and rain. Crop rotation s ref http soilmanagement.psu.edu smpublications.cfm Soil Management Penn State ref for row crops alternate high residue crops with lower residue crops to increase the amount of plant material left on the surface of the soil during the year to protect the soil from erosion. Nutrient management can help to improve the fertility of the soil and the amount of organic matter content, which improves soil structure and function. Tillage , especially reduced tillage or no till operations limit the amount of soil disturbance while cultivating a new crop and help to maintain plant residues on the surface of the soil for erosion protection and water retention. References Reflist External links wiktionary soil management soil stub Category Soil science ca Gesti del s l ... more details
engineering , hydrology and soilphysics . Image Leaning Tower of Pisa JD03092007.jpg thumb 280px The Tower of Pisa an example of a problem due to deformation of soil. This article describes the genesis and composition of soil, the distinction between pore water pressure and inter granular effective stress , capillary action of fluids in the pore spaces, soil classification , seepage and permeability ... is a process by which soil s decrease in volume. It occurs when Stress physics stress is applied to a soil ... contact Stress physics stress between a foundation architecture foundation and the soil which will cause ...Soil mechanics is a branch of engineering mechanics that describes the behavior of soil s. It differs ... of fluids usually air and water and particles usually clay , silt , sand , and gravel but soil may ..., and Soga, K. 2005 Fundamentals of soil behavior, Third edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., ISBN ..., Soil Mechanics 2nd ed ISBN 0 415 31156 X ref ref name bolton A Guide to Soil Mechanics, Bolton, Malcolm,Macmillan Press, 1979. ISBN 0 333 18932 0 ref Along with rock mechanics , soil mechanics provides ... geology , a subdiscipline of geology . Soil mechanics is used to analyze the deformations of and flow of fluids within natural and man made structures that are supported on or made of soil, or structures that are buried in soils. ref name lambe&whitman Lambe, T. William & Robert V. Whitman. Soil ... foundations, retaining walls, dams, and buried pipeline systems. Principles of soil mechanics ... of soil mechanics such as slope stability, lateral earth pressure on retaining walls, and bearing ... Glacier, New Zealand Soil produced and transported by intense weathering and erosion. Genesis and composition of soils Genesis The primary mechanism of soil creation is the weathering of rock. All rock ... to create soil. Weathering mechanisms are physical weathering, chemical weathering, and biological ..., blasting, and waste disposal, may also create soil. Over geologic time, deeply buried soils ... more details
Soil may refer to the following Soil , a naturally occurring granular covering on the surface of Earth, capable of supporting life Lunar soil , a similar granular covering on the Moon though without Earth soil s organic components Soil band , an American hard rock band Soil song , a System of a Down song Soil EP , the debut EP for Soil Am d e Soil , Belgian industrialist, and consul to Moscow namesake of several antique violins Soil Stradivarius , a violin fabricated in 1714 by Antonio Stradivari Soil Stradivarius 1708 , a violin fabricated in 1708 by Antonio Stradivari Soil Guarnerius , a violin fabricated in 1733 by Giuseppe Guarneri del Ges Soil may also refer to the abstract concept of the land controlled by a sovereignty . disambig ja ro Sol ... more details
For other uses Mineralization disambiguation Mineralization Mineralization in soil science, is when the chemical compound s in organic matter Chemical decomposition decompose or are Oxidation oxidized into plant accessible forms, ref Robert E. White Principles and Practices of Soil Science, the soil as a natural resource 4th edition , Blackwell Science, 2005 ISBN 0632064552 ref . Mineralization is the opposite of Immobilization soil science immobilization . See also Humus Soil chemistry Soil biology Remineralisation References Reflist Category Soil science soil science stub ca Mineralitzaci s l ... more details
Bulk soil is soil outside the Rhizosphere ecology rhizosphere . Bulk soil is not penetrated by plant root s. Natural organic compounds are much lower in bulk soil than in the rhizosphere. ref cite book last Stotsky first G. title Soil Biochemistry publisher CRC Press date 2000 id Volume 9 isbn 0824794419 page 207 ref Microbial populations are typically lower in bulk soil than in rhizospheric soil. Furthermore, bulk soil inhabitants are generally smaller than identical species in the rhizosphere. ref cite book last Stotsky first G. title Soil Biochemistry publisher CRC Press date 1996 id Volume 10 isbn 0824788346 page 234 ref References div class references small references div Category Soil biology ecology stub ... more details
Soils are of various types depending on various chemicals present.Sodic soils are characterized by a disproportionately high concentration of Sodium Na in their cation exchange complex. They are usually defined as consisting an exchangeable Sodium percentage greater than 15 . These soils tend to occur within arid to semi arid regions and are innately unstable, exhibiting poor physical and chemical properties, which impede water infiltration, water availability, and ultimately plant growth. Sodic is an adjective of the noun Sodium , a chemical element belonging to the alkali metal group. Sodic soil or soil sodicity may refer to Saline soil Sodic saline soil , a soil with excess salts where Sodium Chloride NaCl predominates Alkaline soil Sodic alkaline soil , a soil with a high pH 9 due to the presence of excessive Sodium Carbonate Na sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub Category Soil chemistry Category Types of soil Category Land reclamation ... more details
nofootnotes date June 2010 refimprove date June 2010 A soil crust is a layer of soil whose particles cohere because of organic material including live organisms and what they produce. ref http www.soilcrust.org crust101.htm Introduction to Biological Soil Crusts , Canyonlands Research Station ref References Reflist External references http geochange.er.usgs.gov sw impacts biology crypto Cryptobiotic soils by the USGS ecology stub Category Soil biology Crust, soil Category Lichens ... more details
Soil functions are general capabilities of soil s that are important for various agriculture agricultural , ecosystem environmental , Environmental preservation nature protection , landscape architecture and Urban area urban applications. Six key soil functions are ref cite book author Blum, WEH date 1993 title Soil Protection Concept of the Council of Europe and Integrated Soil Research work Soil and Environment Vol 1 editor HJP Eijsackers and T Hamers pages 37 47 publisher Kluwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht ref , ref cite book author DETR date 2001 title title unknown ref Food and other biomass production Environmental Interaction storage, filtering, and transformation Biological Habitat ecology habitat and gene pool Source of raw materials Physical and cultural heritage Platform for man made structures buildings, highways Mapping soil functions Soil map s can depict soil properties and functions in the context of specific soil functions such as agricultural food production, environmental protection, and civil engineering considerations. Maps can depict functional interpretations of specific properties such as critical nutrient levels, heavy metal levels or can depict interpretation of multiple properties such as a map of erosion risk index. Mapping of function specific soil properties is an extension of soil survey , using maps of SoilSoil components soil components together with auxiliary information including pedotransfer function s and soil inference models to depict inferences about the specific performance of soil mapping units. See also Digital soil mapping Pedotransfer function References references Category Soil science Functions, soil ... more details
About a construction method other uses of the term Stockpile disambiguation Unreferenced date January 2007 Orphan date February 2009 File soil stockpile1.jpg thumb Small dozer forming soil stockpile 300px In site construction , as in construction development, a soil stockpile is formed with soil excavated to provide proper building elevations. Stockpiled soil is later replaced to contour the surface to the desired Grade slope grade , or the material is used for reclamation restoration of the region following the removal of all roads and facilities. Category Construction terminology Industry stub ... more details
This discussion looks at the relationship of the soil to biodiversity, at some aspects of the soil that can be managed in relation to biodiversity, and raises some catchment management considerations. Soil ... Resources, 2007 . Biodiversity and soil are strongly linked soil is the medium for a large variety ... factor in the physical and chemical formation of soils Bardgett, 2005 . Soil provides a vital ... and millipedes Bardgett, 2005 . The primary role of soil biota is to recycle organic matter that is derived from the above ground plant based food web . Soil is in close cooperation with the wider biosphere the maintenance of fertile soil is one of the most vital ecological services the living world performs the mineral and organic contents of soil must be replenished constantly as plants consume soil elements and pass them up the food chain Baskin, 1997 . The correlation of soil and biodiversity ... correspond closely to soil boundaries, even at continental and global scales Young & Young, 2001 . Soil ... between the soil and the diversity of life, above and below the ground. It is not surprising that soil management has a direct impact on biodiversity including practices that influence soil volume, structure, biological and chemical characteristics, and whether soil exhibits adverse effects such as reduced fertility, soil acidification or salinisation. This section touches on selected soil factors that may be affected by soil management, and the according impact they can have on biodiversity. Soil process impacts Soil acidification Soil acidity or alkalinity refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions H in the soil. Measured on the pH scale, soil acidity is an invisible condition that directly affects soil fertility and toxicity by determining which elements in the soil are available for absorption by plants. Soil acidity increases soil acidification by removal of agricultural ... soils suffer reduced productivity due to increased acidity Slattery & Hollier 2002 . Soil acidification ... more details
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