other uses2 Smelt Image TVA phosphate smelting furnace.jpg thumb Electric phosphate smelting furnace in a Tennessee Valley Authority TVA chemical plant 1942 Refimprove date February 2008 Smelting is a form ... from iron ore , and copper extraction and other base metals from their ores. Smelting uses ... , while not using carbon, are also generally referred to as smelters. Process Smelting involves more ... . To produce the metal, these compounds have to undergo a chemical reaction. Smelting therefore ..., high temperature step in smelting. It is here that the oxide becomes the elemental metal. A reducing ... are used in smelting for several purposes, chief among them catalyzing the desired reactions and chemically ... during roasting and smelting to keep them out of the working environment. History expert subject multiple Mining History section date May 2009 Historically, the first smelting processes used carbon ... in Peru had mastered the smelting of copper and silver at least six centuries before the first Europeans ... been conjectured by whom? date March 2011 that the first smelting of copper may have been achieved in pottery ... current evidence of copper smelting, dating from between 5500 BC and 5000 BC, has been found ... makers.html ref The development of copper smelting in the Andes, which is believed to have occurred ... minerals were intentionally added during smelting. citation needed date May 2009 Copper tin bronzes .... citation needed date May 2009 The discovery of copper smelting and bronze manufacture had a significant ... understood by 2000 BC. Early iron smelting Main History of ferrous metallurgy The earliest evidence to date for the bloomery smelting of iron is found at Tell Hammeh , Jordan http www.ironsmelting.net www smelting see also external link , and dates to 930 BC C14 dating . However, based ... of archaeological periods Late Bronze Age ca. 1600&ndash 1150 BC . Where and how iron smelting ... of iron working. Significantly though, no evidence for the smelting of iron from ore has ... more details
Flash smelting lang fi Liekkisulatus is a smelting process for sulfur containing ores ref name Collins cite encyclopedia year title flash smelting encyclopedia English Collins Dictionary English Definition & Thesaurus url http dictionary.reverso.net english definitions flash 20smelting accessdate 2009 05 06 ref including chalcopyrite . The process was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at the Harjavalta plant in 1949 for smelting copper ore. ref name outokumpu Cite web url http www.outokumpu.com files Technology Documents Newlogobrochures FlashSmelting.pdf title Outokumpu Flash Smelting publisher Outokumpu page 2 format PDF accessdate 2009 05 06 ref ref Cite journal title Flash smelting and converting furnaces A 50 year retrospect author Ilkka V. Kojo, Ari Jokilaakso and Pekka Hanniala url http www.springerlink.com content y404k115753gn019 journal JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society publisher Springer Boston ISSN 1047 4838 issue 2 volume 52 date February, 2000 DOI 10.1007 s11837 000 0049 5 pages 57 61 ref It has also been adapted for nickel and lead production. ref name outokumpu The process uses the autogenic principle by using the energy contained in the sulfur and iron for melting the ore. ref name kansallisbiografia Cite web url http www.kansallisbiografia.fi english ?id 1532 title Bryk, Petri 1913 1977 author Tuomo S rkikoski work Kansallisbiografia language Finnish accessdate 2009 05 06 ref In the process dried and powdered ore is discharged from a nozzle into a fluidized bed reactor fed with oxygen. The reduced metal melts, and drops to the bottom of a settling chamber. The flotation produces a large effective surface area of fine grained concentrate particles. ref name kansallisbiografia The process makes smelting more energy efficient and environmentally friendly. ref name kansallisbiografia Sulfur is released mainly in its solid form, thus reducing atmospheric pollution. ref name Collins The process is today used for 50 ... more details
unreferenced date August 2007 Image Point henry smelter australia.jpg thumb 450px View of the Point Henry smelter, from across Corio Bay Aluminium smelting is the process of extracting aluminium from its oxide alumina , generally by the Hall H roult process . Alumina is extracted from the ore Bauxite by means of the Bayer process at an alumina refinery. This is an Electrolysis electrolytic process, so an aluminium smelting smelter uses prodigious amounts of electricity they tend to be located very close to large power stations, often hydroelectric power plant hydro electric ones, and near ports since almost all of them use imported alumina. Layout of an aluminium smelter An aluminium smelter consists of a large number of pots, steel containers lined with carbon, in which the electrolysis takes place smelting is run as a batch process, with the aluminium metal deposited at the bottom of the pots and periodically drained off. Power must be constantly available, since the pots have to be repaired at significant cost if the liquid metal solidifies. The anode s are made of carbon, generally derived from pitch. A typical smelter contains about 300 pots, each of which produces about a ton of aluminium a day, though the largest proposed smelters are up to five times that capacity. Environmental issues of aluminium smelters The process produces a quantity of fluoride waste perfluorocarbons and hydrogen fluoride as gases, and sodium fluoride sodium and aluminium fluoride s and unused cryolite as particulates. This can be as small as 0.5 kg per ton of aluminium in the best plants in 2007, up to 4 kg per ton of aluminium in older designs in 1974. Unless carefully controlled, these fluorides tend to be very toxic to vegetation around the plants. The Soderburgh process which bakes pitch to form the electrodes produces significant emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon s as the pitch is baked . The linings of the pots end up contaminated with cyanide forming materi ... more details
Image Zinc smelting flowchart.png thumb 400px The top path is the pyrometallurgical process of smelting zinc and the bottom path is the electrolytic process. Zinc smelting is the process of converting zinc concentrates ores that contain zinc into pure zinc. The most common zinc concentrate processed is zinc sulfide , ref name epa Citation title Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors publisher U.S. Environmental Protection Agency year 1995 volume 1 url http www.epa.gov ttn chief ap42 ch12 bgdocs b12s07.pdf archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5noFIHaGz archivedate 2010 02 25 . ref which is obtained by concentrating sphalerite using the froth flotation method. Secondary recycled zinc material, such as zinc oxide, is also processed with the zinc sulfide. ref name nyrstar Citation title Zinc Smelting Process url http www.nyrstar.com nyrstar en products productionprocess accessdate 2008 04 13 . ref Approximately 30 of all zinc produced is from recycled sources. ref Citation title Zinc ... Systems Approach.pdf . ref There are two methods of smelting zinc the pyrometallurgical process ... epa This process accounts for approximately one third of all the energy usage when smelting zinc ... was developed by the Imperial Smelting Corporation at Avonmouth , England, in order to increase ... the retorts. ref name zh This process was licensed to the Imperial Smelting Company ISC , in Avonmouth ... until the mid 1970 s when it was superseded by the company s Imperial Smelting Furnace ISF plant ... been found. Smelting is thought to have been done in sealed cylindrical clay retorts which were packed ... not successful and he was bankrupt by 1769. ref name joan1 However, zinc smelting continued in this area ..., Montana Anaconda , Montana , and the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company , at Trail, British Columbia ... starting in 1943 at Avonmouth, England by the Imperial Smelting Corporation . It uses a spray of molten ... cat Zinc smelting reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Zinc Smelting Category Metallurgical processes Category ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale Article Anton Eilers Description Promotional image of Colorado Smelting Company, co founded by Anton Eilers Source David Eilers Portion Low resolution yes Purpose Promotion of Smelting Company Replaceability other information Licensing PD US ... more details
Image ewrsmelt.jpg thumb lright 200px Balbach Smelting and Refining Company on the Passaic River , ca. 1870 Balbach Smelting NOTE & Ampersand by historical convention Refining Company also known as Balbach and Sons Refining and Smelting Company was a smelting plant in Newark, New Jersey operating in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was the first commercial electrorefining electrolytic refinery in the United States. ref name wipo http www.wipo.int pctdb en wo.jsp?IA WO2004097075&DISPLAY DESC WO 2004 097075 METHODS & APPARATUS FOR CATHODE PLATE PRODUCTION Bot generated title ref , and until its closure in the 1920s, it was the second largest metal processing enterprise in the United States. ref name nh2 History The company president was Edward Balbach Jr. a metallurgist born in 1839 in Karlsruhe , Baden, Germany . He came to the United States in 1848 with his father Edward Balbach Sr. 1804 1890 who started the Balbach family fortune by collecting gold and silver dust from Newark jewelry shop floors, turning it into bullion. ref name nh ref name ww In 1865 Edward Balbach, Jr. patented the Balbach Process ref http books.google.com books?id XhIOAAAAYAAJ&pg RA10 PA1532&lpg RA10 PA1532&dq 22balbach process 22&source web&ots CKa 6RXOdb&sig 4pzbMw 81s2fskkBNfs2GZAQtQ ref which more efficiently separated gold and silver from lead ref name nh2 http www.newarkhistory.com riverbank.html Riverbank Park, Newark Bot generated title ref ref name nh ref name ww http books.google.com books?id 6sef9ko0po4C&pg PA34&lpg PA34&dq balbach newark&source web&ots YS4RXRyfF&sig hG9PKwj1 2D2ub JqKYOVxwR7Ng ref , which later evolved into the Parkes process ref http books.google.com books?id 6S8AAAAAMAAJ&pg PA561&lpg PA561&dq 22balbach process 22&source web&ots II52l 4Gf2&sig GUUSqUo6YnqOFZF78VANf5CLbzA ref . In 1881, the Balbachs began to manufacture copper, just in time for a boom in demand thanks to the inventions of the telegraph and telephone. ref name nh2 In 1883 the factory opened ... more details
Infobox Company name Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company logo type Private company Private genre foundation c. 1886 to 1940s founder Alfred H. Cowles, Eugene H. Cowles location city 555 Jackson Street, Lockport city , New York Lockport , New York location country United States before 1895, the Cowles Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company br Cowles Syndicate Company, Limited, Staffordshire , England location locations area served key people industry Aluminum , bronze , Silicon carbide carborundum , copper , alloy s products services revenue operating income net income owner num employees parent divisions subsid slogan homepage footnotes intl About the companies owned by the inventors of electric smelters other persons and entities named Cowles Cowles disambiguation The Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company , founded as Cowles Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company , and Cowles Syndicate Company, Limited formed in the United States and England during the mid 1880s to extract and supply valuable metals. Founded by two brothers from Ohio , the Cowles companies are remembered for producing alloy s in quantity sufficient for commerce. Their furnace s were electric arc smelting smelter s, one of the first viable methods for extracting metals. The businesses of the era dramatically increased the supply of aluminium , a plentiful resource not found in nature in pure form, and reduced ... of Cleveland, Ohio built high temperature smelting furnace s during the late 1880s in Lockport ... H. Cowles title Electric process of smelting ore for the production of alloys, bronzes, and metallic ... F. Mabery and Alfred H. Cowles title Process of electric smelting for obtaining aluminium and US ... of electrical smelting on a large scale. ref name Waldo Notes reflist 2 Further reading Portal Engineering ... Electric Smelting Furnace pages 40 42 date February 1886 journal The Manufacturer and Builder ... 2F&tif 00046.TIF accessdate 2007 10 27 cite journal title The Cowles Electric Smelting Furnace ... more details
File Kosaka Raliway Oodate station track.jpg thumb The nihongo Kosaka Line Kosaka sen is Japan ese Freight rail freight only railway line in Akita Prefecture , between date Station , date, Akita date and Kosaka Station , Kosaka, Akita Kosaka . This is the only railway line nihongo Kosaka Smelting & Refining Kosaka Seiren operates, while the company s main business is chemical products. The line opened in 1908 to transport sulfuric acid , the products from the company s factory. It also had a passenger service until 1984. Basic data Distance 22.3 km 13.9 mi. Rail gauge Gauge 1,067 mm 3 ft. 6 in. Stations 3 Double track line None Electric supply Not electrified Railway signalling Token railway signalling Tablet token See also List of railway companies in Japan List of railway lines in Japan commons cat Kosaka Railway External links ja icon http www7a.biglobe.ne.jp akitetu kosaka index.html Kosaka Smelting & Refining , from http www7a.biglobe.ne.jp akitetu index.html Whistle stop tour in Akita , unofficial fansite. Category Railway lines in Japan Category Rail transport in Akita Prefecture Japan rail line stub ja ... more details
The top illustration is of Ming Dynasty Chinese silversmiths smelting silver ore in a furnace, while the bottom illustration is of Chinese silversmiths carrying out the process of separating lead from the silver. Both illustrations were published in the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia of 1637, written by the Ming Dynasty encyclopedist Song Yingxing 1587 1666 . Both illustrations appear on pages 239 and 240 of E tu Zen Sun and Shiou Chuan Sun s English translation of the Tiangong Kaiwu Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966 . The image is taken from http www.wiki.cn wiki E7 81 B0 E5 90 B9 E6 B3 95 PD art ... more details
Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting & Power Company, Limited ref name NYT2 citation date March 24, 1910 newspaper The New York Times url http query.nytimes.com mem archive free pdf? r 1&res 9A06E3D91430E233A25757C2A9659C946196D6CF format PDF title Granby Consolidation Down in Anticipation of a Report ref also known as Granby Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company ref name NYT1 citation date July 19, 1922 newspaper The New York Times page Business & Finance 23 url http query.nytimes.com mem archive free pdf?res 9C05E2DD1F3CE533A2575AC1A9619C946395D6CF format PDF title Granby Copper Output in May ref , Granby Copper ref name NYT1 & Granby Mining Company Ltd ref name CIM Citation title Mineral Industries in Western Canada year 1974 pages 1 place The Tenth Commonwealth Mining and Metallurgical Congress publisher The Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy url http propertyfile.gov.bc.ca PDFTemp fileid 672.pdf ref was a publicly traded company that owned and operated the Phoenix Mine in the community of Phoenix, British Columbia Phoenix in the Boundary Country region of British Columbia , Canada ref name NYT3 citation date October 7, 1908 newspaper The New York Times page 16 url http query.nytimes.com mem archive free pdf?res 9800EED6133EE233A25754C0A9669D946997D6CF format PDF title Granby Mining Report ref in the early and mid 20th century. Formation In 1896 S. H. C. Miner , a rubber footwear manufacturer from Granby, Quebec , and mining promoter J. P. Graves of Knob Hill Mining Company and A. L. Little of Old Ironsides company Old Ironsides , formed the Miner Graves Syndicate. In 1899, they incorporated The Granby Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, Limited and, in 1901, consolidated under The Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting and Power Company, Limited. ref name Minefile cite web title British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources MINFILE No 082ESE020 url http minfile.gov.bc.ca Summary.aspx?minfilno 082ESE020 ref at the Knob Hill annual ... more details
Summary Information Description Quincy Smelting Works plan created by the Historic American Engineering Record Office of the National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Source scan Date unknown Author unknown Permission Public Domain other versions Licensing PD USGov NPS ... more details
Balbach may refer to Places Balbach Valley , creek and valley in the German region of Franconia with headwaters at the Bavarian city of Oesfeld and empties 10 kilometers west at the Tauber River . Oberbalbach Upper Balbach and Unterbalbach Lower Balbach , two villages in the Balbach Valley. Balbach Smelting & Refining Company , a former metal smelting plant in Newark, New Jersey People Edward Balbach , Jr. July 4 1839 December 10 1910 , President of Balbach Smelting & Refining Company and inventor of the metallurgical Balbach Process . Louis Balbach 1896 1943 , American diver who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics George J. Balbach 1910 1996 , Justice of New York Supreme Court 1961 1986 disambig ... more details
Summary Queenstown, Tasmania moonscape of surrounding hills as a result of copper smelting operations. Picture taken December 1984 on Armistead Coghlan family holiday. Licensing PD self date October 2006 ... more details
Tamarack Osceola Smelter was a copper smelting copper smelter jointly built by the Tamarack and Osceola mining companies in 1888 in Dollar Bay, Michigan . ref Lankton, Larry. Hollowed Ground Copper Mining and Community Building on Lake Superior, 1840 1990 . http books.google.com books?id 1 Ih6nfdSkC&lpg PA90&ots k80qVn 9M5&dq 22detroit 20and 20lake 20superior 22 20smelter&pg PA40 v onepage&q&f false Google Books Page 135 ref The smelting was merged in 1891 with the Detroit and Lake Superior Company to form the Lake Superior Smelting Company . ref http quincyminer.wordpress.com 2010 03 28 the portage lake smelter tour the lake superior smelting company pt 1 ref See also Copper mining in Michigan List of Copper Country smelters Notes reflist Michigan stub mining stub Category Mining in Michigan Category Upper Peninsula of Michigan ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Black tin is the raw ore of tin , usually cassiterite , as sold by a tin mine to a smelting company. After mining, the ore has to be concentrated by a number of processes to reduce the amount of gangue it contains before it can be sold. It contrasts with white tin , which is the Refining refined , metallic tin produced after smelting. The term black tin was historically associated with tin mining in Devon and Cornwall . DEFAULTSORT Tin, Black Category Tin mining Category Mining in Cornwall Mining stub ... more details
A DC Electric Locomotive used in surface smelter operations at the Hudson s Bay Mining and Smelting Company in Flin Flon, Manitoba . Though no longer in service, this locomotive is on display with an attached ore car at the Flin Flon Museum.Photo by J.Lindsay User Weaponofmassinstruction Weaponofmassinstruction 05 10, 1 August 2005 UTC GFDL with disclaimers migration relicense ... more details
Speiss is a molten phase consisting primarily of iron arsenide that is commonly encountered in lead smelting operations. ref name samans Samans, Carl H. Engineering Metals and their Alloys , 1949 MacMillan ref References references Industry stub Category Metallurgical processes fr Speiss ... more details
The Straits Trading Company Limited is a Singapore based corporation with operations in Singapore and Malaysia , as well as various localities in Asia and Australia. Founded in 1887, the company was the result of a partnership for tin smelting between James Sword , a Scotland Scottish businessman, and Herman Muhlinghaus , a Germany German entrepreneur the Straits Trading Company was later incorporated in Singapore on 8 November 1887 with a hefty capital of S 150,000 during its days. The company eventually rose to become one of the largest tin smelters in the world, operating at tin rich deposits in the Kinta Valley and Klang Valley of then British Malaya Peninsular Malaysia . By the late 20th century, the company began diversifying into hotel and property management, and financial investment it also became a member of the Tecity Group. Mining and smelting operations that the Straits Trading Company was originally engaged in were eventually carried out by its 73 owned subsidiary, the Malaysia Smelting Corporation Berhad , a public listed company on Bursa Malaysia . External links http www.stc.com.sg Official Straits Trading Company website http www.msmelt.com Official Malaysia Smelting Corporation website Category Companies of Malaysia Category Real estate companies of Singapore Category Service companies of Singapore Asia company stub singapore stub malaysia company stub ... more details
saved book title Zinc subtitle An overview cover image Zinc sheet.jpg cover color Zinc An overview Overview Zinc Isotopes Isotopes of zinc Miscellany Compounds of zinc Zinc smelting List of countries by zinc production Zinc deficiency Category Wikipedia books on chemical elements Category Zinc ... more details
A Bole hill also spelt Bail hill was a place where lead was formerly smelting smelted in the open air. The bole was usually situated at or near the top of a hill where the wind was strong. Totley Bole Hill on the western fringes of Sheffield consisted of a long low wall with two shorter walls at right angles to it at each end. At the base of a bole convert 20 ft m sing on long were laid great trees called blocks. On these were laid blackwork , partly smelted ore about half a yard thick. Then came ten or twelve trees called shankards . On top of these three or four courses of fire trees were laid with fresh ore. This was ignited and burnt for about 48 hours. This smelted lead, which ran down channels provided for the purpose and was cast into sows of about 11 hundredweight . A single firing produced 16 fother s of lead about 18 ton s from 160 loads of ore about 40 tons and 30 tons of wood. Much of the ore was left incompletely smelted having become blackwork . Some of this was smelted in a foot pump blown furnace, but some was left to be used when the bole was next fired. Bole smelting was replaced by smelting in smeltmill s in the late 16th century. That was in turn replaced by smelting in cupolas, a variety of reverberatory furnace in the 18th century. Further reading D. Kiernan and Robert van de Noort, Bole smelting in Derbyshire in L. Willies and D. Cranstone eds. , Boles and Smeltmills http hist met.org Historical Metallurgy Society , 1992 , 19 21. Other articles in the same work. R. F. Tylecote, A History of Metallurgy 2nd edn, Institute of Materials, London 1992 , 90 113. Category Lead Category Metallurgy Category Metallurgical processes ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 A Rectiformer is a rectifier and transformer designed and built as a single entity for converting alternating current into direct current . It is piece of power systems equipment rather than an electronics component. Rectiformers are used for supplying power to different field of ESP electrostatic precipitator . Rectiformers are also used to create dc supply for Hall process cells in the aluminium smelting industry. Rectiformers are commonly found in Electrowinning operations, where a direct current is required to convert base metal ions such as copper to a metal at the cathode. The passage of an electrical current through a purified copper sulfate solution produces cathode copper. The equation is as follows Cu sup 2 sup sub aq sub 2e sup sup Cu sup o sup Physical Characteristics Rectiformers may be designed to output dc voltages from 30V dc to over 2000V dc. They can weigh over 400 tons. ref http www.abb.com cawp seitp202 b01c9fd7a338a78bc12575d10042ccab.aspx Rectiformer details , Aluminium smelting rectiformer project. ref References Reflist External links http www.example.org Document discussing use of rectiformer in aluminium smelting. http www.ampcontrolgroup.com About Us Timeline Data 1990 Document describing Thyristor Controlled Rectiformer Category Electrical components Electronics stub ... more details
Smeltmills were water powered water mill mills used to smelting smelt lead or other metals. The older method of smelting lead on wind blown bole hill s began to be superseded by artificially blown smelters. The first such furnace was built by Burchard Kranich at Makeney , Derbyshire in 1554, but produced less good lead than the older bole hill. William Humfrey the Queen s assay master , and a leading shareholder in the Company of Mineral and Battery Works introduced the ore hearth from the Mendips about 1577. This was initially blown by a foot blast, but was soon developed into a water powered smelt mill at Beauchief now a suburb of Sheffield . A typical smelt mill had an orehearth and a slaghearth, the latter being used to reprocess slags from the orehearth in order to recover further lead from the slag Further reading L. Willies, Lead ore preparation and smelting in J. Day and R. F. Tylecote, The Industrial Revolution in Metals Institute of Metals, London 1991 , 93 102. Various articles in L. Willies and D. Cranstone eds. , Boles and Smeltmills http hist met.org Historical Metallurgy Society , 1992 . M. B. Donald, Elizabethan Monolopies Oliver & Boyd Edinburgh 1961 , 142 78. See also Derbyshire lead mining history . Category Metallurgical processes Category Lead industry stub ... more details
future. As with the third season, the focus of new excavation will primarily be on the iron smelting .... Chronology and iron smelting activities Several periods are attested at Hammeh. From bedrock ... to a bloomery iron smelting operation, and a fraction to primary smithing i.e. bloom smithing or bloom ... on examination of the extensive pottery finds from this post smelting phase, it can be assumed that the iron ... to the iron smelting phase are presently known from Tell Hammeh. External links http www.ironsmelting.net www smelting Information on Hammeh and iron smelting Category Metallurgy Category History ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 Other uses Matte disambiguation Matte is a term used in the field of pyrometallurgy given to the molten metal sulfide phases typically formed during smelting of copper , nickel , and other base metals. Typically, a matte is the phase in which the principal metal being extracted is recovered prior to a final reduction process usually converting metallurgy converting to produce a crude metal. Mattes may also be used to collect impurities from a metal phase, such as in the case of antimony smelting. Molten mattes are insoluble in both slag and metal phases. This insolubility, combined with differences in specific gravities between mattes, slags, and metals, allows for separation of the molten phases. science stub category Metallurgy fr Matte m tallurgie ru uk ... more details
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