Sogdian may refer to anything pertaining to Sogdiana , an ancient civilization of Iranian peoples and in particular to the Sogdian language or the Sogdian people Disambig ... more details
Sogdian redirects here. For the state, see Sogdiana . Infobox language name Sogdian nativename region ... writing, with panel inscription in Sogdian. Manuscript from Khocho, Tarim Basin . The Sogdian language ... in modern day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan chief cities Samarkand , Panjakent , Fergana . Sogdian ... Old Sogdian has been found, although mention of the area in the Old Persian inscriptions ... BC . Like Khotanese Sogdian possesses a more conservative grammar and morphology linguistics morphology ... of Sogdian. History During the Chinese Tang Dynasty Sogdian was the lingua franca along the Silk ... conquest of Sogdiana in the early eighth century AD. A dialect of Sogdian, called Yaghnobi language ... in the Yaghnob valley . Discovery of Sogdian Texts The finding of manuscript fragments of the Sogdian language in Chinese Central Asia sparked the study of the Sogdian language. Robert Gauthiot , the first Buddhist Sogdian scholar and Paul Pelliot , who while exploring in Tun huang, retrieved Sogdian material began investigating the Sogdian material that Pelliot had discovered. Gauthiot published ... s most impressive articles was a glossary to the Sogdian text, which he was in the process ... name Utz Utz, David. 1978 . Survey of Buddhist Sogdian studies. Tokyo The Reiyukai Library. ref Various Sogdian pieces have been found in the Turpan text corpus, by the German Turpan expeditions. These expeditions ... consist almost entirely of religious works by Manichaean and Christian writers. Most of the Sogdian ... plentiful sites of Manichean, Buddhist, and Christian Sogdian texts. Sogdiana itself actually contained ... Sogdian king, Dewashtich. These business texts dated back to the time of the Arab conquest , about 700 ..., the Sogdian script ultimately derives from the Aramaic script . Like its close relative the Pahlavi script Pahlavi writing system , written Sogdian contains many logograms or ideograms , which were Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones. The Sogdian script is the direct ancestor of the Uyghur ... more details
Infobox Writing system name Sogdian type Abjad languages Sogdian language Sogdian time Late Antiquity ... Mongolian alphabet Mongolian br Orkhon script br Manichaean script br Old Uyghur alphabet The Sogdian alphabet was originally used for the Sogdian language , a language in the Iranian family used ... Sogdian Dictionary Sogdian Persian English publication place Tehran, Iran publisher Farhangan Publications ... Syriac alphabet Syriac , the descendant script of the Aramaic alphabet . The Sogdian alphabet is one of three scripts used to write the Sogdian language, the others being the Manichaean alphabet and the Syriac ... the writing systems from which it is descended, the Sogdian writing system can be described as an Abjad ... logogram s also appear in the script, remnants of adapting the Aramaic writing system to the Sogdian ... In Panjakent there was found inscribed Sogdian alphabet, so we can suppose alphabetisation ... P Q R T L those letters are not used in Sogdian words. Varieties Three main varieties of the Sogdian alphabet developed over time Early Sogdian, an archaic non cursive type the sutra script, a calligraphic script used in Sogdian Buddhism Buddhist scriptures and the so called Uyghur cursive script not to be confused with the Old Uyghur alphabet . ref name gharib Early Sogdian dates to the early ... difficult to read of the three varieties. ref name coulmas As the Sogdian alphabet became ... only in final position, e.g. n and z . ref name daniels Source Materials The Sogdian script ... sources such as letters, coins, and legal documents. The oldest known Sogdian documents are the Ancient ... name coulmas These letters date to approximately 312 313 C.E. and are written in Early Sogdian. ref name gharib The Sogdian Buddhist texts, written in the sutra script, are younger, dating to approximately ... the Sogdian cursive script. ref name gharib Child Writing Systems The Uyghur cursive script eventually ... 0674012127 postscript none ref See also Sogdian language Manichaean alphabet Syriac alphabet References ... more details
Infobox Military Conflict image image Sogdiana 300BCE.png 270px caption conflict Siege of the Sogdian Rock partof the Wars of Alexander the Great date 327 BC place Sogdiana result Macedon ian victory territory Alexander gains Sogdiana combatant1 Macedon Macedonian Empire combatant2 Sogdiana commander1 Alexander the Great commander2 Spitamenes strength1 300 strength2 Unknown casualties1 30 casualties2 Presumably None Campaignbox Wars of Alexander the Great Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes , a fortress located north of Bactria in Sogdiana near Samarkand , was captured by the forces of Alexander the Great in 327 BC as part of his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire . Background Oxyartes of Bactria had sent his wife and daughters, one of whom was Roxana , to take refuge in the fortress, as it was thought to be impregnable, and was provisioned for a long siege . When Alexander asked the defenders to surrender, they refused, telling him that he would need men with wings to capture it. The siege Alexander asked for volunteers, whom he would reward if they could climb the cliffs under the fortress. There were some 300 men who from previous sieges had gained experience in rock climbing. Using tent peg s and strong flax flaxen lines, they climbed the cliff face at night, losing about 30 of their number during the ascent. In accordance with Alexander s orders, they signaled their success to the troops below by waving bits of linen , and Alexander sent a herald to tell the defenders that if they looked up, they would see that he had found his winged men. The defenders were so surprised and demoralized by this that they surrendered, even though they outnumbered the mountaineers by a hundred to one, and Alexander s main force still had no way to reach the summit. The defenders had thought that the Rock was impregnable, and with one bold stroke Alexander showed them how wrong they were ... Category Sieges Sogdian Rock Category 327 BC bg ca Setge de la ... more details
Middle Iranian may refer to any of a group of the Indo European language Indo European Iranian languages spoken between the 4th century BC and the 9th century AD Western Parthian language Parthian Northwestern Middle Persian Southwestern Eastern Bactrian language Bactrian Aryan language Aryan Sogdian language Sogdian Khwarezmian language Khwarezmian Saka language Saka Khotanese, Tumshuqese Old Ossetic Scytho Sarmatian See also Zoroastrian Middle Persian Pahlavi Category Lists of languages fa pt L nguas iranianas m dias ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Afrasiab painting is a rare example of Sogdiana Sogdian art. It was discovered in 1965 when the local authorities decided the construction of a road in the middle of Afrasiyab Samarkand Afr si b mound, the old site of pre Mongol empire Mongol Samarkand . It is now preserved in a special museum on the Afr si b mound. It is the main political painting we have of ancient Sogdiana Sogdian art. The painting dates back to the middle of the 7th century CE. On the four walls of the room of a private house, three or four different countries neighbouring Central Asia are depicted. On the northern wall China a Chinese festival, with the Emperor of China Empress on a boat, and the Emperor hunting , on the Southern Wall Samarkand i.e the Ancient Persia Iranian world a religious funerary procession in honor of the ancestors during the Nowruz festival , on the eastern wall India as the land of the astrologer s and of the pygmies , but the painting is much destroyed there . The topic on the main wall, the western wall facing the entrance is debated between specialists. Turkey Turkish soldiers are escorting ambassadors coming from various countries of the world Korea , China, Iranian principalities etc. . There are three main hypotheses. The leading expert on Sogdian painting, the excavator of Panjikent , B. Marshak points out that Sogdian painting, gods are always depicted on the top of the main wall. However, as the Turks are guiding the embassies but are not themselves ambassadors, it has been suggested also that the Turkish Kaghan Qaghan , then lord of Inner Asia inner and central Asia, might be depicted there. A Chinese text is indeed saying that the idea of the Four Lords of the World , here China, India, Iran and Turks, is depicted on the walls of palaces near Samarkand precisely during this period, and this would perfectly fit the four walls of this room ... Court art of Sogdian Samarqand in the 7th century AD images and commentary at the University of Halle ... more details
Chahar Kint , formerly Char Kent , is a district in Balkh Province , Afghanistan . It has a population of 32,306 ref http www.mrrd.gov.af nabdp Provincial 20Profiles Balkh 20PDP 20Provincial 20profile.pdf Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development of Afghanistan ref . The district administration is in the town of Char Kent, which means four towns from Persian language Persian chah r , four , and Sogdian language Sogdian ref cite book last Room first Adrian title Placenames of the World Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites edition 2nd edition year 2006 publisher McFarland location London isbn 0786422483 pages 330 quote Samarkand . The city derives its name from ... Sogdian kand , fort , town . ref kand , town Turkic language Turkicized to kint kent . The area of the district is convert 1357 km2 . References Reflist External links http www.aims.org.af maps district balkh chahar kint.pdf UN Map of Chahar Kint District Districts of Balkh coord missing Afghanistan Category Districts of Balkh Province Balkh geo stub ms Daerah Chahar Kint pnb tr ar Kent il esi ... more details
Iranian literature is a term that has been used mainly in reference to Persian literature , but the term has other meanings as well Literature in any other Iranian language both extinct and present , such as the Avesta , or those written in extinct Old Persian language Old Persian , Middle Persian , Sogdian language Sogdian , Khwarezmian language Khwarezmian , Parthian Language Parthian , Saka language Saka , Azari Language Old Azari modern Kurdish literature Kurdish , Gorani language Gorani , Zazaki language Zazaki , Pashto language Pashto , Balochi language Balochi , and others. Literature in languages of modern Iran , including Persian, Kurdish, Azeri literature Azerbaijani Turkish , Balochi, Talyshi , Armenian Literature Armenian , Arabic literature Arabic , and other languages spoken in Iran . See also Iranian peoples Iranian languages disambig ... more details
italic Image Sogdiana 300BCE.png 300px br Sogdiana, ca. 300 BC. Language s Sogdian language Religions ... people Tajik , Pashtun people Pashun and Yaghnobi people s. The Sogdian states, although never politically ... the fertile valley of the Zeravshan River Zeravshan ancient Polytimetus . Sogdian territory ... The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress in Sogdiana, was captured in 327 BC by the forces of Alexander the Great after an extended campaign putting down Sogdian resistance and founding military ... , for about a century. Euthydemus I seems to have held the Sogdian territory, and his coins were ... to trade so thoroughly that the Saka of the Kingdom of Khotan called all merchants suli Sogdian ... Press location Berkeley, CA pages 65 68 isbn 978 0 520 24340 8 ref Sogdian contacts with China were ... Wood 2002 66 ref an unsourced Indian assertion? However, the Sogdian traders were then still less ... role File SogdianCoin6thCentury.JPG thumb Sogdian coin, 6th century AD. British Museum . Image ChineseShapedSogdianCoinKelpin8thCenturyCE.jpg thumb Chinese influenced Sogdian coin, Kelpin, 8th century ... century AD ref name wood Suyab and Taraz Talas were the main Sogdian centers in the north and these cities .... ISBN 0 391 04173 8. ref ref name Iranica cite web url http www.iranicaonline.org articles sogdian trade title Sogdian Trade publisher Encyclopedia Iranica last de la Vaissiere first Etienne date July .... ref Sogdian trade, with some interruptions, continued into the 9th century. In the 10th century ... Muslim geographers of the 10th century draw upon Sogdian records dating to 750 840. However, after the end of the Uighur Empire, Sogdian trade underwent a crisis. What followed from Muslim Central Asia ... under Tang dynasty rule was a center of major commercial activity between Chinese and Sogdian merchants ..., pp. 138 154. ref The Sogdian language contract buried at the Astana graveyard demonstrates that at least one Chinese man bought a Sogdian girl in 639 AD. One of the archeologists who excavated the Astana ... more details
Ilya Gershevitch born 1914 in Z rich , died 2001 in Cambridge was a noted Iranologist . Gershevitch was born to Russian parents fleeing from Germany to Switzerland at the outbreak of World War I . He enrolled in the Sapienza University of Rome University of Rome in 1933, and moved to England in 1938. In 1948, he became the first holder of a new Lectureship in Iranian Studies at Cambridge University . He became a Fellow of the British Academy in 1967 and later a corresponding member of both the Accademia dei Lincei and the Russian Academy. In 1971 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Berne . His work includes pioneering studies of the Bashkardi dialect, the decipherment of Bactrian language Bactrian , besides contributions to Sogdian language Sogdian and Avestan philology, Ossetic , Elamite and Zoroastrian studies and Achaemenid history. External links http titus.uni frankfurt.de personal galeria gershevi.htm http titus.uni frankfurt.de personal galeria gershev1.htm Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Gershevitch, Ilya ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1914 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 2001 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Gershevitch, Ilya Category Iranologists Category 1914 births Category 2001 deaths fa ... more details
Infobox Writing system name Old Uyghur alphabet type Abjad Alphabet languages Uighur language Uighur time Late Antiquity fam1 Egyptian hieroglyphs fam2 Proto Sinaitic fam3 Phoenician alphabet Phoenician fam4 Aramaic alphabet Aramaic fam5 Syriac alphabet Syriac fam6 Sogdian alphabet Sogdian children Mongolian alphabet Mongolian br Clear script br Manchu alphabet Manchu time ca.700s AD &ndash 1800s AD unicode sample Uighur native name.svg imagesize 45px The Old Uyghur alphabet was used for writing the Old Uyghur language , a variety of Old Turkic spoken in the Tarim basin , which is an ancestor of the Uyghur language modern Uyghur language . It was descendant of the Sogdian alphabet , used for texts with Buddhist , Manichaeism Manichaean and Christian content for 700 800 years in Uyghurstan . The last known manuscripts are dated to the 18th century. This was the prototype for the Mongolian script Mongolian and Manchu alphabet Manchu alphabets. Like Sogdian writing but to an even greater extent, Old Uyghur writing tended to express with matres lectionis not only the long vowels but also the short ones. In fact, the practice of leaving short vowels unrepresented was almost completely abandoned in Uyghur. ref name clauson Clauson, Gerard. 2002. Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. P.110 111. ref Thus, while ultimately deriving from a Semitic abjad , the Uyghur script can be said to have been largely alphabet ized . ref Houston, Stephen D. 2004. The first writing script invention as history and process. P.59 ref Image Uighur vert.gif See also Uyghur alphabet References Reflist External links http www.omniglot.com writing uyghur.htm Old Uyghur Alphabet on Omniglot http www.protobulgarians.com Russian 20translations Zhivko 20Voynikov 20 20Alano drevnebolgarskoe 20pismo ALANO DR BOLG PISMO AL PRB P 5.htm Old Uyghur alphabet and Orkhon Turkic alphabet http www.bbaw.de forschung turfanforschung dta u dta u0265.html photos of the original text fragments written in Old Uy ... more details
BLP sources date May 2009 Nicholas Sims Williams is a professor of the School of Oriental and African Studies SOAS , University of London , ref cite web title Achaemenid inscription names uncle of Darius in Old Persian for first time url http www.tehrantimes.com index View.asp?code 166159 date 13 April 2008 work Tehran Times accessdate 2009 06 13 ref where he is the Research Professor of Iranian and Central Asian Studies at the Department of the Languages and Cultures of Near and Middle East. Sims Williams is a scholar who specializes in Central Asian history, particularly the study of Sogdian language Sogdian and Bactrian language Bactrian languages. He is also a member of the advisory council of the Iranian Studies Journal . Publications His published works include Sogdian and other Iranian inscriptions of the Upper Indus II, London 1992 Bactrian ownership inscriptions BAI 7, pp173 9 1993 New light on ancient Afghanistan the decipherment of Bactrian , London 1997 Bactrian documents from Northern Afghanistan I Legal and economic documents Oxford ISBN 0197275028 2000 Recent discoveries in the Bactrian language and their historical significance , Society for the Preservation of Afghanistan s Cultural Heritage Afghanistan . 2004 Some Bactrian seal inscriptions in Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l est et l ouest BREPOLS ISBN 2503516815 References Reflist External links http www.gengo.l.u tokyo.ac.jp hkum bactrian.html Bactrian documents from Ancient Afghanistan http www.soas.ac.uk staff staff31817.php Nicholas Sims Williams profile Use dmy dates date August 2010 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Sims Williams, Nicholas ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Sims Williams, Nicholas Category Academics of the School of Oriental and African Studies Category British academics Category Central Asian studies Category Iranologists Category Living people Category Year of birth missing livin ... more details
other uses Khwarezmian disambiguation Infobox language name Khwarezmian region Khwarezm familycolor Indo European fam2 Indo Iranian languages Indo Iranian fam3 Iranian languages Iranian fam4 Eastern Iranian languages Eastern fam5 Northeastern Iranian languages Northeastern iso3 xco script Aramaic alphabet , Sogdian alphabet , Pahlavi script extinct ca. 13th century Khwarezmian , also known as Khwarazmian or Chorasmian , is the name of an extinct Eastern Iranian languages East Iranian language ref Encyclopedia Iranica, The Chorasmian Language , D.N.Mackenzie. Online access at June, 2011 http www.iranica.com articles chorasmia iii ref ref Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278 ref ref MacKenzie, D. N. Khwarazmian Language and Literature, in E. Yarshater ed. Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. III, Part 2, Cambridge 1983, pp. 1244 1249 ref ref http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 293577 Iranian languages Encyclop dia Britannica, Iranian languages Retrieved on 29 December 2008 ref closely related to Sogdian language Sogdian . The language was spoken in the area of Khwarezm Chorasmia , centered in the lower Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea the northern part of the modern Republic of Uzbekistan , and the adjacent areas of Turkmenistan . Our knowledge of Khwarezmian is limited to its Middle Iranian stage and much like Sogdiana Sogdian , we are not sure of its ancient form. Before the advancement of Islam in Transoxiana early 8th century , Khwarezmian was written in a script close to that of Sogdian and Pahlavi script Pahlavi with its roots in the imperial Aramaic script . From the few remaining pieces of this script from coins and artifacts , it has been observed that written Khwarezmian included Aramaic logograms or ideograms , that is, Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones. After the advancement of Islam, Khwarezmian adapted a version of the Persian alphabet Perso Ar ... more details
Infobox Writing system name Manichaean script type Abjad time 3rd &ndash c. 10th AD languages Manichaean Middle Iranian fam1 Proto Sinaitic alphabet fam2 Phoenician alphabet fam3 Aramaic alphabet fam4 Syriac alphabet fam5 Sogdian alphabet iso15924 Mani Manichaean script is a sibling of an early form of Pahlavi script , and like Pahlavi is a development from Aramaic language Imperial Aramaic , the official language and script of the Achaemenid court. Unlike Pahlavi, Manichaean script reveals influences from Sogdian script , which in turn descends from the Syriac branch of Aramaic. Manichaean script is so named because Manichaeism Manichaean texts attribute its design to Mani prophet Mani himself. Older Manichaean texts appear in a script and language that is still identifiable as Syriac language Syriac Aramaic language Aramaic and these compositions are then classified as Syriac Aramaic texts. Later texts using Manichaean script are attested in the literature of three Middle Iranian language ethnolect s the dialect of Sogdiana in the east, which had a large Manichean population. the dialect of Parthia in the northeast, which is indistinguishable from Medean of the northwest. the dialect of Fars Province Parsa Persia proper in southwest Greater Iran Iran , formerly and properly known as Fars language Parsi . The Manichaean system does not have a high incidence of Semitic languages Semitic language logograms and ideograms that are an essential characteristic of the Pahlavi system. Moreover, because Manichaean scribes considered the script a sacred instrument, it was protected from the evolution that Pahlavi script underwent, and is hence more archaic than Book Pahlavi. Manichaean script was not the only script used to render Manichaean manuscripts. When writing in Sogdian language Sogdian , which was frequently the case, Manichaean scribes frequently used Sogdian script Uighur script . Likewise, outside Manichaeism, the dialect of Parsa Persia proper was also recorded ... more details
Afrasiyab Afrosiyob is an ancient site of northern Samarkand , Uzbekistan which was occupied from c 500 BC to 1220 AD. Today it is a hilly grass mound located near the Bibi Khanaum Mosque . File Samarqand Afrasiab cemetery2.jpg thumb Cemetery in Afrasiyab Afrasiyab is the oldest part and the ruined site of the ancient and medieval city of Samarkand. It was located on on high ground for defensive reasons, south of a river valley and north of a large fertile area which has now became part of the city of Samarkand. The habitation of the territories of Afrasiyab began in the 7th 6th century BCE, as the centre of the Sogdiana Sogdian culture. ref Darmesteter J., Hang e Afrasiab , tudes Iraniennes 1883 225 27. ref The term Qal a ye Afrasiab Castle of Afrasiab appeared in written sources only towards the end of the 17th century. The name is popularly connected with the mythical King Afrasiab , but scholars consider it a distortion and a corrupted form of the Tajik word Pars b from Sogdian language Sogdian Par v b , meaning beyond the black river , the river being S h b or S b , which bounds the site to the north. ref Yarshater, E., Afrasiab , Encyclop dia Iranica digital library accessed January 18, 2007. ref . It is interesting to point out that Afr is the poetic form of the Persian word Far itself a poetic word , which means beyond, further , and that s h means black and b , water river sea depending on the context . The area of Afrasiyab covers about 220 hectares, and the thickness of the archaeological strata reaches 8 12 metres. Archaeological excavations have been carried out in Afrasiyab since the end of the 19th century. In the 1920s it was extensively excavated by the archaeologist Mikhail Evgenievich Masson who placed artifacts found at the site in the Samarkand museum. ref cite web url http www.unesco.kz natcom turkestan e13 masson.htm title Mikhail Evgenievich Masson the founder of the archaeological school in Central Asia publisher UNESCO accessdate No ... more details
The Siege of Miletus was Alexander the Great s first naval encounter with the Achaemenid Empire . This minor siege was directed against the inhabitants of Miletus , a city in southern Ionia , in Caria . Which is now located in the Anatolia province of modern day Turkey . It was captured by Parmenion s son, Nicanor son of Parmenion Nicanor in 334 BC . Campaign name Wars of Alexander the Great Alexander s br Persian campaigns raw name Campaignbox Alexander s Persian campaigns battles Battle of the Granicus Granicus 334 BC &ndash Miletus 334 BC &ndash Siege of Halicarnassus Halicarnassus 334 BC &ndash Battle of Issus Issus 333 BC &ndash Siege of Tyre Tyre 332 BC &ndash Siege of Gaza Gaza 332 BC &ndash Battle of Gaugamela Gaugamela 331 BC &ndash Battle of Uxian Defile Uxian Defile 331 BC &ndash Battle of the Persian Gate Persian Gate 330 BC &ndash Battle of Jaxartes Jaxartes 329 BC &ndash Siege of the Sogdian Rock Sogdian Rock 327 BC noinclude el ru noinclude External links http www.livius.org aj al alexander alexander03.html Anabasis section 1.18.13 1.19.49 translated into English by Aubrey de S lincourt coord missing Category Battles of Alexander the Great Category Sieges Miletus Category 334 BC Category History of Ayd n Province de Belagerung von Milet el es Asedio de Mileto fr Si ge de Milet id Pengepungan Miletos ka pl Obl enie Miletu zh ... more details
reports that the word was probably foreign to Sogdian , hence considered to be a loanword from Turkic ... perhaps derived from the earlier Sogdian word tarxa n t free of taxes . ref name Doerfer A. Alemany ... Category Khazar titles Category Military ranks Category History of Pakistan Category Sogdian words Category ... more details
Refimprove date April 2009 Infobox settlement official name Jizzakh native name Jizzax image skyline Jizzaxfountain.jpg imagesize 300px image caption The fountain at the main crossroads in downtown Jizzax, near Rashidov Square image flag image seal image map map caption pushpin map Uzbekistan pushpin label position bottom pushpin mapsize 300 pushpin map caption Location in Uzbekistan coordinates region UZ subdivision type Countries of the world Country subdivision type1 Provinces of Uzbekistan Province subdivision name Image Flag of Uzbekistan.svg 25px Uzbekistan subdivision name1 Jizzakh Province subdivision type2 subdivision name2 established title established date government type leader title leader name area magnitude area total sq mi area total km2 area land sq mi area land km2 area urban sq mi area urban km2 area metro km2 area metro sq mi population as of 2004 population footnotes population total 138,400 population urban population metro population density sq mi population density km2 timezone utc offset timezone DST utc offset DST latd 40 latm 6 lats 57 latNS N longd 67 longm 50 longs 32 longEW E elevation footnotes elevation m 378 elevation ft postal code type postal code area code website footnotes Jizzakh lang uz Jizzax lang ru is a city population 138,400 in 2004 and the center of Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan , northeast of Samarkand . Jizzakh was an important Silk Road junction on the road connecting Samarkand with Fergana Valley . It is at the edge of Golodnaya Steppe , and next to the strategic Pass of Jilanuti Timur s Gate in the Turkestan Range Turkestan Mountains , controlling the approach to the Zeravshan River Zeravshan Valley , Samarkand and Bukhara . The name Jizzakh derives from the Sogdian language Sogdian word for small fort and the present city is built of the site of the Sogdian town of Osr shana . After the Arab conquest of Sogdiana , Jizzakh served as a market town between the nomadic raiders and settled farmers. ... more details
unreferenced date January 2009 Kang Senghui traditional wikt wikt wikt simplified wikt wikt wikt pinyin K ng S nghu died 280 was a Buddhism Buddhist monk and translator during the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China . He was born in Giao Ch wikt modern day northern Vietnam , in the extreme south of the Chinese empire. He was the son of a Sogdiana Sogdian merchant. Kang contributed to the diffusion and translation of Buddhism Buddhist sutra s into the Chinese language . See also Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Kang, Senghui ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Buddhism Buddhist monk and translator DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 280 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Kang, Senghui Category 280 deaths China reli bio stub Buddhism bio stub it K ng S nghu ja pl Kang Senghui sh Kang Senghui zh ... more details
Muqan Qaghan ref Gary Seaman, Daniel Marksm, Rulers from the steppe state formation on the Eurasian periphery , Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California, 1991, ISBN 9781878986016, pp. 96 97. ref Old Turkic File Old Turkic letter N1.svg 10px File Old Turkic letter G1.svg 10px File Old Turkic letter Q.svg 10px File Old Turkic letter N1.svg 10px File Old Turkic letter Q.svg 10px File Old Turkic letter O.svg 10px File Old Turkic letter M.svg 10px , Muqan qa an, ref http irq.kaznpu.kz index.php?l m&wi 578&lang e&mod 3 Ethno Cultural Dictionary, T RIK BITIG ref Chinese language Chinese , Pinyin m g n k h n, Wade Giles mu kan k o han or , m h n k h n, mu han k o han, personal name , sh n y nd u, a shih na yen to was the second son of Bumin Qaghan and the third khagan of the G kt rks who expanded their khagan and secured the borders against the Hephthalite s. This expansion also pushed against the Eurasian Avars Avars who were driven toward the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire and eventually toward the Danube . Other tribes of the Central Asia, such as the eastern Bulgars were also displaced. ref cite book first Susan Wise last Bauer title The History of the Medieval World From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade publisher W. W. Norton & Company year 2010 isbn 978 0 393 05975 5 pages 238 241 ref Muhan s reign marked the pinnacle of Sogdiana Sogdian cultural influence in the G kt rk Empire . Sogdian culture was transmitted by merchants from Turpan who worked as ambassadors and advisers. The Sogdian language and script were used to govern the empire. The importance of Sogdians cannot be understated in keeping the early Turks safely outside of the Chinese cultural sphere. The Sogdian language and script were used to administer the empire, because it was the only written language in the cities under his control. After his death the title of qaghan passed to his younger brother Tapo. He was ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox settlement official name Krasnorechenskoye native name pushpin map Kyrgyzstan mapsize 200px coordinates display inline,title coordinates region KG subdivision type Country subdivision name Kyrgyzstan subdivision type1 Province subdivision name1 Chuy Province leader title leader name established title established date area total km2 area footnotes population as of population total population density km2 timezone UTC 5 utc offset timezone DST utc offset DST latd 42 latm 54 lats 0 latNS N longd 74 longm 57 longs 36 longEW E elevation m 737 area code website Krasnorechenskoye or Krasnaya Rechka, Red River is a village in the Chuy Province of Kyrgyzstan 8km east of Kant, Kyrgyzstan Kant . According to the Bradt travel guide, nearby is the ruined Sogdiana Sogdian silk road settlement of Navekat new town . It was active between the 6th and 12th centuries and was the largest town in the valley at the time. Buddhist , Nestorian Church Nestorian , Manichean , China Chinese and Sanskrit remains have been found. There is little visible on the surface. See Suyab , which may or may not be the same place. References Laurence Mitchell, Kyrgyzstan , Bradt Travel Guides, 2008 Category Populated places in Chuy Province Chuy geo stub roa rup Krasnorechenskoye ... more details
Image Pelliotcave2.jpg right thumb Pelliot examines manuscripts in Mogao Caves cave 17 The Dunhuang manuscripts is a cache of important religious and secular documents discovered in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang , China during the early 20th century. Dating from the 5th to early 11th centuries, the manuscripts include works ranging from history and mathematics to folk songs and dance. While most of the religious documents are about Buddhism , there are a number on Taoism , Nestorianism , and even Judaism . They are written primarily in Chinese, but also include Tibetan language Tibetan , Pali language Pali , Sogdian language Sogdian , and previously unknown languages, such as Khotanese language Khotanese . The documents were discovered by the Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu . He later sold them to Western explorers, notably Aurel Stein and Paul Pelliot . Russian and Japanese explorers also acquired some. But largely due to Luo Zhenyu s efforts, the remaining manuscripts were preserved in China. Those purchased by western scholars are now kept in institutions all over the world, such as the National Library of China , British Library , and the Biblioth que nationale de France . They are all being digitised by the International Dunhuang Project , and can be accessed free online. Classification Image Sutra of the great virtue of wisdom.jpg right thumb 300px 5th century Chinese manuscript Sutra of the Great Virtue of Wisdom on silk Image Pelliot h breu 1.jpg right thumb 250px Selihah penitential prayer leaf written in Hebrew. 8th or 9th century. By language The largest proportion of the manuscripts are written in Classical Chinese Classical and vernacular Chinese . Other languages represented include Tibetan language Tibetan , Hebrew , Khotanese language Khotanese , Old Turkic , Sanskrit and Sogdian language Sogdian . By genre Religious scriptures Buddhism Buddhist , and those of Tibetan Buddhism Taoism Taoist , including the Huahujing Hua Hu Jing , and the Xiang er commentary to ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox settlement official name Batken native name image skyline imagesize image caption image flag image seal image map map caption pushpin map Kyrgyzstan pushpin label position bottom pushpin mapsize 300 pushpin map caption Location in Kyrgyzstan coordinates display inline,title coordinates region KG subdivision type Countries of the world Country subdivision type1 Provinces of Kyrgyzstan Province subdivision name Image Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg 30px Kyrgyzstan subdivision name1 Batken Province established title established date government type leader title Gubernator leader name Sultanbay Ayjigitov area magnitude area total sq mi area total km2 area land sq mi area land km2 area urban sq mi area urban km2 area metro km2 area metro sq mi population as of population footnotes population total 12,000 population urban population metro population density sq mi population density km2 timezone utc offset timezone DST utc offset DST latd 40 latm 4 lats latNS N longd 70 longm 50 longs longEW E elevation footnotes elevation m elevation ft postal code type postal code area code 996 3622 website footnotes Batken also called Batkent is a small town of about 12,000 population, in southwestern Kyrgyzstan , on the southern fringe of the Fergana Valley . Its geographical location is Coord 40 4 N 70 50 E region KG type city 12,000 . It is the capital of the Batken Province . History The name Batkent is from the Iranian language of Sogdian language Sogdian and means The city of wind . Batken became the administrative headquarters of the youngest of Kyrgyzstan s Oblastlar of Kyrgyzstan seven oblasts , created from the three westernmost raions of the former Osh oblast in 1999, after concerns over radical Islamist activities in neighboring Tajikistan and Uzbekistan led to demands for a more direct and visible governmental presence in this remote and mountainous region. There is a small airport and, since 2000, a small university as we ... more details
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