Refimprove date January 2009 Image Snake oil.png frame right Clark Stanley s SnakeOil. In cryptography , snakeoil is a term used to describe commercial cryptographic methods and products which are considered bogus or fraudulent. The name derives from snakeoil , one type of patent medicine widely available in 19th century United States . Distinguishing secure cryptography from insecure cryptography can be difficult from the viewpoint of a user. Many cryptographers, such as Bruce Schneier and Phil Zimmermann , undertake to educate the public in how secure cryptography is done, as well as highlighting the misleading marketing of some cryptographic products. The SnakeOil FAQ describes itself as, a compilation of common habits of snakeoil vendors. It cannot be the sole method of rating a security product, since there can be exceptions to most of these rules. nowiki ... nowiki But if you re looking at something that exhibits several warning signs, you re probably dealing with snakeoil. Some examples of snakeoilcryptography techniques This is not an exhaustive list of snakeoil signs ... potential mistakes and insecurities can go unnoticed for great lengths of time. Technobabble Snakeoil salespeople may use technobabble to sell their product since cryptography is a complicated subject ..., and are generally considered a sure sign of snakeoil. One time pads One time pad s are a popular ... of SnakeOil &mdash by Phil Zimmermann http www.schneier.com crypto gram 9902.html snakeoil Bruce Schneier s hints for identifying crypto snakeoil http www.interhack.net people cmcurtin snakeoil faq.html The SnakeOil FAQ by Matt Curtin and others. http www.google.com search?q site www.schneier.com ... &mdash the Doghouse section of the Crypto Gram newsletter frequently describes various snakeoil encryption products, commercial or otherwise. Category Cryptography de Schlangen l sv Snakeoil fr Poudre de perlimpinpin ... more details
About medicinal compounds snakeoil in cryptographySnakeoilcryptography Image Snake oil.png frame right Clark Stanley s SnakeOil The phrase snakeoil is as a derogatory term used to describe quackery ..., the term snakeoil salesman may be applied to someone who sells fraudulent goods, or who is a fraud ... in building the First Transcontinental Railroad first gave snakeoil to Europeans with joint pain. ref name sciam cite web url http www.sciam.com article.cfm?id snakeoil salesmen knew something title SnakeOil Salesmen Were on to Something publisher Scientific American first C last Graber date 2007 11 01 accessdate 2011 12 04 ref When rubbed on the skin at the painful site, snakeoil was claimed to bring relief. This claim was ridiculed by rival medicine salesmen, and in time, snakeoil ... s Elixir in 1712. ref name snakeoil cite journal url http www.csicop.org sb show peddling snakeoil title Peddling SnakeOil Investigative Files date 1998 12 01 publisher Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ... skills in analytical chemistry to analyze the contents of snakeoil, it became the archetype of hoax . The snakeoil peddler became a stock character in Western movie s a travelling doctor with dubious ... musical W. C. Fields s film about a Western frontier American snakeoil salesman complete with a surreptitious ... to the persuasive power of the snakeoil salesman. Dealing with a crowd of people he had conned ... sorts of snakeoil, though not always in the form of an alleged medicine. She also adopted cold showers ... Big Man film The main character, Jack Crabb, works as the apprentice of a travelling snakeoil ... tackling various unlikely human conditions. Fl klypa Grand Prix In this animated movie, SnakeOil ... special, Emmet and Ma periodically reminisced about his deceased Pa, the unsuccessful snakeoil salesman, because Pa couldn t find anyone who would want to oil a snake. Every Time I Die The New Junk ... of snakeoil elixir. Steve Earle s SnakeOil Singer songwriter Steve Earle recorded a song ... more details
about the animal Snake disambiguation pp semi small yes Automatic taxobox name Snakes fossil range Early ... Snake.jpg image width 250px image caption Coast garter snake, br Garter Snake Thamnophis elegans terrestris taxon Serpentes authority Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus , 1758 range map Snake Range.png range map ... carlae thread snake to the Python reticulatus Reticulated python of up to convert 8.7 m ft sp ... either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction . Etymology The English word snake comes from Old English snaca , itself from Proto Germanic snak an cf. German language German Schnake ring snake , Swedish language Swedish snok grass snake , from Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European root s n g o to crawl , to creep , which also gave sneak as well as Sanskrit n g snake . ref Proto IE s n g o , Meaning snake, Old Indian n g m. snake , Germanic sn k a m., snak an m., snak f. snak ... on to narrow in meaning, though in Old English n ddre was the general word for snake. ref Online Etymology Dictionary , s.v. http www.etymonline.com index.php?term snakesnake , retrieved on 22 September ... The fossil record of snakes is relatively poor because snake skeleton s are typically small and fragile ..., South Africa, pp. 187. ref The earliest known snake fossils come from sites in Utah and Algeria ... in snake evolution, the Hox gene expression in the axial skeleton responsible for the development ... , and 1 3 neck vertebrae . In other words, most of a snake s skeleton is an extremely extended thorax ... of non avian dinosaur s. The colubrids , one of the more common snake groups, became particularly ... last Mc Dowell first Samuel title The evolution of the tongue of snakes and its bearing on snake origins journal Evolutionary Biology year 1972 volume 6 pages 191 273 ref An early fossil snake, Najash ... 2006 month April title A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum journal ... cite web title New Fossil Snake With Legs work UNEP WCMC Database publisher American Association For The Advancement ... more details
Multivariate cryptography is the generic term for asymmetric Cryptography cryptographic primitives based on Polynomial multivariate polynomials over finite field s. In certain cases those polynomials could be defined over both a ground and an extension Field mathematics field . If the polynomials have the Degree of a polynomial degree two, we talk about multivariate Quadratic polynomial quadratics . Solving systems of multivariate Polynomial Polynomial equations polynomial equations is proven to be NP Hard or NP Complete . That s why those schemes are often considered to be good candidates for post quantum cryptography , once quantum computers can break the current schemes. Today multivariate quadratics could be used only to build Digital signature signatures . All attempts to build a secure encryption scheme have so far failed. History In 1988 T. Matsumoto and H. Imai presented their scheme Matsumoto Imai Scheme on the Eurocrypt conference. On later work the Hidden Monomial Cryptosystems was developed by fr fr Jacques Patarin Jacques Patarin . It is based on a ground and an extension field. On this Hidden Field Equations was designed and presented in 1996. In the following years J. Patarin developed other schemes. In 1997 he presented Balanced Oil & Vinegar and 1999 Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar in cooperation with Aviad Kipnis and Louis Goubin. Construction Multivariate Quadratics involves a public and a private key. The private key consists of three affine transformations S,P ,T . In this triple P is the private transformation which is specially designed for each scheme. P maps ... 3 x 2x 4 x 3x 4 math Applications Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar Hidden Field Equations SFLASH by NESSIE ..., Jacques Patarin, and Louis Goubin, Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar Signature Schemes Extended Version ... Preneel, A Study of the Security of Unbalanced Oil and Vinegar Signature Schemes, Current Version ... public key encryption and signature Category Cryptography Category Post quantum cryptography ... more details
Financial cryptography FC is the use of cryptography in applications in which financial loss could result from subversion of the message system. Cryptographers think of the field as originating in the work of Dr David Chaum who invented the blind signature blinded signature . This special form of a digital signature cryptographic signature permitted a virtual coin to be signed without the signer seeing the actual coin, and permitted a form of digital token money that offered untraceability. This form is sometimes known as Digital Cash . A widely used and previously developed cryptographic mechanism ... transfers. However, it was the work of David Chaum that excited the cryptography community about the potential of encrypted messages as actual financial instruments . Financial cryptography includes ... of Financial Cryptography. Hashcash is being used to limit spam. Financial cryptography is distinguished from traditional cryptography in that for most of recorded history, cryptography has been used ... of cryptography and only the simplest ideas were adopted. Account money systems protected by Secure ... mechanisms, including blinded token money, were not. Financial cryptography is frequently seen to have a very broad scope of application. Ian Grigg sees financial cryptography in seven layers http iang.org papers fc7.html , being the combination of seven distinct disciplines cryptography, software ... so, given that finance and cryptography are each built upon multiple disciplines. Financial cryptography is to some extent organized around the annual meeting of the International Financial Cryptography Association http www.ifca.ai Financial Cryptography , which is held each year in a different location ... key exchange External links http www.ifca.ai International Financial Cryptography Association http fincrypt.blogspot.com Fincrypt weblog https www.financialcryptography.com Financial Cryptography weblog ... Financial cryptography Category Banking technology ca Criptografia financera es Criptograf a financiera ... more details
unreferenced date April 2010 ambox type move text A majority of the content was moved to Export of cryptography in the United States on 19 January 2010 The export of cryptography is the transfer from one country to another of devices and technology related to cryptography . Note Copied from Expor of cryptography in the United States In the early days of the Cold War , the U.S. and its allies developed an elaborate series of export control regulations designed to prevent a wide range of Western technology from falling into the hands of others, particularly the Eastern bloc . All export of technology classed as critical required a license. CoCom was organized to coordinate Western export controls. Currently, many countries, notably those participating in the Wassenaar Arrangement , have similar restrictions. Citation needed date March 2009 Export of cryptography from the United States main Export of cryptography in the United States See also Restrictions on the import of cryptography crypto stub DEFAULTSORT Export Of Cryptography Category Cryptography law Category Computer law Category Export and import control it Esportazione della crittografia ... more details
In the cryptography sense, a keyring stores known encryption keys and in some cases, passwords . For example, GNU Privacy Guard makes use of keyrings. ref http www.gnupg.org gph en manual.html GPG Privacy Handbook ref References Reflist crypto stub Category Cryptography ... more details
saved book title Cryptography subtitle cover image Jules verne cryptogramme.png cover color rgb 255,255,255 Cryptography Overview Cryptography Cryptanalysis History of cryptography Classical cryptography Caesar cipher Substitution cipher Transposition cipher Vigen re cipher One time pad Modern cryptography Symmetric key algorithm Public key cryptography Cryptographic hash function Major symmetric key algorithms Stream cipher Block cipher RC4 Data Encryption Standard Advanced Encryption Standard Feistel cipher Major public key systems RSA algorithm RSA Diffie Hellman key exchange Elliptic curve cryptography NSA Suite B Cryptography Cryptographic hash functions MD5 SHA 1 SHA 2 NIST hash function competition SHA 3 Message authentication code Key management Key cryptography Cryptographic key Key management Key size Public key infrastructure Web of trust Cryptanalysis Frequency analysis Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Man in the middle attack Differential cryptanalysis Side channel attack Random number generator attack Rainbow table Applications of cryptography Transport Layer Security Pretty Good Privacy GNU Privacy Guard Digital signature Digital rights management Cipher machines Jefferson disk Enigma machine Purple cipher machine The Purple cryptographic machine SIGABA KL 7 Fialka NSA encryption systems Voice encryption SIGSALY STU III Secure Terminal Equipment Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol Category Cryptography books ... more details
There are several newsgroup s relevant for discussions about cryptography and related issues. news sci.crypt sci.crypt &mdash an unmoderated forum for discussions on technical aspects of cryptography . news sci.crypt.research sci.crypt.research &mdash a similar, Usenet newsgroup Moderated newsgroups moderated group, focusing on research into cryptography. It was founded based on a charter by Peter Gutmann computer scientist Peter Gutmann . news sci.crypt.random numbers sci.crypt.random numbers &mdash discuss Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator generation of cryptographically secure random number s. news talk.politics.crypto talk.politics.crypto &mdash discussions of the relationship between cryptography and government. The original charter was by D.J. Silverton. news alt.security.pgp alt.security.pgp &mdash discussion of Pretty Good Privacy PGP and related software. sci.crypt In 1995, Bruce Schneier commented, It is read by an estimated 100,000 people worldwide. Most of the posts are nonsense, bickering, or both some are political, and most of the rest are requests for information or basic questions. Occasionally nuggets of new and useful information are posted to this newsgroup. Practical Cryptography Less mathematical Applied Cryptography , 2nd ed, pages 608 609 . Leaked descriptions of secret algorithms have been posted to the Internet via sci.crypt, for example RC2 , RC4 cipher RC4 and Khufu and Khafre . Others have been hoaxes Iraqi block cipher and S 1 block cipher S 1 , the latter an alleged description of the then secret Skipjack cipher Skipjack cipher. The group is also the origin of the term, Rubber hose cryptanalysis . External links http www.alt security keydist.info newsgroups Newsgroups for cryptography http www.faqs.org faqs cryptography faq sci.crypt Frequently Asked Questions crypto stub Category Cryptography journals Category Sci. hierarchy fr Groupes de discussion sur la cryptologie ... more details
Infobox Company company name Cryptography Research, Inc. company logo File Cryptography Research logo.png 142px Cryptography Research, Inc. Logo type Private company Private subsidiary founded 1995 location San Francisco , California key people Paul Kocher , President and Chief Scientist products Technology licensing, secure semiconductors revenue 10M 100M num employees 25 100 homepage http www.cryptography.com www.cryptography.com parent Rambus Cryptography Research, Inc.. is a San Francisco based cryptography company specializing in applied cryptographic engineering, including technologies for building tamper resistant semiconductors. It was purchased on June 6, 2011 by Rambus for more than 250M in cash and stock. ref cite web url http www.rambus.com us news press releases 2011 110606.html title Rambus completes acquisition of Cryptography Research date 2011 06 06 accessdate 2011 06 29 ref The company licenses patents for protecting cryptographic devices against power analysis attacks. ref http www.frost.com prod servlet market insight top.pag?docid 28127384 Ubhey, Anoop, Interview with Cryptography Research Inc , Frost & Sullivan, 23 Nov. 2004. ref The company s CryptoFirewall brand ASIC cores are used in pay TV conditional access systems and anti counterfeiting applications. ref http www.devicelink.com mddi archive 07 10 020.html Maria Fontanezza, Technology Battles Device Cloning , MD&DI, October 2007. ref CRI also developed BD , a security component in the Blu ray disc format, and played a role in the format war between HD DVD and Blu ray . ref http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 9B07E7D9103BF936A25757C0A9659C8B63 Markoff, John, Plan Would Use Content, Not Devices .... ref The company s services group assists with security testing, disaster recovery, and training. Cryptography ... prod servlet press release.pag?docid 179970706 Frost & Sullivan Commends Cryptography Research ... Cryptography Research website Category Cryptography companies crypto stub ru Cryptography ... more details
on cryptology . Books on cryptography have been published sporadically and with highly variable ... in cryptography and secure information transfer communications of the last 25 years when reason WP ... of a book about cryptography was a Roman work, now lost and known only by references. Many early cryptographic works were esoteric, mystical, and or reputation promoting cryptography being mysterious ... William Friedman in the early 20th century also wrote books on cryptography. These authors, and others ... communications. By the end of World War I , cryptography and its literature began to be officially ... century most aspects of modern cryptography were regarded as the special concern of governments and the military ... to be published on cryptography in this period is undoubtedly David Kahn writer David Kahn s The Codebreakers ... practice of cryptography was available. Kahn has said that over ninety percent of its content was previously .... List Merge to List of important publications in cryptography date October 2011 Significant books on cryptography ... as one of the first projects of the American Cryptogram Association . Dominic Welsh Codes and Cryptography ... , Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0 8476 7438 X Konheim, Alan G. 1981 . Cryptography A Primer , John ... and Yehuda Lindell s Introduction to Modern Cryptography , ref http www.cs.umd.edu jkatz imc.html ref CRC Press. Presents modern cryptography at a level appropriate for undergraduates, graduate students ... science background. Mao, Wenbo 2004 . Modern Cryptography Theory and Practice ISBN 0 13 066943 1. An up to date book on cryptography. Touches on provable security, and written with students and practitioners in mind. Douglas Stinson Cryptography Theory and Practice ISBN 1 58488 508 4. Covers ... Nigel Smart Cryptography An introduction ISBN 0 07 709987 7 http www.cs.bris.ac.uk nigel Crypto Book online version . Similar in intent to Applied Cryptography but less comprehensive. Covers more ... not generally covered in cryptography books. Lawrence C. Washington Elliptic Curves Number Theory ... more details
Visual cryptography is a cryptography cryptographic technique which allows visual information pictures, text, etc. to be encrypted in such a way that the decryption can be performed by the human visual system, without the aid of computers. Visual cryptography was pioneered by Moni Naor and Adi Shamir in 1994. They demonstrated a visual secret sharing scheme, where an image was broken up into n shares so that only someone with all n shares could decrypt the image, while any n 1 shares revealed no information about the original image. Each share was printed on a separate transparency, and decryption was performed by overlaying the shares. When all n shares were overlaid, the original image would appear. Using a similar idea, transparencies can be used to implement a one time pad encryption, where one transparency is a shared random pad, and another transparency acts as the ciphertext. 2, N Visual Cryptography Sharing Case Sharing a secret with an arbitrary number of people N such that at least 2 of them are required to decode the secret is one form of the visual secret sharing scheme presented ... a method that allows colluding parties to cheat an honest party in visual cryptography. They take ... frame right A demonstration of visual cryptography In this example, the Wikipedia logo has been ... Moni Naor and Adi Shamir, Visual Cryptography, EUROCRYPT 1994, pp1&ndash 12 http www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il naor PUZZLES visual sol.html . http algorito.com algorithm visual cryptography Open source Matlab implementation of Visual Cryptography in Algorito http users.telenet.be d.rijmenants en visualcrypto.htm Visual Cryptography on Cipher Machines & Cryptology http www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca dstinson visual.html Doug Stinson s visual cryptography page http www fs.informatik.uni tuebingen.de ... Horng, G, Tzungher C. and Tasi, D.S. Cheating in Visual Cryptography, Designs, Codes and Cryptography ... Cryptography crypto stub de Visuelle Kryptographie it Crittografia visuale he ... more details
see also Index of cryptography articles The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cryptographyCryptography or cryptology &ndash practice and study of hiding information . Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics , computer science , and engineering . Applications of cryptography include automated teller machine ATM cards , password computer passwords , and electronic commerce . Essence of cryptography Main article Cryptography Cryptographer &ndash ... &ndash Branches of cryptography Cryptographic engineering &ndash Multivariate cryptography &ndash Quantum cryptography &ndash Steganography &ndash Visual cryptography &ndash History of cryptography main History of cryptography Timeline of cryptography Japanese cryptology from the 1500s to Meiji &ndash World War I cryptography &ndash World War II cryptography &ndash Reservehandverfahren &ndash Venona ... &ndash Grille cryptography Grille &ndash Permutation cipher Permutation &ndash VIC cipher VIC ... Chameleon cipher Chameleon &ndash FISH cipher FISH &ndash by Siemens AG Fish cryptography WWII Fish ... cryptography STURGEON by Bletchley Park Pike cipher Pike &ndash improvement on FISH by Ross J. Anderson ... recommendation El Gamal &ndash discrete logarithm Elliptic curve cryptography &ndash discrete logarithm ... Key cryptography Authentication main Key authentication Public key infrastructure &ndash X.509 &ndash ... based cryptography &ndash Certificate based encryption &ndash Secure key issuing cryptography &ndash Certificateless cryptography &ndash Hash tree Merkle tree &ndash Transport exchange Diffie Hellman ... &ndash Password &ndash Password authenticated key agreement &ndash Passphrase &ndash Salt cryptography ... &ndash by Ross J. Anderson Ross Anderson et al. Snefru cryptography Snefru &ndash Whirlpool algorithm ... cryptography Malleability &ndash Uncracked codes and ciphers maincat Uncracked codes and ciphers ... projects Standards main Cryptography standards Federal Information Processing Standard s Publication ... more details
about the United States government cryptography project other uses Capstone disambiguation Capstone is the name of a United States government long term project to develop cryptography standards for public and government use. Capstone was driven by the National Institute for Standards and Technology NIST and the National Security Agency NSA the project began in 1993 ref Note1 . The initiative involved four standard algorithms a data encrypt encryption algorithm called Skipjack cipher Skipjack , along with the Clipper chip that included the Skipjack algorithm, a digital signature algorithm, Digital Signature Algorithm DSA , a hash function, SHA 1 , and a key exchange protocol. ref Note2 Captstone s first implementation was in the Fortezza PCMCIA card . The initiative encountered massive resistance from the cryptographic community, and eventually the US government abandoned the effort. The main reasons for this resistance were concerns about Skipjack cipher Skipjack s design, which was Classified information classified , and the use of key escrow in the Clipper chip. See also Clipper chip Skipjack cipher Skipjack Fortezza References note Note1 http www.eff.org Privacy Key escrow Clipper wh crypto original.announce Original press release note Note2 http www.rsasecurity.com rsalabs node.asp?id 2317 RSA Laboratories FAQ on Cryptography entry note Note3 http www.eff.org Privacy Key escrow Clipper EFF archives on Capstone crypto stub Category National Security Agency encryption devices Category History of cryptography ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 dablink MAG is also IATA code for Madang Airport In cryptography , MAG is stream cipher algorithm developed by Rade Vuckovac . It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected for focus, nor for consideration in Phase 2 it has been archived . crypto stub Crypto navbox stream Category Stream ciphers nl MAG ... more details
Use dmy dates date August 2010 More footnotes date July 2009 The history of cryptography begins thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical cryptography classic cryptography that is, of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps .... The development of cryptography has been paralleled by the development of cryptanalysis the breaking ... cryptography was largely the preserve of governments. Two events have since brought it squarely into the public ... of public key cryptography . Classical cryptography See also Classical cipher The earliest known use of cryptography is found in non standard Egyptian hieroglyphs hieroglyphs carved into monuments ... crypto history.htm A Brief History of Cryptography. CYCOM Cypher Research Laboratories.24 Jan. 2006 ... These are examples of still other uses of cryptography, or of something that looks impressively if misleadingly ... http cryptozine.blogspot.com 2008 05 brief history of cryptography.html A Brief History of Cryptography ..., Fred. A Short History of Cryptography. 1995. ref Image Skytala&EmptyStrip Shaded.png thumb 199px right ... on a slave s head concealed by regrown hair, though these are not properly examples of cryptography ... Greek method was developed by Polybius now called the Polybius Cryptography Polybius Square . ref name Cohen The Ancient Rome Romans knew something of cryptography e.g., the Caesar cipher and its variations . Medieval cryptography File Al kindi cryptographic.gif right thumb The first page of al ... cryptanalytic advance until WWII. Al Kindi wrote a book on cryptography entitled Risalah fi Istikhraj ... al Mausili who lived from 1312 to 1361, but whose writings on cryptography have been lost. The list ... cipher . ref name cypher http www.cypher.com.au crypto history.htm History of Cryptography ref In Europe, cryptography became secretly more important as a consequence of political competition and religious ... broken. This over optimism may be inherent in cryptography for it was then, and remains today, fundamentally ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 In cryptography , a boolean function is said to be complete if the value of each output bit depends on all input bits. This is a desirable property to have in an encryption cipher, so that if one bit of the input plaintext is changed, every bit of the output ciphertext has an average of 50 probability of changing. The easiest way to show why this is good is the following consider that if we changed our 8 byte plaintext s last byte, it would only have any effect on the 8th byte of the ciphertext. This would mean that if the attacker guessed 256 different plaintext ciphertext pairs, he would always know the last byte of every 8byte sequence we send effectively 12.5 of all our data . Finding out 256 plaintext ciphertext pairs is not hard at all in the internet world, given that standard protocols are used, and standard protocols have standard headers and commands e.g. get , put , mail from , etc. which the attacker can safely guess. On the other hand, if our cipher has this property and is generally secure in other ways, too , the attacker would need to collect 2 sup 64 sup 10 sup 20 sup plaintext ciphertext pairs to crack the cipher in this way. See also Correlation immunity Category Cryptography crypto stub ... more details
PMAC , which stands for Parallelizable MAC , is a message authentication code algorithm. It was created by Phillip Rogaway patent pending . PMAC is a method of taking a block cipher and creating an efficient message authentication code that is provably reducible in security to the underlying block cipher. PMAC is similar in functionality to the OMAC cryptography OMAC algorithm. External links http www.cs.ucdavis.edu rogaway ocb pmac.htm Phil Rogaway s page on PMAC Changhoon Lee, Jongsung Kim, Jaechul Sung, Seokhie Hong, Sangjin Lee. Forgery and Key Recovery Attacks on PMAC and Mitchell s TMAC Variant , 2006. http www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be publications article 779.ps ps crypto stub Crypto navbox hash Category Message authentication codes ... more details
Certificateless cryptography is a variant of ID based cryptography intended to prevent the key escrow problem. Ordinarily, keys are generated by a certificate authority or a key generation center KGC who is given complete power and is implicitly trusted. To prevent a complete breakdown of the system in the case of a compromised KGC, the key generation process is split between the KGC and the user. The KGC first generates a key pair, where the private key is now the partial private key of the system. The remainder of the key is a random value generated by the user, and is never revealed to anyone, not even the KGC. All cryptographic operations by the user are performed by using a complete private key which involves both the KGC s partial key, and the user s random secret value. One disadvantage of this is that the identity information no longer forms the entire public key. To encrypt a message to another user, three pieces of information are needed 1 the other user s public key and 2 identity, and also 3 the third party s public information. To decrypt, a user just needs to use their private key. For tight security, a certificateless system has to prove its security against two types of adversaries. Type 1 Adversary Refers to any third party who can fake the user s public keys, corresponding to the user s random secret value. Type 2 Adversary Refers to a compromised or malicious KGC, who has access to the partial public and private keys of all users. References Sattam S. Al Riyami and Kenneth G. Paterson, Certificateless Public Key Cryptography , Lecture Notes in Computer Science , pp. 452 473, 2003 http eprint.iacr.org 2003 126.pdf . Category Asymmetric key cryptosystems es Criptograf a sin certificados ... more details
Neural cryptography is a branch of cryptography dedicated to analyzing the application of stochastic algorithms, especially neural network algorithms, for use in encryption and cryptanalysis . Definition Neural Networks are well known for their ability to selectively explore the solution space of a given problem. This feature finds a natural niche of application in the field of cryptanalysis . At the same time, Neural Networks offers a new approach to attack ciphering algorithms based on the principle that any function could be reproduced by a neural network, which is a powerful proven computational tool that can be used to find the inverse function of any cryptographic algorithm. The ideas of mutual ... can be used for different aspects of cryptography, like public key cryptography , solving the Key cryptography ... Cryptography and Neural Cryptography. The first work that it is known on this topic can be traced ... of neural cryptography, we improve it by increasing of the synaptic depth L of the neural networks ... name Klimov http cryptome.org neuralsub.ps Analysis of Neural Cryptography by Alexander Klimov, Anton ...?sl fr&tl en&u http 3A 2F 2Fs.dourlens.free.fr 2Fmaitrise 2Fmaitrise.htm Neuro Cryptography 1995 The first definition of the Neuro Cryptography AI Neural Cryptography applied to DES cryptanalysis by Sebastien Dourlens, France. http theorie.physik.uni wuerzburg.de ruttor neurocrypt.html Neural Cryptography Description of one kind of neural cryptography at the University of W rzburg , Germany. http ... Possible practical application of Neural Cryptography. http www.springerlink.com content kbpxkbnkgtk4ymhh Analysis of Neural Cryptography Analysis of neural cryptography in general and focusing ... uni wuerzburg volltexte 2007 2361 Neural Synchronization and Cryptography Andreas Ruttor. PhD thesis ... Kinzel, Rivka Naeh, and Ido Kanter year 2006 title Genetic attack on neural cryptography journal ... Category Theory of cryptography Category Neural networks ru ... more details
There are a number of standardization standards related to cryptography . Standard algorithms and protocols provide a focus for study standards for popular applications attract a large amount of cryptanalysis . Encryption standards Data Encryption Standard DES, now obsolete Triple DES Advanced Encryption Standard AES RSA algorithm RSA the original public key algorithm OpenPGP CipherSaber Hash standards MD5 128 bit obsolescent SHA 1 160 bit SHA 2 available in 224, 256, 384 and 512 bit variants HMAC keyed hash PBKDF2 Key derivation function RFC 2898 Digital signature standards Digital Signature Standard DSS , based on the Digital Signature Algorithm DSA RSA algorithm RSA Public key infrastructure PKI standards X.509 Public Key Certificates Wireless Standards Wired Equivalent Privacy WEP , severely flawed and superseded by WPA Wi Fi Protected Access WPA better than WEP, a pre standard partial version of 802.11i 802.11i a.k.a. WPA2, uses Advanced Encryption Standard AES and other improvements on WEP A5 1 and A5 2 cell phone encryption for GSM U.S. Government Federal Information Processing Standards FIPS FIPS PUB 31 Guidelines for Automatic Data Processing Physical Security and Risk Management 1974 FIPS PUB 46 3 Data Encryption Standard Data Encryption Standard DES 1999 FIPS PUB 73 Guidelines for Security of Computer Applications 1980 FIPS PUB 74 Guidelines for Implementing and Using the NBS Data Encryption Standard 1981 FIPS PUB 81 Data Encryption Standard DES Modes of Operation 1980 FIPS PUB 102 Guideline for Computer Security Certification and Accreditation 1983 FIPS PUB 112 Password ... of local area network Security 1994 FIPS PUB 196 Entity Authentication Using Public key cryptography Public Key Cryptography 1997 FIPS PUB 197 Advanced Encryption Standard Advanced Encryption Standard ... and more IEEE P1363 covers most aspects of public key cryptography Transport Layer Security formerly ... Japanese Government s cryptography recommendations See also Topics in cryptography Category Cryptography ... more details
Quantum cryptography describes the use of quantum mechanical effects in particular quantum communication ... of classical i.e., non quantum cryptography to protect against quantum attackers clarify date May 2011 is also often considered as quantum cryptography cn date May 2011 in this case, one also speaks of post quantum cryptography . Well known examples of quantum cryptography are the use of quantum communication ... signature schemes e.g., RSA algorithm RSA and ElGamal . The advantage of quantum cryptography lies ... Hughes and Jane Nordholt title Refining Quantum Cryptography journal Science pages 1584 6 volume ... Main Quantum key distribution Arguably the best known application of quantum cryptography ... is the only example of commercially available quantum cryptography. Citation needed date April 2011 ... can cheaply store large amounts of classical data. Position based quantum cryptography The goal of position based quantum cryptography is to use the geographical location of a player as its ... cryptography In a predictive sense, quantum computers may become a technological reality it is therefore ... with access to a quantum computer. The study of such schemes is often referred to as post quantum cryptography. The need for post quantum cryptography arises from the fact that many popular encryption ... adversaries are McEliece and Lattice based cryptography lattice based schemes. Surveys of post quantum cryptography are available. ref name pqcrypto.org ref name bernstein09pqc There is also research ... 12 11 113026 ref ref name Nature article cite conference title Hacking commercial quantum cryptography ... Thermal blinding of gated detectors in quantum cryptography year 2010 publisher Optics Express url http .... last Bennett first2 Brassard last2 Gilles year 1984 title Quantum cryptography Public key distribution ... title Founding cryptography on oblivious transfer first Kilian last Joe year 1988 conference STOC ... last4 Schaffner year 2005 title Cryptography In the Bounded Quantum Storage Model conference FOCS 2005 ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 In cryptography , a key is a piece of information a parameter that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm or cipher . Without a key, the algorithm would produce no useful result. In encryption , a key specifies the particular transformation of plaintext into ciphertext , or vice versa during decryption . Keys are also used in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and message authentication code s. Need for secrecy In designing security systems, it is wise to assume that the details of the cryptographic algorithm are already available to the attacker. This principle is known as Kerckhoffs principle only secrecy of the key provides security , or, reformulated as Claude Shannon Shannon s maxim Shannon s maxim , the enemy knows the system . The history of cryptography provides evidence that it can be difficult to keep the details of a widely used algorithm secret see security through obscurity . A key is often easier to protect it s typically a small piece of information than an encryption algorithm, and easier to change if compromised. Thus, the security of an encryption system in most cases relies on some key being kept secret . Keeping keys secret is one of the most difficult problems in practical cryptography .... The keys used in public key cryptography have some mathematical structure. For example, public keys ... s which aim to have security equivalent to a 128 bit symmetric cipher. Elliptic curve cryptography ... derivation function which adds a Salt cryptography salt and compresses or expands it to the key length ... center Key escrow Key exchange Key generation Key insulated cryptography Key management Key schedule Key server cryptographic Key server Key signature cryptography Key signing party Key stretching Key ... Interlang Categories Category Cryptography Category Key management bg ca Clau criptografia ... kryptografia pt Chave criptografia ro Cheie criptografie ru simple Key cryptography ... more details
Citations missing date December 2007 Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms applied cryptography cryptographic systems or components that are considered highly resistant to cryptanalysis . Demonstrating the resistance of any cryptographic scheme to attack is a complex matter, requiring extensive testing and reviews, preferably in a public forum. Good algorithms and protocols are required, and good system design and implementation is needed as well. For instance, the operating system on which the crypto software runs should be as carefully secured as possible. Users may handle passwords insecurely, or trust service personnel overtly much, or simply misuse the software. See social engineering security social engineering . Strong thus is an imprecise term and may not apply in particular situations. Cryptographically strong algorithms This term cryptographically strong is often used to describe an encryption algorithm , and implies, in comparison to some other algorithm which is thus cryptographically weak , greater resistance to attack. But it can also be used to describe hashing and unique identifier and filename creation algorithms. See for example the description of the Microsoft .NET runtime library function Path.GetRandomFileName. ref citation url http ... standard. The term is commonly used to convey that some algorithm is suitable for some task in cryptography ... cryptography makes the job of intelligence agencies more difficult, many countries have enacted law ... export of cryptography beyond a certain strength measured in part by key size , and Russia banned ... people 199504 msg00018.html title nowiki A ban on cryptography in Russia fwd Next .. djf nowiki ... an example of strong cryptography, with versions running under most popular operating systems ... bp 051es.html Strong Cryptography The Global Tide of Change, Cato Institute Briefing Paper no. 51 See also Export of cryptography Category Cryptography ru ... more details
Malleability is a property of some cryptography cryptographic algorithm s. ref cite journal first1 Danny last1 Dolev author2 link Cynthia Dwork first2 Cynthia last2 Dwork author3 link Moni Naor first3 Moni last3 Naor title Nonmalleable Cryptography journal SIAM Journal on Computing volume 20 issue 2 pages 391 437 date 2000 doi 10.1137 S0097539795291562 ref An encryption algorithm is malleable if it is possible for an adversary to transform a ciphertext into another ciphertext which decrypts to a related plaintext . That is, given an encryption of a plaintext math m math , it is possible to generate another ciphertext which decrypts to math f m math , for a known function math f math , without necessarily knowing or learning math m math . Malleability is often an undesirable property in a general purpose cryptosystem, since it allows an attacker to modify the contents of a message. For example, suppose that a bank uses a stream cipher to hide its financial information, and a user sends an encrypted message containing, say, tt TRANSFER 0000100.00 TO ACCOUNT 199 tt . If an attacker can modify the message on the wire, and can guess the format of the unencrypted message, the attacker could be able to change the amount of the transaction, or the recipient of the funds, e.g. tt TRANSFER 0100000.00 TO ACCOUNT 227 tt . On the other hand, some cryptosystems are malleable by design. In other words, in some circumstances it may be viewed as a feature that anyone can transform an encryption of math m math into a valid encryption of math f m math for some restricted class of functions math f math without necessarily learning math m math . Such schemes are known as homomorphic encryption schemes. A cryptosystem may be Semantic security semantically secure against chosen plaintext attack ... math to obtain a valid encryption of their product math m 1 m 2 math . References Portal Cryptography references Category Cryptography ... more details
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